Meningitis, Hepatitis A, Tuberculosis, & Infection - MINI QUIZ Q & A

Fomite

A physical object that serves to transmit an infectious agent from person to person.

Vector (disease)

An organism, such as a blood-feeding arthropod, that transmits infectious diseases.

What is a patient considered who is infected with a virus but who does not have any outward sign of the disease?

Carrier

Which type of transmission based precautions must the nurse use to prevent transmission by touch from a patient with or environment contaminated by MRSA?

Contact precautions

Patients with cirrhosis are susceptible to bleeding and easy bruising because there is a decrease in the production of bile in the liver, preventing the absorption of which vitamin?

Vitamin K

Complement Cascade

a precise sequence of events, usually triggered by antigen-antibody complexes, in which each component of the complement system is activated in turn

Phagocytosis

process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell

Which statement made by the patient with an active tuberculosis (TB) infection who is discharged to home receiving directly observed therapy indicates that teaching was effective? A. "The home-health nurse will come to my home daily to make sure that I take my medications." B. "I need to be on home isolation for about 2 weeks." C. "I only have to take these medications for about 6 months." D. "I will not need to be tested for TB after the infection is cured."

A. "The home-health nurse will come to my home daily to make sure that I take my medications."

Which patient is at MOST risk for developing hospital acquired MRSA? A. 78 yr old intensive care patient receiving IV antibiotics for pneumonia B. 45 yr old orthopedic patient with a total knee replacement C. 53 yr old medical patient with a venous thromboembolism D. 67 yr old gynecologic patient who had a hysterectomy

A. 78 yr old intensive care patient receiving IV antibiotics for pneumonia

The nurse is preparing a client diagnosed with rule-out meningitis for a lumbar puncture. Which interventions should the nurse implement? Select all that apply. A. Obtain an informed consent from the client or significant other. B. Have the client empty the bladder prior to the procedure. C. Place the client in a side-lying position with the back arched. D. Instruct the client to breathe rapidly and deeply during the procedure E. Explain to the client what to expect during the procedure.

A. A lumbar puncture is an invasive procedure; therefore, an informed consent is required. B. This could be offered for client comfort during the procedure. C. This position increases the space between the vertebrae, which allows the HCP easier entry into the spinal column. E. The nurse should always explain to the client what is happening prior to and during a procedure.

The nurse correlates the development of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CAMRSA) infections to which skin conditions? Select all that apply. A. Abscess B. Eczema C. Cellulitis D. Impetigo E. Folliculitis

A. Abscess C. Cellulitis D. Impetigo E. Folliculitis

The UAP tells the nurse that an 88 yr old patient has a temperature of 100.2 F. What should the nurse do FIRST? A. Assess the patient for other S/S of infection B. Administer two tablets of acetaminophen C. Instruct the UAP to recheck the temperature in 4 hours D. Report the elevated temp to the health care provider

A. Assess the patient for other S/S of infection

The nurse correlates which data from the patient's health as a risk factor for the current diagnosis of cirrhosis? A. Biliary disease B. Social alcohol use C. Hepatitis D infection D. Chronic intravenous drug use

A. Biliary disease

On assuming care for a patient being treated for tuberculosis, which assessment finding requires immediate attention by the nurse? A. Dyspnea B. Fatigue C. Night Sweats D. Rust colored sputum

A. Dyspnea Initial symptoms of tuberculosis (TB) are relatively nonspecific and consist of fatigue, weight loss, and night sweats, followed by the development of a cough that produces a rusty-colored or blood-streaked sputum. As the disease progresses, dyspnea, orthopnea, and rales become evident as signs of respiratory compromise.

Which assessment data indicate to the nurse that the patient may be experiencing decreased clotting factors as a complication of cirrhosis? A. Epistaxis B. Yellow skin C. Clay-colored stool D. Peripheral edema

A. Epistaxis Feedback:Epistaxis, or a nosebleed, is assessment data indicating decreased clotting factors

The nurse caring for a homeless patient at risk for tuberculosis (TB) includes which clinical manifestations of the disease when educating the patient? Select all that apply. A. Fatigue B. Green-tinged sputum C. Productive cough that later turns to a dry, hacking cough D. Weight loss E. Night sweats

A. Fatigue D. Weight loss E. Night sweats

A patient has a postoperative abdominal wound infection caused by vancomycin resistant Enterococcus. While performing a physical examination on this patient, which personal protective equipment must the nurse wear? Select all that apply. A. Gown B. Mask C. Gloves D. Shoe covers E. Face shield

