memory world scholars

nootropics

Improve memory , motivation and creativity in healthy individuals Neurotransmitters : chemicals that transfer signals from one neuron to another neuron Neuron transmitters bind these signals to specific receptor sites . Together , these receptors and neurotransmitters create a system . Nootropics target these systems. Enhancing their efficiency of cognitive ability and functions (Nootropics also improve brain plasticity and increase blood an oxygen flow to the brain)

memory conformity

situation in which one or several person's report of memory influences one person or a group's result of that same memory -due to social influences, prominent in situations involving social interaction, media broadcasting and eyewitness testimony. it can occur when individuals discuss what they saw or experienced and result in memories of those involved being influenced by the report of another person towards conformity believing they must be right/ to fit in.

stored programme memory

storage of instructions in computer/electronic memory to enable it to perform a variety of tasks in sequence or intermittently . Introduced in the late 1940s by John Von Neumann , proposed that a program be electronically stored in binary-number format, in a memory device so that instructions could be modified by the computer as determined by intermediate computational results (RESEARCH THIS MORE..?)

the wayback machine

stores web pages so that you can look through them again later provides a place to preserve digital artifacts for researchers, historians etc. but can be used just as easily for entertainment to see what a page used to look like, like google way back in 2001

J.Piaget

super famous, introduced the term schema believed people were constantly changing and adapting to the environment as they take in new information and learn new things. as this happens new schemas are developed or old schemas become more sophisticated (this included accomodation and assimilation which will come up later) ( also possibly irrelevantly- developed four stages of cognitive development which shaped how we teach children. (basically in terms of cognition how we develop through different ages,)

jacquard loom

In the early 1800s, one of the first devices controlled by punched cards was the : (1804) device fitted to a power loom- simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns the loom controlled by a ' chain of cards'; a number of punched cards laced together into a continuous sequence. multiple rows of holes punched on each card, with one complete card corresponding to one row of the design- Allows patterns on machine without manual labour of draw boy pulling the weave up and out

PTSD

Intrusive, upsetting memories of the event Flashbacks (acting or feeling like the event is happening again) Nightmares (either of the event or of other frightening things) Feelings of intense distress when reminded of the trauma Intense physical reactions to reminders of the event (e.g. pounding heart, rapid breathing, nausea, muscle tension, sweating)

simonides

Inventor of the methods of loci- Legend : Greek poet who was refused full pay for his poem due to excessive reference to the mythical twins , Castor and Pullox , invited to a banquet and he went to see two men who requested see him outside , no one was there- when he came back into the room it was flooded with guest and everyone was unidentifiable . By using method of loci he was able to identify every guest based on where they sat using correlations of their identities and position

why are some cultures more likely to forget things as a whole

systems to remember- artifacts/totems -without them there is no history -if their artifacts are destroyed they are likely to forget within collective memory- if one individual chooses to ignore a certain memory or reconstruct then it can influence the group events to be forgotten cultures can choose to forget events

telescoping effect

temporal displacement of an event whereby people perceive recent events as being more remote Than they are and distant events being more recent than they are

positivity effect

tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age characterized by enhanced memory for emotionally positive info (A relative preference in older adults - compared to younger adults - for positive over negative material in cognitive processing

neuroplasticity

the ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment change in neural connections caused by learning or a response to injury

eidetic memory

the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure. a (bit like photographic, but some people think photographic memory doesn't exist) (ccurs in between 2 and 15 percent of children and very rarely in adults. An eidetic IMAGE is essentially a vivid afterimage that lingers in the mind's eye for up to a few minutes before fading away) (eidetic memory referring to the ability to view memories like photographs for a few minutes, and photographic memory referring to the ability to recall pages of text or numbers)

confabulation

the act of filling in memory gaps (sometimes by taking visual cues) the unintended false recollection of episodic memories fabricates events to fill in memory gaps (Most known cases of confabulation are symptomatic of brain damage or dementias, such as aneurysm, Alzheimer's disease, or Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (a common manifestation of thiamine deficiency caused by alcoholism) BELIEVE WHAT THEY ARE SAYING IS TRUE

declarative memory

the cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared (memory of facts and events, and refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled (or "declared"). It is sometimes called explicit memory, since it consists of information that is explicitly stored and retrieved, although it is more properly a SUBSET of explicit memory.)

