Menstrual Cycle 1
uterus
A hollow organ that functions to receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized egg.
clitoris
A small, protruding structure that is responsible for sexual stimulation in females.
fimbriae
Fingerlike projections that partially surround the ovary and wave to create fluid currents that act to carry the egg into the fallopian tube.
What does FSH stand for?
Follicle stimulating hormone.
Ovarian Cycle = Three consecutive phases
Follicular Phase Ovulatory Phase Luteal Phase
Ovarian Cycle
Monthly series of events associated with the maturation of an ovum (Not to be confused with the Menstrual (uterine) cycle).
Why do birth control pills contain progesterone?
Progesterone inhibits the production of FSH (and therefore development of an egg).
vagina
Provides a passageway for the delivery of an infant and for the menstrual flow to leave the body. Also the female organ for copulation (sex) that receives the penis.
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Release from pituitary is stimulated by GnRH from hypothalamus Stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production. After ovulation, high circulating levels of progesterone and estrogen inhibit its release.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Release from pituitary is stimulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus and by high blood estrogen levels. in females triggers ovulation and aid development of corpus luteum
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Released by the anterior pituitary gland, it stimulates a small number of primary follicles to grow and mature each month
Menstrual Cycle
Series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through as it responds to changes in levels of ovarian hormone in the blood. Process is to prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum.
menstrual cycle
The cyclic changes that endometrium goes through month after month as it responds to changes in the levels of ovarian hormones in the blood.
endometrium
The inner layer of the uterus where the fertilized egg burrows in a process called implantation.
luteinizing hormone (LH)
ovaries- female: ovulation, maintenance of corpus luteum
Oogonia
primitive stem cells located in the ovary. Encapsulated by follicle cells, forming primordial follicles.
the corpus luteum produces
progesterone
Twins: Fraternal
two different oocytes fertilized by different sperm. Offspring have different genetic make-up.
On approximately which day is the egg released?
14
How many days are there in the menstrual cycle?
28
What is corpus luteum
A ruptured follicle that eventually degenerates after the egg is released during ovulation.
estrogen
A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.
corpus luteum
After ovulation, granulosa cells increase in size and form endocrine glands secretes progesterone and some estrogen. Its fate depends on that of the ovulated oocyte.
What are the hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?
Any 3 of: FSH, LH, Oestrogen and Progesterone.
Menstrual stage
Approximately days 1 to 5 Slough off the thick endometrial lining of the uterus Caused by sudden decline in estrogen and progesterone
Secretory stage
Approximately days 15 to 28 Time between ovulation and onset of next menstruation LH directs the formation of the Corpus luteum that produces progesterone and estrogen.
Proliferate stage
Approximately days 6 to 14 Time between menstruation and ovulation Estrogens produced by the growing follicle of the ovary stimulate the endometrium to proliferate. Endometrium thickens. Ovulation occurs at the end of this stage (day 14)
What does LH do?
Causes ovulation.
What is the effect on the uterus of the increasing level of oestrogen?
Causes the uterus lining to thicken.
what does the corpus luteum do
Endocrine tissue which produces hormones, estrogen, and progesterone which prepares the uterine lining for receiving an embryo.
When there are high levels of oestrogen what happens?
FSH production is inhibited.
pituitary produces
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
What does IVF involve?
Give FSH and LH to produce several eggs. Then collect eggs and mix with sperm. Then place the resulting embryos in the uterus.
vulva
Includes the; labia (majora and minora) clitoris, urethral and vaginal openings.
What does FSH stimulate?
It stimulates the development of follicles/eggs in the ovaries.
cervix
Narrow outlet of the uterus that leads to the vagina.
Menopause
Ovaries fail to respond to LH & FSH. Ovarian estrogen production declines. Reduced levels of circulating estrogen increase the risk of heart disease, loss in bone density, as well as assorted other side effects (hot flashes, dry skin, etc.)
progesterone
Produced by the corpus luteum, as long as LH is in the blood, and along with estrogen helps establish the menstrual cycle.
Progesterone
Produced by the corpus luteum. Stimulates thickening of uterine wall and formation of mammary ducts. `
Estrogen
Produced by the developing ovarian follicle and corpus luteum. Inhibits FSH secretion, and at its peak levels stimulates LH surge just prior to ovulation stimulate thickening of uterine wall, maturation of oocyte and the development of sex associated characteristics
ovarian follicles
Saclike structures that contain an immature egg and follicle cells.
ovaries
The primary reproductive organs of females. They produce eggs (exocrine products) and hormones (estrogen and progesterone; endocrine products).
Fallopian (uterine) tubes
They receive the ovulated egg (oocyte) and provide a site where fertilization can occur.
follicle
What structure produces: estrogen
ovulation
When a mature egg is ejected from the ovary.
Follicular Phase
days 1-10 Period of follicle growth. Maturation of follicle. Primary oocyte increases in size. Supporting follicular cells produce estrogen (stimulates thickening of uterine lining).
Ovulatory Phase
days 11-14 Culminates in ovulation. Follicle is fully mature and bulges.from ovarian surface. Ovarian wall at site of ballooning ruptures and expels secondary oocyte into peritoneal cavity.
Luteal Phase
days 14-28 Period of the Corpus Luteum
Oogenesis
development of ova in the ovaries. Female gamete formation. Process of producing a sex cell
Twins: Identical
fertilization of a single oocyte b a single sperm, followed by separation of developing cell mass in early development.
Menarche
first menstruation
Follicle
immature ovum reside in a saclike structure.
Ovulation
stimulated by surge of LH from the anterior pituitary
Primary oocyte
term for egg cell at birth. At birth the total potential for producing egg cells in the female is determined.