Metabolism and Nutrition Assignment (Chapter 25)

During the steps of glycolysis, ______ ATPs, ______ NADHs, and ______ molecules of pyruvate are produced.

4; 2; 2

One gram of carbohydrate, one gram of lipid, and one gram of protein yield _____, _____-, and _______ kilocalories respectively.

4; 9; 4

Small dietary organic compounds that are necessary for metabolism are called ___________. a. vitamins b. minerals c. water d. lipids

a. vitamins

Which class of nutrients do we require the least of? a. vitamins b. water c. carbohydrates d. lipids

a. vitamins

What is the measurement of the energy content of food? a. Grams b. Calories c. BTUs d. Joules

b. Calories

The Daily Values appearing on food labels are based on a ___________ kilocalorie reference diet. a. 1200 b. 1500 c. 2000 d. 2500

c. 2000

Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called ____________. a. glycolysis b. li[pogenesis c. beta oxidation d. gluconeogenesis

c. beta oxidation

A compound composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule would be a __________. a. monoglyceride b. diglyceride c. triglyceride d. phospholipid

c. triglyceride

Which of the following is an example of an incomplete protein food? a. eggs b. meat c. milk d. leafy green vegetables e. cheese

d. leafy green vegetables

Which of the following is a product of glycolysis? a. glucose b. carbon dioxide c. lactate d. pyruvate

d. pyruvate

Activity at the electron transport chain... a. results in the formation of ATP b. converts acetate to ketone bodies c. converts glucose to fatty acids d. converts fatty acids to glucose

a. results in the formation of ATP

Beta oxidation results in the formation of ____________. a. pyruvate b. acetyl CoA c. carbon monoxide d. oxaloacetate

b. acetyl CoA

One difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration is that... a. anaerobic respiration utilizes the citric acid cycle, but aerobic respiration does not b. aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration c. anaerobic respiration takes place inside cells, while aerobic respiration takes place in the extracellular fluid d. aerobic respiration does not require oxygen

b. aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration

The BMR (basal metabolic rate) can increase... a. during fasting b. during pregnancy c. as a result of decreased thyroid hormone production d. while resting instead of studying for a test

b. during pregnancy

Which of the following statements concerning the electron transport chain is true? a. hydrogen ions are pumped across the plasma membrane b. electron pass from electron carrier to another in the electron transport chain c. water serves as the final electron acceptor d. chemiosmosis forms carbon dioxide

b. electrons pass from electron carrier to another in the electron transport chain

Glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids can be metabolized within the cell to liberate ______________. a. oxygen b. energy c. carbon dioxide d. hydrogen

b. energy

Which of the following events take place during the absorptive state? a. protein is converted into glucose in the process of deamination b. glucose is converted into energy, glycogen, or lipids c. ketones are produced from fatty acids d. lipids are converted into glucose via beta oxidation

b. glucose is converted into energy, glycogen, or lipids

Glycolysis is best defined as the breakdown of ... a. glucose to carbon dioxide and water b. glucose to two molecules of pyruvate c. pyruvate to carbon dioxide and water d. glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate

b. glucose to two molecules of pyruvate

The formation of glycogen from glucose is called ___________. a. glycolysis b. glycogenesis c. glycogenolysis d. glucogensis

b. glycogenesis

Carbohydrates are absorbed into the blood as ____________. a. disaccharides b. monosaccharides c. oligosaccharides d. polysaccharides

b. monosaccharides

In which of these cells would you expect the ATP concentration to be the highest? a. active cells b. resting cells c. exhausted cells d. dead cells

b. resting cells

What process produces most of the NADH that contributes to ATP synthesis in the cell? a. glycolysis b. the citric acid cycle c. anaerobic fermentation d. the mitochondrial protein pumps

b. the citric acid cycle

Which of the following statements about the citric acid cycle is false? a. the process occurs in the mitochondria b. the major end product of the cycle is lactate c. at several steps, NADH molecules are formed d. carbon dioxide is produced at several steps in the cycle e. two ATP are formed in the cycle from one glucose

b. the major end product of the cycle is lactate

If your daily diet is deficient in carbohydrates, the result might be... a. obesity b. increased subcutaneous fat c. decrease of muscle mass d. constipation e. sensation of thirst

c. decreased muscle mass

Metabolic rate is the total amount of... a. glucose absorbed by the small intestine each hour b. heat produced by body cells in an hour c. energy produced and used by the body per unit of time d. carbon dioxide exhaled per unit of time