transcience

the decreasing ability to retrieve and access memories over time. One of the "7 sins of memory" transience occurs normally with the aging process but can also occur in a very severe way as a result of brain damage. It occurs with both short and long term memories.

collective memory

the experiences shared and recalled by significant numbers of people...(more stuff)

localization of function

the idea that various brain regions have particular functions

digital dark age

the perception of a possible future situation where it will be difficult or impossible to read historical electronic documents and multimedia , because they have been recorded in an obsolete, and obscure file format- would be a relative lack of written record, as documents are transferred to digital formats and original copies lost

muscle memory

the process by which the brain memorizes muscle coordination (motor skills) through repetition

obsolescence

the state of being which occurs when an object , service or practice is no longer wanted even though it still may be in good working order. Frequently occurs because a replacement is available that is more advantageous compared to the disadvantages of mantaining or repairing the original. Obsolete- something that is already disused or discarded or antiquated. Typically, (this is) due to gradual decline in popularity (e.g replacing phones )

transcranial magnetic stimulation

the use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions Used diagnostically to measure the connection between the brain and a muscle to evaluate damage from a stroke, injuries and other disorders affecting facial or cranial nerves or spinal cord

F.Bartlett

theory of reconstructive memory measured accuracy of memory most of his research and his most credited ones revolved around the roles of schemas in cognitive psychology

seven sins of memory

transience, absentmindedness, blocking, memory misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence seven major categories of memory foibles being investigated by psychologists.

TBI

traumatic brain injury when external force injures the brain. short term memory loss- trouble learning and remembering new information/ recent events trauma- induced retrograde amnesia-forget things that occurred from several minutes ago to years prior to the injury (causes; surgery/infection/chemicals and toxins /hypoxia (lack of o2)/tumours/stroke

flashbulb memories

unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events- very different from normal memory in longevity, accuracy and reliance on special neural mechanism

reconstructive memory

we construct a memory by combining elements from the original together with existing knowledge altering our recollection of things so that they make more sense to us using schemas.

do schemas lead to distortions

yes! we fill in gaps using schemas using past experience and expectations from our schemas . this leads to inaccuracies and was seen in the study of Bartlett war of the ghosts where participants replaced foreign ideas and culturally different things using schemas. e.g they changed seal hunting to fishing (using schema association to make it make more sense to them as this activity would be more common

GeoCities

Yahoo! GeoCities was a web hosting service (1999 acquired by yahoo) like-minded user created homepages in different topical communities like sports,entertainment and tech. A model of how large companies could provide public 'utilities' for Web users. Individuals registered to receive a hosted domain and upload text,gifs,images and page content to yahoo servers- provided an alternative to more developed commercial websites. Often abandoned by their owners after finding better approaches.

hyperthymesia

a condition in which an individual possesses a superior autobiographical memory, meaning he or she can recall the vast majority of personal experiences and events in his or her life. (Individuals with hyperthymesia can recall almost every day of their lives in near perfect detail, as well as public events that hold some personal significance to them. Those affected describe their memories as uncontrollable associations, when they encounter a date, they "see" a vivid depiction of that day in their heads. Recollection occurs without hesitation or conscious effort. no need for techniques)

restoring active memory

a fully implantable devise that can electrically stimulate the brain to improve memory function; neurotechnology's to facilitate memory formation and recall in the Injured brain. identifies the signatures of the brain that tell when a person is about to make a good memory recall or when they're going to stumble om memory recall and then deliver direct stimulation to the brain in order to facilitate memory formation and recall.

levels of processing

different levels of processing impact encoding the concept that the more deeply people encode information, the better they will recall it

are we more likely to forget things if we don't share out loud with our friends

distinctiveness helps memory - tend to remember odd well. when you say it out loud you translate the memory into speech and retain memory of producing items of memory swell as hearing them .all oft his info makes memory of the spoken items more distinct from reading silently

how our schemas help structure our memory

during memory selection (selection of material to be remembered) during memory abstraction (exact meaning and not necessarily detailed) during memory interpretation (schemas help us to comprehend) during integration (form a single memory interpretation..wtf does that mean)

emulation

emulator- hard or software that enables one computer system (called the host) to behave like ANOTHER COMPUTER SYSTEM (called the guest)- enables the host system to run software or use peripheral devices by recreating that designed for the guest system ------ strategy in digital reservation to combat insolence- focuses on recreating an original computer environment-ability to maintain a closer connection to the authenticity of the digital objects

genetic memory explanation of why we remember some memories more vividly

linked to human evolution- survival dependant on behavioral patterns that were repeated or reinforced through life and death situations. process of learning became genetically embedded in humans and all animal species in what is known as flight or fight instincts.