A. Gown C. Gloves

The nurse correlates which risk factors with tuberculosis? Select all that apply. A. Homelessness B. Incarceration C. Caucasian race D. Hispanic race E. Obesity

A. Homelessness B. Incarceration D. Hispanic race

Which lab test result indicates permanent immunity to hepatitis A? A. Immunoglobulin G (Ig) antibodies B. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies C. A positive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) D. The presence of anti HAV antibodies

A. Immunoglobulin G (Ig) antibodies

The nurse is admitting a patient experiencing photophobia and nuchal rigidity secondary to potential meningitis. The nurse correlates that findings from which diagnostic test will best confirm this diagnosis? A. Lumbar puncture B. Evoked potentials C. Computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast D. Electroencephalogram

A. Lumbar puncture Examination of cerebrospinal fluid via lumbar puncture is the hallmark for the diagnosis of meningitis

The nurse monitors for which clinical manifestations in the patient developing a complicated soft tissue bacterial infection? Select all that apply. A. Pain B. Fever C. Tachycardia D. Muscle atrophy E. Low blood pressure

A. Pain B. Fever C. Tachycardia E. Low blood pressure

The nurse is caring for patients who are admitted to an infectious disease unit. Which patient has symptoms that indicate that all persons entering the patient's room should wear an N95 respirator as part of the personal protective equipment? A. Patient has high fever, headache, and vesicular and pustular rash on face, extremities, and palms B. Patient has dysphagia, dry mouth, drooping eyelids, blurred vision, vomiting, and constipation C. Patient has Staphylococcus aureus wound infection with redness, heat, pain, swelling, and drainage D. Patient has copious fluid loss (diarrhea and vomiting) from Escherichia coli gastrointestinal infection

A. Patient has high fever, headache, and vesicular and pustular rash on face, extremities, and palms

Which people need immunization against hepatitis B (HBV)? Select all that apply. A. People who have unprotected sex with more than one partner B. Men who have sex with men C. Firefighters D. Health care providers E. Patients Prescribed Immunosuppressant Drugs

A. People who have unprotected sex with more than one partner B. Men who have sex with men C. Firefighters D. Health care providers E. Patients Prescribed Immunosuppressant Drugs

Appropriate methods for general infection control include which precautions? Select all that apply. A. Utilizing effective hand hygiene B. Using appropriate personal protective equipment C. Administering prophylactic antibiotics D. Using standard precautions E. Standing at least 3 feet away from patients

A. Utilizing effective hand hygiene B. Using appropriate personal protective equipment D. Using standard precautions

Alcohol-based solutions for hand hygiene can be used to combat which types of organisms? Select all that apply. A. Virus B. Bacterial spores C. Yeast D. Mold E. Protozoa

A. Virus C. Yeast D. Mold E. Protozoa Alcohol-based solution is effective against viruses. If there is potential for contact with bacterial spores, hands must be washed with soap and water; alcohol-based solutions are ineffective against bacterial spores. Alcohol-based solution is effective against yeast. Alcohol-based solution is effective against mold. Alcohol-based solution is effective against protozoa.

A patient comes to the clinic for headaches. He is irritable and impatient to receive treatment but is alert and oriented, speech is clear, and he is able and willing to answer the nurse's questions. Which questions will the nurse ask to solicit additional relevant information about this patient's headaches? Select all that apply. A. When do the headaches occur? B. How often do the headaches occur? C. Can you point to the place where your head hurts the worse? D. Do you experience other symptoms with the headaches?

A. When do the headaches occur? B. How often do the headaches occur? C. Can you point to the place where your head hurts the worse? D. Do you experience other symptoms with the headaches?

The nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with meningitis. Which collaborative intervention should be included in the plan of care?

Administer antibiotics A nurse administering antibiotics is a collaborative intervention because the HCP must write an order for the intervention; nurses cannot prescribe medications unless they have additional education and licensure and are nurse practitioners with prescriptive authority. •TEST TAKING HINT: The test taker must note adjectives and understand that a collaborative nursing intervention is dependent on another member of the health-care team; an independent nursing intervention does not require collaboration.

Which statement by a new nurse assigned to the infectious disease clinic regarding the incubation period of hepatitis indicates the need for further teaching? A. "Hepatitis A has an incubation period of 15 to 50 days." B. "Hepatitis B has an incubation period of 30 to 60 days." C. "Hepatitis C has an incubation period of 2 to 25 weeks." D. "Hepatitis D has an incubation period of 2 to 8 weeks."

