MGMT 2041 Final Exam

Paul is a manager who extremely intent on getting the job done. He does not show much consideration for his staff, and he expects them to work late as needed to meet deadlines and achieve goals. According to the Managerial Grid, Paul's style reflects what type of management?

Authority-compliance

Why has the importance of cross-cultural leadership increased in today's times?

Because of the improving diversity ratios in workplaces

Which of the following was one of the findings of the Hawthorne studies?

Both individual and social processes play major roles in shaping worker behavior.

_____ focuses on how much people want something and how likely they think they are to get it.

Expectancy theory

Which of the following statements about the contingency perspective is true?

It states that effective managerial behavior in one situation cannot always be generalized to other situations.

Which of the following statements about the behavioral management perspective is true?

It was influenced by the industrial psychology movement.

_____ is the set of processes used to get members of an organization to work together to further the interests of the organization.

Leading

_____ refers to the extent to which people believe that their behavior has a real effect on what happens to them.

Locus of control

_____ refers to pay awarded to employees on the basis of the relative value of their contributions to the organization, which is a performance-based reward arrangement for individuals.

Merit pay

The starting point in formulating strategies is usually

SWOT analysis

Emilio says, "Employees and situations are unique. Sometimes I get good results by trying one approach, sometimes I decide to do something completely different." Emilio's statement is best aligned with which of the following management views?

The contingency perspective

A difference between Theory X and Theory Y is that

Theory Y represents the assumptions made by human relations advocates.

What are the three steps in the Lewin model?

Unfreezing, implementing, refreezing

Which of the following is an organizational strength?

Well-established distribution channels

A satisfied employee tends to be

absent less often

_____ is the first stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome.

alarm

Managers can overcome resistance to change by

announcing the change much in advance

Technical skills

are especially importance for first-line managers

____ is a concept suggesting that decision makers are limited by their values and unconscious reflexes, skills, and habits.

bounded rationality

_____ is defined as a clear and distinct line of authority among the positions in an organization.

chain of command

Demonstrating personal excitement or passion about something is part of _____ leadership

charismatic

In the rational decision-making process, optimization means

choosing the alternative with the best overall expected outcomes

Punishment involves the use of _____ power.

coercive

Amelia believes that recreation management, as a specialization, can be understood only outside the confines of a classroom. However, she is required to fulfill a certain number of classroom hours to graduate as a recreation specialist. In this scenario, Amelia is likely to experience

cognitive dissonance

Sports teams travel together. They compete against other teams. This increases their

cohesiveness

The final phase of the management process is _____ which involves monitoring the organization's progress toward its goals.

controlling

The management at Loft Corp. has introduced new employment policies. The mangers are now tracking and monitoring the implementation of the new policies. Which of the following management functions is illustrated in the scenario?

controlling

A task group that is made up of one member each from marketing, development, production, and manufacturing would be a(n)

cross-functional team

The process of choosing one alternative from among a set of alternatives is called

decision making

Jordon, a manager, realizes that many employees are leaving the organization. He identifies inconvenient work timings and some of the new employment policies as the causes. Jordon decides to introduce better policies and flexible work timings to reduce employee turnover. This scenario illustrates Jordon's _____ skills.

diagnostic

One of the disadvantages of job specialization is that it

does not offer challenges or stimulation to workers.

In a BCG matrix, _____ are businesses that have a very small share of a market that is not expected to grow

dogs

The normal process within an organization that leads to a system decline is known as

entropy

Which of the following motivational theories is based on the idea that employees compare the treatment they receive relative to others' treatment in order to determine if they are being treated fairly?

equity theory

_____ is a behavioral process in which a decision maker stays with a decision even when it appears to be wrong.

escalation of commitment

Karl is fond of saying, "Remember, half the doctors you see graduated in the bottom of their class." Karl is attempting to limit the _____ power of physicians.

expert

Alpha Motors Inc. was affected by the recession in 2008. The company had to make extensive changes to its organizational structure and design. This scenario illustrates how _____ forces lead management to make changes.

external

A force-field analysis identifies

factors that facilitate and hinder organization change.

What is one of the strengths of the bureaucratic model?

favoritism and bias minimized

SegSystems gives its workers a small bonus every time they achieve 100 injury-free days in a row. The type of reinforcement used here is

fixed-ratio

Windmere allows its administrative employees to arrive any time between 7:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m., and to leave any time between 4:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m., as long as they work an eight-hour day. This arrangement is known as

flextime

In most change situations, there are factors that make the change process more difficult and others that seem to ease the process. The process by which a manager identifies these factors and then tries to tip the balance so that the factors facilitating the change outweigh those hindering the change is called

force-field analysis

A(n) _____ group is a permanent group created by the organization to accomplish a number of organizational purposes with an unspecified time horizon.

functional

At Gamma Inc., there are separate departments of employees who specialize in sales, service maintenance, customer service, and accounting. What form of departmentalization does Gamma use?

functional departmentalization

Which of the following disadvantages of group decisions typically results from the group being very cohesive?

groupthink

In the context of the charismatic leadership theory, proposed by Robert House, charismatic leaders are likely to

have a firm conviction in their beliefs

In return for what the employee gives, the organization provides _____ to the individual employee

inducements

In the television show Mad Men, Roger has more experience in the organization than Don. However, Don is perceived as the creative talent that all the customers want on their accounts and the reason for the firm's success. In this scenario, Don is the:

informal leader

A group is defined as two or more people who ______

interact regularly to accomplish a common purpose or goal.