c. energy produced and used by the body per unit of time

The presence of ketone bodies in the urine indicates increased metabolism of ______________. a. amino acids b. lactate c. fatty acids d. nucleic acids

c. fatty acids

The primary source of energy for most cells is _____________. a. sucrose b. fructose c. glucose d. maltose e. lactose

c. glucose

During the postabsorptive state, the first source of glucose is ________________. a. lipids b. sugars c. glycogen d. amino acids

c. glycogen

Excess glucose in animals is stored as ______________. a. starch b. sucrose c. glycogen d. galactose

c. glycogen

Which atom is a major player in the production of energy from nutrient molecules? a. carbon b. oxygen c. hydrogen d. nitrogen

c. hydrogen

Where foes glycolysis take place? a. in the inner compartment of the mitochondrion b. on the surface of the mitochondrion c. in the cytoplasm of the cell d. along the cristae of the mitochondrion

c. in the cytoplasm of the cell

A food that contains all nine essential amino acids is called a __________ protein. a. plasma b. incomplete c. complete d. intracellular

c. incomplete

When glucose is metabolized in the absence of oxygen, one of the end products is ____________. a. pyruvate b. ketone bodies c. lactate d. citric acid e. nitric acid

c. lactate

The body's main energy storage molecules are _____________. a. sugars b. proteins c. lipids d. vitamins e. carbohydrates

c. lipids

What is the synthesis of glucose from amino acids called? a. glycogenesis b. glycogenolysis c. glycolysis d. gluconeogenesis

d. gluconeogenesis

Which amino acid is usually formed from the transamination of another amino acid? a. serine b. glycine c. aspartic acid d. glutamic acid

d. glutamic acid

Which of the following is true concerning oxygen in regards to aerobic respiration? a. it transports electrons to its mitochondrion b. it directly transfers electrons and protons to NAD+ and FAD c. it directly receives electrons and protons from NAD+ and FAD d. it is the final electron receptor in aerobic respiration

d. it is the final electron receptor in aerobic respiration

An essential amino acid... a. can be formed from lipids in the body b. can be synthesized by the body if there is enough nitrogen c. must be made from glucose d. must be supplied in the diet e. cannot be converted to nonessential amino acids

d. must be supplied in the diet

The citric acid cycle begins by combing... a. carbon dioxide and water to form carbon acid b. pyruvate and acetic acid to form acetoacetic acid c. pyruvate and carbon dioxide to form lactate d. oxaloacetic acid and acetyl-CoA to form citric acid

d. oxaloacetic acid and acetyl-CoA to form citric acid

Most of the lipids in the body are stored in what form? a. LDL b. HDL c. cholesterol d. triglycerides e. fatty acids

d. triglycerides

The energy currency of the cell is a molecule called ______________. a. glucose b. pyruvate c. fat d. ADP e. ATP

e. ATP

Which of the following compounds yields the most ATP per molecule? a. glucose b. pyruvate c. acetyl CoA d. lactate e. glycogen

e. glycogen

True or false: Both glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis are examples of catabolic reactions

false

True or false: The body synthesizes nonessential amino acids in a process called oxidative deamination.

false

If energy intake is greater than energy output, an individual will tend to...

gain weight

During periods of fasting, why is fat said to have a protein sparing effect?

the body does not oxidize its proteins unless it has consumed its fat reserves first

The energy cost for assimilation of food is called ___________.

the thermic effect of food

Arrange the following steps of protein metabolism in correct sequence. 1. ammonia is converted to urea in the liver 2. oxidative deamination of an amino acid 3. urea is eliminated by the kidney 4. ammonia and keto acids are formed

2. oxidative deamination of an amino acid 4. ammonia and keto acids are formed 1. ammonia is converted to urea in the liver 3. urea is eliminated by the kidney

Arrange the following events so that they indicate a possible metabolic sequence the body might use to interconvert a protein to a lipid. 1. Glycerol and three fatty acids combine to form triglycerides 2. Fatty acids are formed from acetyl CoA 3. Protein is digested to release amino acids 4. Amino acids are converted to acetyl CoA

3. Protein is digested to release amino acids 4. Amino acids are converted to acetyl CoA 2. Fatty acids are formed from acetyl CoA 1. Glycerol and three fatty acids combine to form triglycerides

Proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by ______________. a. acting as buffers b. releasing nitrogen c. transporting iron d. binding Na+

a. acting as buffers

Phospholipids... a. are found in plasma membranes b. are used as an energy source by cells c. can be modified to form cholesterol d. are involved in the process of inflammation

a. are found in plasma membranes

Starches and sugars are examples of _____________. a. carbohydrates b. lipids c. proteins d. vitamins

a. carbohydrates

Which of the following are energy nutrients? a. carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids b. proteins, water, and minerals c. lipids, minerals, and vitamins d. vitamins, lipids, and carbohydrates

a. carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

Which of the following is a final product of aerobic respiration? a. carbon dioxide b. pyruvate c. lactate d. glucose

a. carbon dioxide

Which of the following will increase metabolic rate? a. exercise b. fasting c. malnutrition d. reduced caloric intake

a. exercise

Which of the following is an example of catabolism? a. glycolysis b. synthesis of ATP c. production of hormones d. maintaining cell structure e. protein synthesis

a. glycolysis

If an increase in blood temperature were detected, one would probably observe... a. increased sweat production b. vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels c. increased muscular activity d. decreased sweat production

a. increased sweat production

The transformation of acetyl CoA to free fatty acids is a process called ______________. a. lipogenesis b. ketogenesis c. cellular respiration d. glucogenesis

a. lipogenesis

The absorptive state... a. occurs immediately to about 4 hours after meals b. is when glycogenolysis usually occurs c. occurs in the large intestine d. occurs just before breakfast

a. occurs immediately to about 4 hours after meals

The yield ATP in aerobic respiration is usually lower than the theoretical 36 molecules due to all of the following except... a. production of lactate b. cost to shuttle NADH into the mitochondrion c. getting ATP out of the mitochondrion d. different yields per NADH molecule

a. production of lactate

Functions of proteins include... a. providing structural strength in connective tissue b. serving as part of the cholesterol molecule c. serving as the primary energy source of cells d. transport of nitrogen gas in the blood

a. providing structural strength in connective tissue

If air temperature is higher than skin temperature, ___________ becomes a means of heat loss through evaporation. a. sweating b. shivering c. fever d. chills

a. sweating

Which of the following statements concerning carbohydrates is true? a. the primary role of carbohydrates is to serve as an energy source b. carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and amino acids c. maltose is a complex carbohydrate d. sucrose is the primary source of energy for most cells

a. the primary role of carbohydrates is to serve as an energy source

Which of the following are events of the absorptive state? a. triglycerides stored in adipose tissue b. glucose converted to glycogen c. lipids and proteins used for fuel d. synthesis of proteins e. glycogenolysis

a. triglycerides stored in adipose tissue b. glucose converted to glycogen d. synthesis of proteins

A student's dietary intake includes 100 grams of fat and a total of 2000 kilocalories. What percentage of the total kilocalories in this student's diet comes from fat? a. 10% b. 45% c. 50% d. 20%

b. 45%

Proteins that function in immunity include ____________. a. enzymes b. antibodies c. hormones d. collagens

b. antibodies

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events that occurs when fatty acids are used to generate ATP? a. beta oxidation, electron transport chain, deamination b. beta oxidation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain c. citric acid cycle, glycolysis, beta oxidation

b. beta oxidation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

Amino acids can be used as a source of energy... a. by converting them into nucleic acids b. by subjecting them to oxidative deamination c. in the process of transamination d. by converting them to ethanol

b. by subjecting them to oxidative deamination

Cholesterol... a. must be obtained from plants b. can be manufactured by most tissues c. is a hormone d. is necessary for blood clotting

b. can be manufactured by most tissues

Fat soluble vitamins can be toxic in large doses because they... a. do not dissolve in water b. can be stored and accumulate in body tissues c. are rapidly excreted d. release free radicals e. are flushed out of the body

b. can be stored and accumulate in body tissues

Which of the following is the correct sequence? a. Acetyl-CoA formation, glycolysis, electron transport chain, citric acid cycle b. glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain c. citric acid cycle, glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, electron transport chain

b. glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

The portion of the brain that regulates body temperature is the ____________. a. cerebral cortex b. hypothalamus c. medulla oblongata d. pons

b. hypothalamus

Where is most protein in the body found? a. in the skeletal system b. in the muscular system c. in the cardiovascular system d. in the integumentary system

b. in the muscular system

What is the glutamic acid made from transamination used for? a. it enters the citric acid cycle b. it is used to make other nonessential amino acids c. it is used to produce ATP d. none of the choices are correct

b. it is used to make other nonessential amino acids

The formation of triglycerides is called _______________. a. glycogenesis b. lipogenesis c. gluconeogenesis d. ketogenesis