drum memory

magnetic data storage device invented by Gustav Tauschek (1932) in Austria. For many early computers, drum memory was main working memory. metal cylinder coated with magnetic iron-oxide material on which data

procedural memory

memory of 'how to do stuff' e.g ride a bike or play piano. thats why some amnesia patients may not be able to recall facts or past events of their lives but are still able to drive/ play piano/ complete crosswords.

semantic

memory of facts (e.g Paris capitol of France, birthday on 25 of May but what you actually did on your birthday is episodic)

explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and 'declare'

episodic

memory of past events

does rehearsing a memory make it more reliable

more frequently signals are passed ; the stronger the synapses and connections become (however rehearsing a false memory or reconstructed memory can make it more false)

chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units E.g splitting an 11 digit phone number into chunks of three Memory technique

Neuroprosthetic implants

prosthetic limbs controlled by brain....

rosy retrospect

refers to the finding that subjects later rate past events more positively than they had actually rated them when the event occurred, reminiscent of the Latin phrase memoria praeteritorum bonorum ("The memory of the good pasts") this is because....

memory implantation

researchers make people believe that they remember an event that actually never happened through suggestion. the false memories that have been successfully implanted in someones memory include remembering being lost in the mall as a child. taking a hot air balloon rife, putting slime on a teachers desk in primary school (loftus) -similar to recovered memory therapy, includes an authoritative figure claiming to know that the event actually happened and suggesting and applying pressure on the ppt/patient to remember it has been argued that memory implantation studies are not applicable to real life memories of trauma such as childhood sexual abuse. (researchers implanted false memories in mice- by activating certain engrams on neurons-by erasing memory of a box being a Safe place and implanting a false memory of the box being the same one as the electric shock)

hippocampus

responsible learning and memory

implicit

retention independent of conscious knowing you don't have to actively concentrate (an example would be classically conditioned association, like for example you get all sweaty and nervous at a dentist because you had a root canal surgery last year. you don't need to pull up that file of the last time you got your face all drilled on to think -oral surgery, not my favorite. you just know because automatic processing of i.memory)

can technologies help us to forget things

see abandonware/obsolescence/digital dark age

can technologies help us to remember things?

see time hop/wayback machine/ punch card/ drum memory/ RAM etc.

dissasociation

separation of normally related mental processes, resulting in one group functioning independently from the rest, leading in extreme cases to disorders such as multiple personality. feeling of spacing out can be a defensive mechanism in reaction (wide array of experiences from mild detachment from immediate surroundings to more severe detachment from physical and emotional experiences. The major characteristic of all dissociative phenomena involves a detachment from reality, rather than a loss of reality as in psychosis.)

Would it be ethical to change someone's memory

( fill this one in using the pic )

crawler

(computer program that scours the web to create an index of sites) Crawler visits URLs, identifies all the hyperlinks in the page and stores them on the list of URLs to visit, called the crawl frontier. The crawler copies and save the information as it goes, for later processing to provide faster searches. The archives are usually stored in such a way they can be viewed , read and navigated as they were on the live web, but are preserved as 'snapshots' - encodes and stores.

short term memory

- usually only lasts ~30 seconds unless rehearsed (according to the multi store model )

car crash study

---------------------------------experiment 1 study- everyone saw a car crash on video then were asked to estimate the force and speed that cars that had SMASHED/HIT (different ppts were given the same question but with one of these words used) they were also asked to say if they remember if they saw broken glass or not - using words with connotations (schemas) they answered differently dependent on the word all though they all saw the same car crash video -the leading word interfered and distorted the memory and is now taken in mind when taking eye witness accounts conclusion- leading memory can affect the recall of memory post-event info can also actually change the memory of the event

why do we remember some memories more vividly than others?