B. "Hepatitis B has an incubation period of 30 to 60 days." Feedback: This statement indicates correct understanding of the incubation period of hepatitis A, which is 15 to 50 days. 2.This statement indicates the need for further teaching because the incubation period for Hepatitis B is 45 to 60 days. 3. This statement indicates correct understanding of the incubation period of hepatitis C, which is 2 to 25 weeks. 4. This statement indicates correct understanding of the incubation period of hepatitis D, which is 2 to 8 weeks.

The health care provider orders a serum trough level of vancomycin. When must the blood be drawn for this level? A. At the halfway interval between two doses of vancomycin B. 30 minutes prior to the next ordered dose of vancomycin C. 60 minutes prior to the next ordered dose of vancomycin D. Immediately after giving a scheduled dose of vancomycin

B. 30 minutes prior to the next ordered dose of vancomycin

During the shift handoff, the nurse is informed that a patient is experiencing a rash. What question does the nurse ask to clarify safety for this patient? A. Were isolation precautions initiated? B. Did the patient receive an antibiotic before the onset? C. Was a culture specimen obtained from the site? D. Is there history of MRSA?

B. Did the patient receive an antibiotic before the onset?

The nurse is reviewing the electrolyte values for a patient with bacterial meningitis and notes that the serum sodium is 126 mEq/L. How does the nurse interpret this finding? A. Within normal limits considering the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis but warrants repeat lab testing for downward trends B. Evidence of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, which is a complication of bacterial meningitis C. A protective measure that causes increase urination and therefore reduces the risk of increased intracranial pressure D. An early warning sign that the electrolyte imbalances will potentiate an acute myocardial infarction or shock

B. Evidence of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, which is a complication of bacterial meningitis

The patient reports neck stiffness, light sensitivity, noise sensitivity, headache, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, and feeling foggyand kind of out of it. Although the nurse recognizes that all vital signs are important, which question is the nurse MOST LIKELY to ask to assist the health care provider to determine the diagnosis? A. Do you feel like your heart is beating too fast? B. Have you had fever or chills? C. Have you been breathing hard or rapidly? D. What is your baseline blood pressure?

B. Have you had fever or chills?

Which statements about hepatitis are accurate? Select all that apply. A. Hepatitis D is the leading cause of cirrhosis and liver failure in the U.S B. Hepatitis A is spread through the fecal oral route C. Hepatitis B can be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse D. Hepatitis carriers have chronic obvious signs of hepatitis B E. Hepatitis D only occurs with hepatitis B to cause viral replication

B. Hepatitis A is spread through the fecal oral route C. Hepatitis B can be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse E. Hepatitis D only occurs with hepatitis B to cause viral replication

The new nurse is discussing planned interventions to reduce a patient's isolation while on airborne precautions. Which statement by the new nurse requires that the preceptor intervene? A. I have arranged to have the newspaper delivered to the room daily B. I will leave the door propped open to increase auditory and visual stimuli C. I have demonstrated the use of television and radio controls for the patient D. I will bundle nursing care so I have more time to talk to the patient while in the room

B. I will leave the door propped open to increase auditory and visual stimuli

What is the major source of hepatitis B transmission to health care workers? A. Improper handwashing B. Needle sticks C. Touching contaminated surfaces D. Touching contaminated surfaces

B. Needle sticks

A patient comes to the community clinic complaining of having a fever. Which clinical manifestations does the nurse correlate with a possible diagnosis of meningitis? Select all that apply. A. Eye tearing B. Photophobia C. Opisthotonos D. Nuchal rigidity E. Auditory hallucinations

B. Photophobia C. Opisthotonos D. Nuchal rigidity Clinical manifestations of meningitis in an adult include fever, headache, altered mental status, photophobia, chills, nausea, vomiting, nuchal rigidity, and opisthotonos.

How should the nurse dispose of the breakfast tray of a patient who requires airborne isolation? A. Place the tray in a specially marked trash can inside the patient's room. B. Place the tray in a special isolation bag held by a second healthcare worker at the patient's door. C. Return the tray with a note to dietary services so it can be cleaned and reused for the next meal. D. Carry the tray to an isolation trash receptacle located in the dirty utility room and dispose of it there.