Lindsey is often intimidated and uncomfortable with her superiors. Lindsey needs to develop her _____ skills to be able to communicate easily with her superiors.

interpersonal

_____ develop a new business in the context of a large organization.

intrapreneurs

Jimmy owns an ice cream parlor. He designs a schedule for the different tasks the employees have to perform in order to prevent monotony at work. According to the schedule, if an employee makes waffle cones on a day, he serves ice creams the next day and clears the tables on the day after that. Jimmy is using the _____ approach at his ice cream parlor.

job rotation

A manager can assign tasks to a subordinate, and a subordinate who refuses to do them can be reprimanded or even fired. This is an example of _____ power.

legitimate

Compared to Type A individuals, Type B individuals are:

less likely to experience conflict with other people.

One of the benefits of job specialization is that it

makes employees proficient at a task

An organization's _____ is a statement of its fundamental, unique purpose that sets a business apart from other firms of its type and identifies the scope of the business's operations in product and market terms.

mission

One advantage of group decision making is:

more acceptance of the final decision.

In the two-factor theory, the factors that influence the satisfaction continuum, which are related specifically to work content, are called _____ factors.

motivation

____ is defined as the set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways.

motivation

During the _____ stage of group development, group members begin to recognize and accept their roles, and understand the roles of other members.

norming

The standards of behavior that a group accepts for and expects of its members are called

norms

The term span of management refers to the

number of people reporting to a particular manager.

In the context of the job characteristics approach, skill variety refers to the

number of things a person does in a job

Goals set for and by line-managers are called _____ goals.

operational

Samantha is responsible for building the day-to-day work schedules for her subordinates. She assigns specific tasks to her subordinates and designs activities according to the objectives that she receives from her seniors. Samantha works on _____ goals.

operational

A company has recently undergone a transformation from using a highly centralized approach to a much more decentralized approach for managing its operations. This change represents a change in the area of

organization structure.

Individuals become aware of and interpret information about their environment through a set of processes called

perception

Alan is a member of a group in which team members are intent on solving the problem at hand, and the group leader has the group focused on attaining goals and functioning well. This group is in the _____ stage of group development.

performing

_____ is the relatively stable set of psychological and behavioral attributes that distinguish one person from another.

personality

In its simplest form, _____ means setting an organization's goals and deciding how best to achieve them.

planning

_____ describes activities carried out for the specific purpose of acquiring, developing, and using power and other resources to obtain one's preferred outcomes.

political behavior

Justin put in extra hours to complete an important project on time after unanticipated complications threw it off schedule. In recognition of his efforts, he received a bonus. This motivates him to put in more hard work and better performances. The organization has used _____ to strengthen his behavior.

positive reinforcement

Creating different teams for finance, production, and marketing is consistent with _____ departmentalization.

product

When the low-indicator light turns red on the frozen drink machine, Karen follows an established set of procedures to refill and reset the machine. In doing so, she's making a(n) _____ decision.

programmed

Annika is excited about her new job. She thinks it will be exciting, fulfilling, rewarding, and allow her the standard of living she is looking for. She has made a(n) _____ with her new employer.

psychological contract

_____ are new products, services, or technologies developed by an organization that completely replace the existing products, services, or technologies in an industry.

radical innovations

_____ is a piecemeal response to circumstances as they develop.

reactive change

____ argues that behavior that results in rewarding consequences is likely to be repeated, whereas behavior that results in punishing consequences is less likely to be repeated.

reinforcement theory

According to the Lewin model of organization change process, refreezing involves

reinforcing the change so that it becomes a part of the system.

Moira is a manager in the R&D department at NuvoTech. She is expected to take chances and is seen as a catalyst for innovation. Moira demonstrates the traits of someone who would rank high on what characteristic?

risk propensity

Mike is in a hurry to appoint a personal assistant to help him with scheduling his meetings with clients. He posts an advertisement on a job website, and picks the first person who sends in her resume for the job. He only checks for the candidate's qualification and does not consider her work experience. This is an example of ___

satisficing

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, once an individual has satisfied his physiological needs, he turns his focus towards _____ needs.

security

Housing, clothing, and job security would all be included in which of Maslow's need categories?

security

Some smokers block out negative information about the health effects of smoking because they do not want to change their behavior. This is an example of

selective perception

The process of screening out information we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs is called

selective perception.

In group role structure, the _____ role comprises the messages and cues that group members use to communicate their expectations to another member.

sent

In _____, the output of one unit becomes the input for another in a serial fashion.

sequential interdependence

A newcomer in an organization gradually begins to learn the company norms such as dress codes, working hours, and interpersonal relations. This process is known as

socialization

Which of the following stages of group development is often characterized by a general lack of unity and uneven interaction patterns?

storming

The top managers of Dietizza, a large low-fat pizza chain, plan to increase the profitability of all its outlets by 15 percent in a period of two years. This is a(n) _____ goal.

strategic

A difference between tactical and strategic plans is that

tactical plans have a more concrete focus

When a manager answers a subordinate's question regarding the process of creating a report from raw data, he is relying on his _____ skills.

technical

What is the basic assumption of situational approaches to leadership?

the appropriate leader style will vary from one set of circumstances to another

In general, while identifying alternatives, the more important the decision,

the more alternatives should be generated

Which of the following concepts suggests that there must be a clear and unbroken line of authority that extends from the lowest to the highest position in the organization?

the scalar principle

Which of the following is the most probable motive for a manager to engage in political behavior?

to acquire power

____ make decisions about activities such as investing in research and development (R&D) and entering or abandoning various markets.

top managers

Managers are most prone to error in a condition of

uncertainty

Alberto complimented Daniel on his project updates two weeks in a row. Then he waited a month to compliment him again. Not knowing when Alberto will drop by for inspection, Daniel keeps his projects updated regularly. What reinforcement schedule is he using?

variable-interval

A manager who has a high level of risk propensity is likely to:

​make decisions quickly.