Menstrual Cycle 1

uterus

A hollow organ that functions to receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized egg.

clitoris

A small, protruding structure that is responsible for sexual stimulation in females.

fimbriae

Fingerlike projections that partially surround the ovary and wave to create fluid currents that act to carry the egg into the fallopian tube.

What does FSH stand for?

Follicle stimulating hormone.

Ovarian Cycle = Three consecutive phases

Follicular Phase Ovulatory Phase Luteal Phase

Ovarian Cycle

Monthly series of events associated with the maturation of an ovum (Not to be confused with the Menstrual (uterine) cycle).

Why do birth control pills contain progesterone?

Progesterone inhibits the production of FSH (and therefore development of an egg).

vagina

Provides a passageway for the delivery of an infant and for the menstrual flow to leave the body. Also the female organ for copulation (sex) that receives the penis.

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Release from pituitary is stimulated by GnRH from hypothalamus Stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production. After ovulation, high circulating levels of progesterone and estrogen inhibit its release.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Release from pituitary is stimulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus and by high blood estrogen levels. in females triggers ovulation and aid development of corpus luteum

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Released by the anterior pituitary gland, it stimulates a small number of primary follicles to grow and mature each month

Menstrual Cycle

Series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through as it responds to changes in levels of ovarian hormone in the blood. Process is to prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum.

menstrual cycle

The cyclic changes that endometrium goes through month after month as it responds to changes in the levels of ovarian hormones in the blood.

endometrium

The inner layer of the uterus where the fertilized egg burrows in a process called implantation.

luteinizing hormone (LH)

ovaries- female: ovulation, maintenance of corpus luteum

Oogonia

primitive stem cells located in the ovary. Encapsulated by follicle cells, forming primordial follicles.

the corpus luteum produces

progesterone

Twins: Fraternal

two different oocytes fertilized by different sperm. Offspring have different genetic make-up.

On approximately which day is the egg released?

14

How many days are there in the menstrual cycle?

28

What is corpus luteum

A ruptured follicle that eventually degenerates after the egg is released during ovulation.

estrogen

A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

corpus luteum

After ovulation, granulosa cells increase in size and form endocrine glands secretes progesterone and some estrogen. Its fate depends on that of the ovulated oocyte.

What are the hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?

Any 3 of: FSH, LH, Oestrogen and Progesterone.

Menstrual stage

Approximately days 1 to 5 Slough off the thick endometrial lining of the uterus Caused by sudden decline in estrogen and progesterone

Secretory stage

Approximately days 15 to 28 Time between ovulation and onset of next menstruation LH directs the formation of the Corpus luteum that produces progesterone and estrogen.

Proliferate stage

Approximately days 6 to 14 Time between menstruation and ovulation Estrogens produced by the growing follicle of the ovary stimulate the endometrium to proliferate. Endometrium thickens. Ovulation occurs at the end of this stage (day 14)

What does LH do?

Causes ovulation.

What is the effect on the uterus of the increasing level of oestrogen?

Causes the uterus lining to thicken.

what does the corpus luteum do

Endocrine tissue which produces hormones, estrogen, and progesterone which prepares the uterine lining for receiving an embryo.

When there are high levels of oestrogen what happens?

FSH production is inhibited.

pituitary produces

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

What does IVF involve?

Give FSH and LH to produce several eggs. Then collect eggs and mix with sperm. Then place the resulting embryos in the uterus.

vulva

Includes the; labia (majora and minora) clitoris, urethral and vaginal openings.

What does FSH stimulate?

It stimulates the development of follicles/eggs in the ovaries.

cervix

Narrow outlet of the uterus that leads to the vagina.

Menopause

Ovaries fail to respond to LH & FSH. Ovarian estrogen production declines. Reduced levels of circulating estrogen increase the risk of heart disease, loss in bone density, as well as assorted other side effects (hot flashes, dry skin, etc.)

progesterone

Produced by the corpus luteum, as long as LH is in the blood, and along with estrogen helps establish the menstrual cycle.

Progesterone

Produced by the corpus luteum. Stimulates thickening of uterine wall and formation of mammary ducts. `

Estrogen

Produced by the developing ovarian follicle and corpus luteum. Inhibits FSH secretion, and at its peak levels stimulates LH surge just prior to ovulation stimulate thickening of uterine wall, maturation of oocyte and the development of sex associated characteristics

ovarian follicles

Saclike structures that contain an immature egg and follicle cells.

ovaries

The primary reproductive organs of females. They produce eggs (exocrine products) and hormones (estrogen and progesterone; endocrine products).

Fallopian (uterine) tubes

They receive the ovulated egg (oocyte) and provide a site where fertilization can occur.

follicle

What structure produces: estrogen

ovulation

When a mature egg is ejected from the ovary.

Follicular Phase

days 1-10 Period of follicle growth. Maturation of follicle. Primary oocyte increases in size. Supporting follicular cells produce estrogen (stimulates thickening of uterine lining).

Ovulatory Phase

days 11-14 Culminates in ovulation. Follicle is fully mature and bulges.from ovarian surface. Ovarian wall at site of ballooning ruptures and expels secondary oocyte into peritoneal cavity.

Luteal Phase

days 14-28 Period of the Corpus Luteum

Oogenesis

development of ova in the ovaries. Female gamete formation. Process of producing a sex cell

Twins: Identical

fertilization of a single oocyte b a single sperm, followed by separation of developing cell mass in early development.

Menarche

first menstruation

Follicle

immature ovum reside in a saclike structure.

Ovulation

stimulated by surge of LH from the anterior pituitary

Primary oocyte

term for egg cell at birth. At birth the total potential for producing egg cells in the female is determined.