B. Place the tray in a special isolation bag held by a second healthcare worker at the patient's door.

The public health nurse is giving a lecture on potential outbreaks of infectious meningitis. Which population is most at risk for an outbreak? A. Clients recently discharged from the hospital B. Residents of a college dormitory C. Individuals who visit a third world country D. Individuals who visit a first world country

B. Residents of a college dormitory Outbreaks of infectious meningitis are most likely to occur in dense community groups such as college campuses, jails, and military installations. •TEST TAKING HINT: The test taker must remember that the NCLEX-RN tests all areas of nursing, so always notice the type of nurse if this is mentioned in the stem. A public health nurse would not be concerned with third world countries.

The nurse is reviewing a patient's lab results and sees that the patient has an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. How does the nurse interpret these findings? A. The patient is very sick and immunocompromised B. There is inflammation or infection somewhere in the body C. The infection is more likely to be bacterial rather than viral D. The infection is resolving because of the immune response

B. There is inflammation or infection somewhere in the body

Which interventions should be included when a patient is placed on droplet precautions? Select all that apply. A. Use chlorhexidine for handwashing B. Wear a disposable gown whenever entering the patient's room C. Use a mask when within 3 feet of the patient D. Put a mask on the patient whenever transport is necessary E. Double glove before entering the patient's room

B. Wear a disposable gown whenever entering the patient's room C. Use a mask when within 3 feet of the patient

Which health behavior is intended to prevent normal flora from improperly entering the body and causing disease? A. Washing fruit and vegetables first before eating them raw B. Wiping perineal area from front to back after toileting for females C. Wearing insect repellent or long sleeves to avoid mosquito bites D. Getting yearly influenza vaccine to prevent infection from common strains

B. Wiping perineal area from front to back after toileting for females

The nurse working in the community health clinic places a purified protein derivative (PPD, or Mantoux) test on an adult's forearm and instructs him to return when for reading of the response?

Between 48-72 hours The skin test is a positive purified protein derivative (PPD) screen skin test, also called a Mantoux test. The test is administered by injecting 0.1 mL of PPD intradermally into the tissue of the forearm. Within 48 to 72 hours after injection, the administration site should be observed for any reaction.

The wife of the client diagnosed with septic meningitis asks the nurse, "I am so scared. What is meningitis?" Which statement would be the most appropriate response by the nurse? A. "There is bleeding into his brain causing irritation of the meninges." B. "A virus has infected the brain and meninges, causing inflammation." C. "It is a bacterial infection of the tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord." D. "It is an inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by a mosquito bite."

C. "It is a bacterial infection of the tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord." Septic meningitis refers to meningitis caused by bacteria; the most common form of bacterial meningitis is caused by the Neisseria meningitides bacteria. •TEST TAKING HINT: The nurse should explain the client's diagnosis in layperson's terms when the stem is identifying the significant other as asking the question. Be sure to notice that the adjective "septic" is the key to answering this question, ruling out options "1" and "2."

Which information should the nurse provide to a patient who will be receiving the hepatitis A vaccine? A. "The vaccine is considered effective for 15 years or longer." B. "You will receive a series of three shots over 6 to 12 months. C. "You will receive one shot with a booster 6 to 12 months later." D. "The vaccine is recommended for everyone, including newborns."

C. "You will receive one shot with a booster 6 to 12 months later." Feedback:This statement is appropriate to include in the teaching session for a patient who will receive the hepatitis A vaccine. The hepatitis A vaccine can prevent hepatitis A. It is recommended for healthcare workers, food handlers, childcare workers, and travelers to endemic hepatitis A areas. It is a series of two injections (initial injection and booster 6-12 months later). The vaccine is effective for up to 20 years.

A patient with meningitis is prescribed a cooling blanket. Which explanation does the nurse provide to the patient regarding this treatment? A. Relieves pain B. Increases cerebral venous outflow C. Decreases oxygen demand in the brain D. Reduces the transmission of the infection

C. Decreases oxygen demand in the brain Controlling a fever with a cooling blanket decreases metabolic activity and decreases central nervous system oxygen demand.

A patient recovering from a lumbar puncture rates a headache as being 8 on a pain scale of 0 to 10. What action by the nurse is indicated? A. Raise the head of the bed. B. Assist to sit out of bed in a chair C. Encourage increasing oral fluid intake D. Turn patient on the side and massage the lower spine

C. Encourage increasing oral fluid intake The bed should be flat to prevent the onset or worsening of a headache. The patient should be on bedrest for 4 to 6 hours. To avoid post-lumbar puncture headaches, ask the patient to stay hydrated postprocedure. Massaging the lower spine will not help reduce a spinal headache.