-emotion enhances memory , improving recall -emotion acts as a highlighter, emphasizing certain aspects of experiences to make them more memorable

absent mindedness

-lapses of attention and forgetting to do things. This sin operates both when a memory is formed (the encoding stage) and when a memory is accessed (the retrieval stage). ( Examples, said Schacter, are forgetting where you put your keys or glasses. He noted a particularly famous instance in which cellist Yo-Yo Ma forgot to retrieve his $2.5 million cello from the trunk of a New York City cab)

decay theory

-memory fades because the passage of time -learning something new , a neurochemical 'memory trace' is created, over time this trace slowly disintegrates -actively rehearsing information is believed to be a major factor in counteracting decline neurons die off gradually ad we age but some older memories can be stronger than most recent ones, decay theory mostly affects the short term memory system. (not apply to procedural memories, rarely forget that) not knowing whether failure to recall reflects that it is no longer in our memory or that it reflects retrieval failure

persistance

-one of the 7 sins of memory unwanted recollections that people can't forget, such as the unrelenting, intrusive memories of post-traumatic stress disorder. An example, said Schacter, is the case of Donnie Moore of the California Angels, who threw the pitch that lost his team the 1986 American League Championship against the Boston Red Sox. Moore fixated on the bad play, said Schacter, "became a tragic prisoner of memory," and eventually committed suicide.

misattribution

-one of the seven sins of memory attribution of memories to incorrect sources or believing that you have seen or heard something you haven't. Prominent researchers in this area include Henry L. Roediger III, PhD, and Kathleen McDermott, PhD. An illustration of it, said Schacter, is the rental shop mechanic who thought that an accomplice, known as "John Doe No. 2," had worked with Timothy McVeigh in the Oklahoma City bombing; he thought he'd seen the two of them together in his shop. In fact, the mechanic had encountered John Doe No. 2 alone on a different day.

suggestibility

-one of the seven sins of memory incorporation of misinformation into memory due to leading questions, deception and other causes. Psychologists Elizabeth Loftus, PhD, and Stephen Ceci, PhD, are among those well-known in this research (see sidebar).

bias

-one of the seven sins of memory retrospective distortions produced by current knowledge and beliefs. Psychologist Michael Ross, PhD, and others have shown that present knowledge, beliefs and feelings skew our memory for past events, said Schacter. For example, research indicates that people currently displeased with a romantic relationship tend to have a disproportionately negative take on past states of the relationship.

blocking

-one of the seven sins of memory temporary inaccessibility of stored information, such as tip-of-the-tongue syndrome. (Schacter recounted the embarrassment of John Prescott, British deputy prime minister, when a reporter asked him how the government was paying for the expensive Millennium Dome. Prescott struggled to find the word "lottery," trying "raffles" instead.)

brown and kulik

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wang and Ayden

..

3 pieces of info the determine whether info will be encoded

1- a person must have a relevant schema 2-the schema must be activated 3- the incoming info must be important with respect to the schema

memory wars

1995 book about Sigmund freud and recovered memory therapy by the critic Frederick crews crews sees the recovered memory movement as the most recent, and most dangerous development of Freud's ideas as it instead leans towards implanting memories rather than accessing repressed ones. he also criticizes Freud's lack of evidence and over-reliance on empirical evidence (see memory implantation )

cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

amygdala

A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.

neurons

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.

acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction pain responses aswell

emotional arousal

Arousal of emotion facilitates memory of events that occur during the arroused state -creates the same physiological condition (basically when your sad you remember sad tings) heightens memory retention by exciting neuro chemical activity affecting areas of the brain responsible for encoding and recalling.

self serving bias

A self-serving bias is any cognitive or perceptual process that is distorted by the need to maintain and enhance self-esteem, or the tendency to perceive oneself in an overly favorable manner. (eople's tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors. It's a common type of cognitive bias that has been extensively studied in social psychology)

mind palace

Aka method of loci placing pieces of info (usually represented by objects ) in a familiar environment (like our house ) to remember things.

