memory
working memory
A combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow individuals to hold information temporarily as they perform cognitive tasks; a kind of mental workbench on which the brain manipulates and assembles information to guide understanding, decision making, and problem solving.
script
A schema for an event, often containing information about physical features, people, and typical occurrences.
Connectionism
Also called parallel distributed processing (PDP), the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory.
Amanda believes that she did everything she could to study for her biology exam. She read the chapters right before the exam and doesn't understand why she didn't do well. What is the most likely explanation?
Amanda never really encoded the material
What is the role of the amygdala in memory
It plays an important role in emotional memory.
short-term memory
Limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless we use strategies to retain it longer.
sensory memory
Memory system that involves holding information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.
prospective memory
Remembering information about doing something in the future; includes memory for intentions.
encoding
The first step in memory; the process by which information gets into memory storage.
memory
The retention of information or experience over time as the result of three key processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
H.M. could not remember things that happened after surgery to remove his hippocampus. This is an example of_______
anterograde amnesia
A special form of episodic memory, is _______ memory, which includes individuals' recollections of their life experiences, which generally include some memory and some myth.
autobiographical
uncle charlie loves to tell family stories. His nephews observe that these stories evolve over time, but they enjoy hearing them because charlie is a great storyteller. This is an example of how_____memory fosters intimacy and creates social bonds
autobiographical
divided attention
concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
Megan is listening to music, surfing the web, studying for her biology exam, and sitting outside watching people in a park. This is multitasking is called______, and it decreases encoding
divided attention
The_______hypothesis claims that memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures are stored as both image codes and verbal codes
dual code
when______is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing
elaboration
the memory involves
encoding, storage, retrieval
In forensic psychology, most of the interest in________focuses on distortion, bias, and inaccuracy of memory
eyewitness testimony
In order to remember the way to the library. Kareem created a mental picture of the campus map. Kareem used mental _______to remember the necessary route
imagery
The cerebellum is involved in the _____memory required to perform skills
implicit
The term amnesia refers to a loss memory. Which of the following describe this memory disorder? -it can affect the retention of new tendencies -it can break down later memories it can be anterograde or retrograde it can affect memories differentially
it can affect the retention of new memories, it can be anterograde or retrograde, it can affect memories differentially
what statements apply to the concept of working memory
it is a mental blackboard, it is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short term memory, and it consists of three parts
which of the following are levels of autobiographical memory -life time periods -event-specific knowledge -prospective memory -general events
life-time periods, event-specific knowledge, general events
long-term is a _______type of memory that stores huge amounts of information
permanent
the type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is ______memory
prospective
The frontal lobes of the brain play an important role in ______memory
prospective, retrospective, and explicit memory
Oscar was asked to membrane a list of words for a psychology experiment. He was then asked to repeat them. H found he could repeat the last three words. In the context of serial position, this illustrates the _____effect
recency
retrospective memory
remembering information from the past
While in therapy, Lara remembers that she was sexually abused while she was a very young child, even though she seems to have not remembered the abuse for most of her life. Lara may have uncovered a _________ memory.
repressed
memory____is a process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage, that is, when we recall or otherwise remember something
retrieval
after david sustained a traumatic brain injury. he has discovered that he can't remember anything that happened in the last four years, but he can learn new information just as well as he did before the injury. David is likely experiencing _______
retrograde amnesia
______memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer
short term
proactive interference
situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later
retroactive interfernce
situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier
the process of retaining information over time in memory is referred to as
storage
when using memory retrieval,the information that an individual is searching for comes out of _____
storage
sustained attention
the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time
priming
the activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster
explicit memory (declarative memory)
the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated
elaboration
the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding
flashbulb memory
the memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events
retrieval
the memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage
storage
the process of maintaining information in memory over time
episodic memory
the retention of information about the where, when, and what of life's happenings----that is, how individuals remember life's episodes
Memory is defined as
the retention of information or experience over time
serial position effect
the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle
interference theory
the theory that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember
decay theory
theory stating that when an individual learns something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates; suggests that the passage of time always increases forgetting
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
three memory systems: sensory, short term, and long term
According to levels-of-processing theory, we are most likely to remember things if we consider________
what they mean
Baddeley proposed the concept of ________ memory as an alternate conceptualization of short-term memory.
working
_____amnesia occurs when you cannot remember what happened AFTER you fell down and hit your head
anterograde
levels of processing
a continuum of memory processing from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory
anterograde amnesia
a memory disorder that affects the retention of new information and events
semantic memory
a person's knowledge about the world
schema
a preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret information
long-term memory
a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time
autobiographical memory
a special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person's recollections of his or her life experiences
tip of the tongue phenomenon
a type of effortful retrieval associated with a person's feeling that he or she knows something
which two of the following are recognition tasks? -a witness has to identify a criminal from a page of photographs -a student is asked to identify and explain the factors that lead up to world war 2 -a student is given an essay test -a student takes a multiple choice test
a witness has to identify a criminal from a page of photographs, a student takes a multiple choice test
motivated forgetting
forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering it is intolerable
explicit memory information, such as prospective and retrospective memories, is transmitted from the hippocampus to which lobes
frontal
in an MRI study, participants viewed pictures while in a MRI scanner. when their memories for the pictures were later tested, the researchers found that greater activation in which brain regions resulted in better memory performances
hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
amnesia
loss of memory
procedural memory
memory for skills
implicit memory (nondeclarative memory)
memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience
retrograde amnesia
memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events