What is the most frequent cause of the spread of infection among institutionalized patients? A. Airborne microbes from other patients B. Contact with contaminated equipment C. Hands of healthcare workers D. Exposure from family members

C. Hands of healthcare workers

The nurse is caring for a patient who has symptoms and risk factors for bacterial meningitis. For which symptom must the nurse ALERT the health care provider? A. Capillary refill of 3 seconds B. Headache with nausea and vomiting C. Inability to move eyes laterally D. Oral temp of 101.6F

C. Inability to move eyes laterally

Which interventions does the nurse implement when providing care for a patient who is admitted for the treatment of active tuberculosis? Select all that apply. A. Places the patient on droplet precautions B. Wears a surgical mask when providing patient care C. Places the patient in a private, negative airflow room D. Wears eye protection when collecting sputum samples E. Places a surgical mask on the patient to transport to radiology

C. Places the patient in a private, negative airflow room D. Wears eye protection when collecting sputum samples E. Places a surgical mask on the patient to transport to radiology

The nurse is caring for a patient who was admitted for a diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis. Which nursing action is specific to this type of meningitis? A. Administering an antifungal agent such as amphotericin B B. Observing the patient for genital lesions C. Placing the patient in isolation per hospital procedure D. Checking to see if the patient is HIV positive

C. Placing the patient in isolation per hospital procedure

The nurse is assessing the client diagnosed with bacterial meningitis. Which clinical manifestations would support the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis? A. Positive Babinski's sign and peripheral paresthesia B. Negative Chvostek's sign and facial tingling C. Positive Kernig's sign and nuchal rigidity D. Negative Trousseau's sign and nystagmus

C. Positive Kernig's sign and nuchal rigidity A positive Kernig's sign (client unable to extend leg when lying flat) and nuchal rigidity (stiff neck) are signs of bacterial meningitis, occurring because the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal column are irritated. •TEST TAKING HINT: If two answer options test for the same thing (Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs), then the test taker can rule out these as possible answers because there cannot be two correct answers in the question, unless the question tells the test taker that it is a "select all that apply" question

The nurse reads tuberculin skin test (TST) results for a group of patients. Which patient does the nurse document as a positive result in the medical record? A. The adult patient diagnosed with HIV whose induration is 3 mm. B. The adult who recently had contact with a person with tuberculosis whose induration is 4 mm C. The patient who uses intravenous (IV) drugs whose induration is 11 mm. D. The adult who recently immigrated from a high-prevalence country whose induration is 8 mm

C. The patient who uses intravenous (IV) drugs whose induration is 11 mm. Feedback: A. A patient diagnosed with HIV requires an induration of 5 mm or greater for the nurse to document a positive result in the medical record. B. A person who recently had contact with a person with tuberculosis requires an induration of 5 mm or greater for the nurse to document a positive result in the medical record.3 C. This patient's result is considered positive, necessitating the nurse to document a positive result in the medical record. The patient who uses intravenous drugs has a positive result for an induration of 10 mm or greater. D. A tuberculin skin test for a patient with immunosuppression is considered positive when the induration is 5 mm or greater.

A patient with meningitis reports a headache, and the nurse gives the appropriate IV push medication. Several hours later, the patient reports pain in the left hand; the radial pulse is very weak, the hand feels cool, and capillary refill is sluggish compared to the left. What does the nurse suspect is occurring in this patient? A. Stroke secondary to increased intracranial pressure resulting from meningitis B. Sickle cell crisis associated with an increased risk of meningitis C. Thrombotic or embolic complication causing vascular compromise D. Local phlebitis from the IV push pain medication that was given

C. Thrombotic or embolic complication causing vascular compromise

The nurse is providing information about hepatitis to a high school health occupations class. The students all volunteer examples of how hepatitis is transmitted. Which statement by one of the students indicates the need for further teaching about hepatitis transmission? A. "Body piercing or tattoo" B. "Food or beverages" C. "Alcohol or drug use" D. "Mosquito or tick bite"

D. "Mosquito or tick bite" Feedback:Viral hepatitis is not transmitted through mosquito or tick bites; it is transmitted via the fecal-oral route or exposure to blood or body fluids.