vinyl

Analog sound storage smedium in the form of a flat disc with inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The grove starts near the periphery and ends near the centre of the disk. The phonograph records sound and plays it back . The receiver consists of a tinfoil wrapped cylinder attached to the needle (diaphragm) sound waves directed into the diaphragm making it vibrate. A hand crank turns to rotate the tinfoil cylinder while the needle cuts a groove into it to record the sound vibrations from the diaphragm output plays the sound through a needle and an amplifier. the needle set in the groove and the cylinder set to the beginning. the amplified sound vibrations play back the recorded sounds.

nervous system

Brain, nerve cells, spinal cord

Is there anyway to know for sure whether our memories are accurate

Compare it to what you wrote down or recorded close to the time the event occurred

repression

Defense mechanism by which anxiety-provoking thoughts and feelings are forced to the unconscious. (ADD TO THIS USING ONE NOTE)

Multi-store model

Diagram thing that shows Memory has separate stores Info passed in a linear way Rehearsal needed to get from stm to ltm store Each store has its own characteristics in terms of encoding , capacity and duration= stores musts be SEPERATE

elaborative encoding

Elaborative encoding is a mnemonic that relates to-be-remembered information to pre-existing memories and knowledge. One can make such connections visually, spatially, semantically or acoustically (processing info for its meaning) association of new info with old experiences

Rewriting existing memories

Every time we bring back an old memory, we run the risk of changing it- the old information enters a vulnerable state where it can be edited, overwritten, or even deleted. remembering something creates a critical window in which memories can be erased or manipulated.

catching

Hardware or software component that stores data so future requests for that data can be served faster Temporarily storing recently used information on the local hard drive to make it faster for the user to access it- improves the efficiency of the computer + its overall performance

humor effect

Humorous material seems to be recalled at a much higher rate then no Humourus material Humor activates the brains dopamine reward system Stimulating goal orientated motivation and long term memory Which means humor can improve retention rate in students of all ages

link rot

Hyperlinks that no longer work and web pages that have been removed; "Page not available"

working memory model

Main assumption : STM can do more than one task simultaneously, as long as they require separate components . E.g the articulary loop could be rehearsing a set of digits whilst the visual-special sketch pad works out the quickest way to the phone Suggests the stm is an active store - info is constantly worked on as we complete tasks , hence the name

metadata

Metadata- is data (information) that provides information about other data. Descriptive metadata- describes purposes, includes elements such as title, abstract, author and keywords. structural metadata how objects are put together- the types , versions relationship and other characteristics administrative metadata provides info too help manage a -when and how it was created, file type and other technical info, who can access it

interference

Often when we are learning similar things (similar stimulus) they can subject interference on each other (e.g learning Spanish can interfere with your French ) Retroactive - new info interfering old info Proactive - old info messing with new info

RAM

Random Access Memory form of computer data storage/ physical hardware that stores data and machine code currently being used- serves as computers 'working memory' Allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the memory. Allows a computer to work with more information at the same time-increases total system performance

How accurate is eyewitness testimony ? Can it be misleading ? How's can it be improved ?

See car crash study / memory implantation/repression / reconstructive memory - can be improved by cognitive interviews ( interview technique )

Do people from different cultures and societies remember the same thing differently in predictable ways

See collective memory / wang and ayden E.g Japan and America will remember the nuclear bomb in very different lights

What extent can we trust the decision of those without sound memory

See confabulation / dementia / Alzheimer's It's a personal decision to 'trust'- you can choose to trust someone of sound memory that may be deceiving you (gaslight amnesia) or trust someone without sound memory that may simply be forgetting certain events

spaced retrieval

Spaced retrieval, also known as expanded retrieval or uniform retrieval, is a learning technique, which requires users to rehearse information to be learned at different and increasing spaced intervals of time or a set uniform amount of time.

memory inhibition

The ability not to remember irrelevant info Critical component for an effective memory system - forgetting is adaptive because it facilitates the selectivity or efficient , rapid recollection

weapons effect

The participant was supposed to decide what level of electric shock to deliver to the confederate who had angered them, and the electric shocks were used to measure aggression. The experimenter told participants to ignore the items on the table, but apparently they could not. Participants who saw the guns were more aggressive than were participants who saw the sports items. This effect was dubbed the weapons effect. (A review of 56 published studies confirmed that the mere sight of weapons increases aggression in both angry and nonangry individuals. Perhaps the weapons effect occurs because weapons are closely linked to aggression in our brains.)

giordano bruno

Trained memory based upon the zodiac - intended to fill th kind of the practitioner with images representing all the knowledge in the world used to see another dimension ( then placed in memory palace ) Used to build up to five layers deep but encouraged students to start slow with a layer or so a year.( each layer has a system of representation) The way the system is able to create combinations of letters representing words , acronyms or syllables to be remembered by means of animated images mixing the attributes and accustomed attributes of mythological figures .