b. lipogenesis

The events that occur in the postabsorptive state collectively ______________. a. decrease lipid metabolism b. maintain blood glucose levels c. interconvert proteins to lipids d. assure adequate lipogenesis

b. maintain blood glucose levels

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body is known as ___________. a. absorption b. metabolism c. digestion d. catabolism e. anabolism

b. metabolism

Which of the following events would occur when the environmental temperature is considerably lower than body temperature? a. sweating b. vasoconstriction of the blood vessels of the skin c. increased heat loss through the skin d. decreased muscular activity to maintain heat

b. vasoconstriction of the blood vessels of the skin

Which of the following is an example of a water-soluble vitamin? a. vitamin A b. vitamin C c. vitamin D d. vitamin K

b. vitamin C

Shivering warms the body because it increases the rate of what? a. radiation b. conduction c. ATP hydrolysis d. vasodilation

c. ATP hydrolysis

Which of the following minerals is part of the hemoglobin molecule? a. Calcium b. Iodine c. Iron d. Zinc e. Fluorine

c. Iron

When the amine (NH2) group is stripped off of an amino acid, this amine group is converted to ___________. a. lactate b. glucose c. ammonia d. glycerol

c. ammonia

Minerals... a. are organic nutrients b. can be manufactured by the body if the diet does not supply enough c. can serve as buffers and components of enzymes d. are found in high concentrations in refined cereals and breads e. are not necessary for normal metabolic function

c. can serve as buffers and components of enzymes

Essential nutrients... a. are important in the diet but not necessary for life b. are the only nutrients required by the body c. cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body d. are needed to make food taste good e. are manufactured by the body

c. cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body

Which of the following are macronutrients? a. sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and phosphorus b. nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins c. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water d. carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, but not water

c. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water

Which type of reactions are involved in ATP production? a. single replacement reactions b. combustion reactions c. oxidation reduction reactions d. neutralization reactions

c. oxidation reduction reactions

What is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain? a. water b. NADH c. oxygen d. carbon dioxide

c. oxygen

Which of the following recommendations regarding daily requirements is correct? a. fats should account for 45% of total caloric intake b. carbohydrate intake should be around 500 grams daily c. protein consumption should be 10-35% of total kilocalorie intake d. cholesterol intake should be about 300 milligrams per day

c. protein consumption should be 10-35% of total kilocalorie intake

Complex carbohydrates include... a. glucose and fructose b. maltose and fructose c. starch, glycogen, and cellulose d. cellulose and glucose

c. starch, glycogen, and cellulose

About 95% of the lipids in the human diet are _____________. a. cholesterol derivatives b. lecithins c. triglycerides d. phospholipids

c. triglycerides

The inner membrane of the mitochondrion contains the protein ____________, which harnesses the energy created by H+ flow to produce ATP by a process called ___________. a. enzyme complex; reduction b. ATP synthase; oxidation c. enzyme complex; proton pumping d. ATP synthase; the chemiosmotic mechanism

d. ATP synthase; the chemiosmotic mechanism

Excessive bleeding due to slowed blood clotting is a symptom of vitamin __________ deficiency. a. A b. D c. E d. K

d. K

A molecule that moves electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain is __________. a. pyruvate b. CO2 c. ADP d. NADH e. H2O

d. NADH

Total expenditure is estimated from... a. basal metabolic rate b. thermic effect of food c. physical activity d. all of the choices are correct

d. all of the choices are correct

The digestion of complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides is an example of _______________. a. anabolism b. synthesis c. absorption d. catabolism

d. catabolism

A kilocalorie (kcal) is a measure of the... a. protein content of food b. acidity of food c. fat content of food d. energy content of food e. heat content of food

d. energy content of food

The process that uses amino acids and glycerol to form glucose is ________________. a. ketogenesis b. glycogensesis c. lipogenesis d. gluconeogenesis e. glycolysis

d. gluconeogenesis

Excess triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue. Which of the following is a function of adipose tissue? a. to assist the body in temperature homeostasis b. padding and protection c. energy storage d. insulation e. all of the choices are correct

e. all of the choices are correct

The mitochondrion is the site of ___________. a. glycolysis b. the citric acid cycle c. electron transport chain d. lactate formation e. both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain are correct

e. both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain are correct

Which of the following is not a function of proteins in the body? a. muscle contraction b. transport of blood lipids c. maintaining blood viscosity and osmolarity d. catalyzing enzymatic reactions e. serving as cofactors for enzymes

e. serving as cofactors for enzymes