Handwashing, rather than using alcohol based hand rubs, must be performed during which situation? A. After setting up a basin and towels for a patient's morning care B. Before having direct contact with any patients C. Before donning and after removing sterile gloves D. After contact with a patient who has had diarrhea for 3 days

D. After contact with a patient who has had diarrhea for 3 days

The 29-year-old client is admitted to the medical floor diagnosed with meningitis. Which assessment by the nurse has priority? A. Assess lung sounds B. Assess the six cardinal fields of gaze C. Assess apical pulse D. Assess level of consciousness

D. Assess LOC - Meningitis directly affects the client's brain. Therefore, assessing the neurological status would have priority for this client.

In which situation would using standard precautions be adequate? Select all that apply A. Interviewing a client with a productive cough B. Helping a client to perform his own hygiene care C. Aiding a client to ambulate after surgery D. Inserting a peripheral intravenous catheter E. Emptying a urine collection bag

D. Inserting a peripheral intravenous catheter E. Emptying a urine collection bag

The nurse is planning care for a patient with meningitis. What teaching material does the nurse prepare to explain prescribed treatments for this disorder? A. Long-term glucocorticoid therapy B. Diuretic therapy C. Over-the-counter analgesics D. Long-term antibiotic therapy

D. Long-term antibiotic therapy Treatment for meningitis generally requires 14 to 21 days of antibiotic treatment. Long-term intravenous access such as a peripherally inserted central line or other central venous access is typically initiated because of the need for long-term antibiotic therapy.

Which assessment data indicate to the nurse that the patient may be experiencing an increased ammonia level, a complication of cirrhosis? A. Peripheral edema B. Yellow skin C. Clay-colored stool D. Personality changes

D. Personality changes Feedback:Signs of anxiety, behavioral or personality changes, lethargy, stupor, or asterixis (flapping of hands or arms) indicate hepatic encephalopathy secondary to elevated ammonia levels.

Which type of precautions should the nurse implement for the client diagnosed with septic meningitis?

Droplet Droplet Precautions are respiratory precautions used for organisms that have a limited span of transmission. Precautions include staying at least four (4) feet away from the client or wearing a standard isolation mask and gloves when coming in close contact with the client. Clients are in isolation for 24 to 48 hours after initiation of antibiotics. •TEST TAKING HINT: The test taker must know the types of isolation precautions used for different diseases and note the adjective—"septic"—in the stem of the question.

The nurse identifies which lab value as the usual indication of hepatic encephalopathy?

Elevated ammonia level

The nurse is assessing a patient who is diagnosed with tuberculosis. Which assessment finding correlates with this diagnosis? (the coughing up of....)

Hemoptysis (the coughing up of blood)

The nurse correlates which type of viral hepatitis to the fecal-oral route of transmission?

Hepatitis A (HAV) Feedback:Hepatitis A and E viruses are transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted by blood, body fluid, and perinatal routes. Hepatitis C virus is transmitted by blood and body fluids. Hepatitis D virus is transmitted by blood, body fluid, and perinatal routes.

The nurse correlates which laboratory result to a diagnosis of liver disease? A. Decreased aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) B. Increased albumin C. Increased ammonia D. Decreased total bilirubin

Increased ammonia Feedback:An elevated ammonia level supports the diagnosis of liver failure.

A patient develops localized heat and erythema over an area on the lower leg. These findings are indicative of which secondary defense against infection?

Inflammation

The nurse is caring for a patient who is admitted to the unit with tuberculosis (TB). The patient is placed in isolation. To protect the caregivers and other patients on the unit, which type of isolation room is most appropriate?

Isolation room with an anteroom and negative air flow (air flows into the room) Patients with airborne infections such as meningococcemia, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), or tuberculosis are placed in an isolation room with an anteroom and negative pressure airflow. Air flows into the room and is vented in a special manner to prevent the organism from entering the rest of the unit.

A patient arrives in the emergency department reporting headache, fever,nausea, and photosensitivity. The patient has been living with two people who were diagnosed with meningitis. Which diagnostic test does the nurse anticipate the health care provider will order to rule out meningitis?

Lumbar puncture

A patient is admitted to the hospital for chemotherapy and has a low white blood cell count. Which precaution should the staff take with this patient?

Protective

The nurse monitors for which clinical manifestation in the patient admitted with tuberculosis? (color of sputum)

Rust colored sputum

A patient diagnosed with TB has been receiving treatment for 3 months and has clinically shown improvement. The family asks the nurse if the patient is still infectious. What is the nurse's BEST reply?

The patient is likely not infectious but needs to continue treatment for at least 6 months