Optogenetics

Transgenic technique that combines genetics and light to control targeted cells in living tissue. put photosensitive molecule thangs onto neurons and you can switch on and off certain specific neurons responsible for different brain disorders...

Nostalgia

a sentimentality for the past, typically from a period or place with happy memory associations. smell and touch are strong evokers due to the processing of these stimuli first passing through the amygdala, limbic system and hippocampus.- the emotional and memory creating seat of the brain. .music and weather can also trigger. nostalgic preferences (the belief that the past was better than the present) has been linked to biases in memory not a true recreation of the past, but rather a combination of many different memories , all integrated together, and in the process all negative emotions filtered out. -bias

mnemonics

a system such as a pattern of letters, ideas, or associations which assists in remembering something. a memory aid

war of ghosts

aim-investigate if memory of a story is affected by previous knowledge. if cultural background and unfamiliarity with a test would lead to distortion of memory when the story was recalled hypothesis-memory is reconstructive.its affected by previous expectations formed by cultural schemas method-heard story and asked to recall repeatedly over a period of days, weeks, months or years (serial reproduction) British ppts heard Native American folk tale filled with unknown names and concepts results- Bartlett found that ppts changed the way they tried to remember it, a process called distortion . there were patterns (assimilation- parts of the story were unconsciously changed to fit the norms of British culture levelling-story became shorter with each retelling as they omitted info seen as irrelevant sharpening- ppts changed the order of the story to make sense of it and added details/emotions

Neisser and Harsch

aim-to find out how valid the concept of flashbulb memories are procedure-

Korsakoff syndrome

amnestic disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B) deficiency usually associated with prolonged ingestion of alcohol. causes damage to hippocampus, neuronal loss, damage to neurons. ----------- symptoms= 1-anterograde amnesia, memory loss for events after the onset of the syndrome 2-amnesia of fiction (loss of immediate memory, person unable to remember events of the past few minutes) 3-confabulation 4-apathy- quick loss of interest, indifference to change (also fill in the gaps with visual clues so appear to be lying , check that episode of house) ------------------------in some cases patient may just continue' living in the past' , convinced that their life and the world around them is unchanged since the onset of the condition Frenzied confabulation - constantly inventing a series of new identities often with detailed and convincing back stories, in order to replace the reality that has been forgotten and lost

time hop

app that collects old photos and posts from Facebook,instagram,twitter and Dropbox photos and distributes the past

E.F Lotus and J.C Palmer

concerned with how subsequent info can affect eyewitness accounts-may. her main focus has been on the influence of misleading information - both visual imagery and wording of questions in relation to eyewitness testimony-the malleability of memory wishing cognitive psychology (ppts watched video of robbery with /without gun. when there was a gun they were more focused and anxious about it and so less able to identify robber from a set of phots whilst the other groups more accurate)

digitization

converting information into digital (computer-readable) format, in which the information is organized into bits. Result in the representation of an object , image =, sound,document or signal by generating a series of numbers that describe a discrete set of its points or samples

flashback

flashback, or involuntary recurrent memory, is a psychological phenomenon in which an individual has a sudden, usually powerful, re-experiencing of a past experience or elements of a past experience. top causes- car accident,firearms and falls

motivated forgetting

forget unwanted memories, either consciously or unconsciously- a form of conscious coping strategy 2 classes of m.f 1-PSYCHOLOGICAL REPRESSION (UNCONCIOUS ACT) subconsciously pushing unpleasant thoughts or feelings into unconscious. although repressed, have been known to influence behavior , dreams, decision making, emotional response etc. 2-THOUGHT SUPPRESSION (CONSCIOUS ACT) deliberate attempt to suppress memories-trying to push memory back by thinking of something else -goal directed

gaslight amnesia

gaslighting= form of manipulation that seeks to sow seeds of doubt in targeted individuals to make them question their own memory, perception and sanity. using persistent denial, misdirection,contradicition and lying- destabilize the target and delegitimize the targets belief. therefore gaslight amnesia is gaslighting their victim into believing they have amnesia in order to manipulate them (coined term by wsc)

generation effect

generating material yourself, rather than passively receiving it, enhances learning and retention (Actively producing material during encoding Acts to improve memory in later performance )

