memory

working memory

A combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow individuals to hold information temporarily as they perform cognitive tasks; a kind of mental workbench on which the brain manipulates and assembles information to guide understanding, decision making, and problem solving.

script

A schema for an event, often containing information about physical features, people, and typical occurrences.

Connectionism

Also called parallel distributed processing (PDP), the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory.

Amanda believes that she did everything she could to study for her biology exam. She read the chapters right before the exam and doesn't understand why she didn't do well. What is the most likely explanation?

Amanda never really encoded the material

What is the role of the amygdala in memory

It plays an important role in emotional memory.

short-term memory

Limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless we use strategies to retain it longer.

sensory memory

Memory system that involves holding information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

prospective memory

Remembering information about doing something in the future; includes memory for intentions.

encoding

The first step in memory; the process by which information gets into memory storage.

memory

The retention of information or experience over time as the result of three key processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval.

H.M. could not remember things that happened after surgery to remove his hippocampus. This is an example of_______

anterograde amnesia

A special form of episodic memory, is _______ memory, which includes individuals' recollections of their life experiences, which generally include some memory and some myth.

autobiographical

uncle charlie loves to tell family stories. His nephews observe that these stories evolve over time, but they enjoy hearing them because charlie is a great storyteller. This is an example of how_____memory fosters intimacy and creates social bonds

autobiographical

divided attention

concentrating on more than one activity at the same time

Megan is listening to music, surfing the web, studying for her biology exam, and sitting outside watching people in a park. This is multitasking is called______, and it decreases encoding

divided attention

The_______hypothesis claims that memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures are stored as both image codes and verbal codes

dual code

when______is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing

elaboration

the memory involves

encoding, storage, retrieval

In forensic psychology, most of the interest in________focuses on distortion, bias, and inaccuracy of memory

eyewitness testimony

In order to remember the way to the library. Kareem created a mental picture of the campus map. Kareem used mental _______to remember the necessary route

imagery

The cerebellum is involved in the _____memory required to perform skills

implicit

The term amnesia refers to a loss memory. Which of the following describe this memory disorder? -it can affect the retention of new tendencies -it can break down later memories it can be anterograde or retrograde it can affect memories differentially

it can affect the retention of new memories, it can be anterograde or retrograde, it can affect memories differentially

what statements apply to the concept of working memory

it is a mental blackboard, it is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short term memory, and it consists of three parts

which of the following are levels of autobiographical memory -life time periods -event-specific knowledge -prospective memory -general events

life-time periods, event-specific knowledge, general events

long-term is a _______type of memory that stores huge amounts of information

permanent

the type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is ______memory

prospective

The frontal lobes of the brain play an important role in ______memory

prospective, retrospective, and explicit memory

Oscar was asked to membrane a list of words for a psychology experiment. He was then asked to repeat them. H found he could repeat the last three words. In the context of serial position, this illustrates the _____effect

recency

retrospective memory

remembering information from the past

While in therapy, Lara remembers that she was sexually abused while she was a very young child, even though she seems to have not remembered the abuse for most of her life. Lara may have uncovered a _________ memory.

repressed

memory____is a process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage, that is, when we recall or otherwise remember something

retrieval

after david sustained a traumatic brain injury. he has discovered that he can't remember anything that happened in the last four years, but he can learn new information just as well as he did before the injury. David is likely experiencing _______

retrograde amnesia

______memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer

short term

proactive interference

situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later

retroactive interfernce

situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier

the process of retaining information over time in memory is referred to as

storage

when using memory retrieval,the information that an individual is searching for comes out of _____

storage

sustained attention

the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time

priming

the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster

explicit memory (declarative memory)

the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated

elaboration

the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding

flashbulb memory

the memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events

retrieval

the memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage

storage

the process of maintaining information in memory over time

episodic memory

the retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings----that is, how individuals remember life's episodes

Memory is defined as

the retention of information or experience over time

serial position effect

the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle

interference theory

the theory that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember

decay theory

theory stating that when an individual learns something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates; suggests that the passage of time always increases forgetting

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

three memory systems: sensory, short term, and long term

According to levels-of-processing theory, we are most likely to remember things if we consider________

what they mean

Baddeley proposed the concept of ________ memory as an alternate conceptualization of short-term memory.

working

_____amnesia occurs when you cannot remember what happened AFTER you fell down and hit your head

anterograde

levels of processing

a continuum of memory processing from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory

anterograde amnesia

a memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events

semantic memory

a person's knowledge about the world

schema

a preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information

long-term memory

a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time

autobiographical memory

a special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person's recollections of his or her life experiences

tip of the tongue phenomenon

a type of effortful retrieval associated with a person's feeling that he or she knows something

which two of the following are recognition tasks? -a witness has to identify a criminal from a page of photographs -a student is asked to identify and explain the factors that lead up to world war 2 -a student is given an essay test -a student takes a multiple choice test

a witness has to identify a criminal from a page of photographs, a student takes a multiple choice test

motivated forgetting

forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering it is intolerable

explicit memory information, such as prospective and retrospective memories, is transmitted from the hippocampus to which lobes

frontal

in an MRI study, participants viewed pictures while in a MRI scanner. when their memories for the pictures were later tested, the researchers found that greater activation in which brain regions resulted in better memory performances

hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

amnesia

loss of memory

procedural memory

memory for skills

implicit memory (nondeclarative memory)

memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience

retrograde amnesia

memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events