TBI deceleration injuries

head is struck, brain moves or is slammed into the skull- brained slammed back and forth in skull, compressed and stretched. long fragile axons of the neurons = compressed and stretched. if the impact is strong enough, axons can be stretched until they are torn

collectivist cultures

identity defined by collective characteristics, individual autonomy and self expression are inhibited. Expressing emotions are bad (especially negative ones) and one should not reflect emotional states

genetic memory

in psychology, genetic memory is a memory present at birth that exists in the absence of sensory experience, and is incorporated into the genome over long spans of time. (how we know things we never learned, can refer to instincts in animals-can explain phobia passed down through genes,

HDAC inhibition

increase acetylation enhance both memory and hippocampal /synaptic plasticity. Plasticity of neurons- make stronger connections and enhance memory. The current model for the action of HDAC inhibitors assumes that they alter gene expression/ increases expression of specific genes. -enhances neuron genetic drugs

dementia

overall term- describes wide range of symptoms associated with the decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a persons ability to perform everyday activities. progressive brain disorder that damages and eventually destroys brain cells, leading to memory loss and changes thinking and other brain functions. ------------------------------------------------------- usually slow development that gradually gets worse as brain function declines and brain eventually withers and dies. -------------------------------------------------------- brain abnormalities= plaques - clumps of protein fragment called beta-amyloid tangles, twisted strands of protein tau loss of connections among brain cells responsible for memory, learning,communication. eventual death of brain cells and severe tissue shrinkage

overt vs covert rehearsal

overtly - rehearsal by discussing with other people covertly- privately rehearsing or ruminating

individualistic cultures

people are unique and autonomous , emotions are part of one's uniqueness and expressing emotion is acceptable and encouraged

schema theory

people mold memories to fit information that already exists in their minds (little info folders in your brain e.g pets that we keep adding too)

blackouts

periods of memory loss of events (normally after drinking) episodes of amnesia- ability to form new memories when intoxicated is impaired EN bloc blackouts- unable to recall any details whatsoever from the events occurred while they were intoxicated. despite all efforts, transfer from short term to long term memory store is blocked blackouts might actually reflect state dependent info storage- peeps can remember events that occurred when they were drunk if they return to that state.

long term memory

permanent memory storage. Capacity is unlimited. Memories can decay or fade after time but can last up to a life time. info gets from STM to LTM by rehearsal (however shocking events or 'flashbulb memories' sometimes don't take any rehearsal and can be recalled in amazing accuracy and detail)

punch card

piece of stiff paper used to contain digital information represented by the presence or absence of punched holes in predefined positions- data processing applications or used to directly control automated machinery up to mid-1970's cards, containing several punched holes, punched by hand or machine to represent data- allowed companies to store and access information by entering the card into the computer (basically olden day coding using hole punched card that was then transferred into electronics)

abandonware

product, typically software, ignored by its owner and manufacturer and for which no support is available. no longer available for legal purchase, product creator feels no obligation to continue to support it, or creator feels continued support cannot be financially justified- in such cases copyright tends to be ignored

Alzheimer's

progressive, degenerative and ultimately fatal brain disease results in inability to acquire new memories (as hippocampus is damaged) and difficulty in recalling recently observed facts-loss of long term memory swell loss of neurons and synapses-atrophy of the affected regions , degeneration in the hippocampus,temproal lobe and parietal lobe. 2 different proteins go loco during this disease 1-tau protein become 'tangled' inside nerve cell bodies-shutting of nutrients to the cells. tangles ultimately collapses the neurons transport system ,killing the brain cell 2-Amyloid beta (or beta amyloid) form deposits or plaques disrupting neuronal communication