MGMT Exam 2

When it comes to evaluating the fairness of distributed rewards, employees tend to focus on which aspects?

- Distributive - Procedural

Which of the following statements are true about project teams?

- Their members most often divide their time between the team and their primary jobs. - Their members may be from the same department of an organization. - They are assembled to tackle a particular problem, task, or project.

Which of the following are true concerning using personality tests in the workplace?

- There should be independent research validating the effectiveness of the test. - It is helpful to use experts outside the company to help select an appropriate test. - It is critical to make sure the test is legally sound and does not violate applicants' rights.

Which of the following statements are true about work teams?

- They are usually permanent. - They have a well-defined purpose. - They have a common purpose.

People with an internal locus of control

- see a stronger link between their effort and their performance. - are more motivated by valued rewards. - experience higher performance-based job satisfaction.

Select all of the characteristics that are influenced by motivation.

- persistence of behavior or thought - direction of behavior or thought - intensity of behavior or thought

Which employee factors are important for managers to understand in order to create a productive and satisfying person-job fit?

- personality traits - potential - abilities

Team performance strategies include:

- plans that outline exactly what the team is to do - the tasks and responsibilities of the members - setting goals for the team

Which of the following are problems that often arise with jobs based on Taylor's scientific management methods?

- poor mental health - high levels of dissatisfaction and stress - low sense of accomplishment

McClelland's theory states that employees are motivated by acquired needs that include the need for:

- power - achievement - affiliation

Which of the following statements are true about the characteristics of virtual teams?

- Virtual team members are connected using various technologies. - Virtual team members work across time, space, and organizational boundaries. - Virtual teams may utilize talent more efficiently than in traditional office settings.

Self-determination theory assumes that our behavior and well-being are influenced by which innate needs?

- competence - autonomy - relatedness

When measuring performance, team award plans consider which of the following?

- cost savings - meeting deadlines - successful completion of product design

The task roles that facilitate a group's work include:

- defining a common purpose - clarifying a common purpose

Which of the following are characteristics of high-performing teams?

- They have an appropriate mix of knowledge, skills, and abilities. - They have trust and communication. - They have clear goals and responsibilities.

Which of the following conditions help gainsharing succeed?

- commitment to continuous improvement - management commitment - strong levels of cooperation

Select all the leaders who are perceived as introverts.

- Bill Gates - Mark Zuckerberg

In measuring a team's performance, what potential drawbacks might be encountered?

- Competition between individual team members may be reduced. - Plans that do not recognize individual performance differences may demotivate top performers.

In which of the following situations, can punctuated equilibrium occur?

- Innovation - An inciting event

Which of the following are true of self-efficacy?

- It tends to manifest itself in actual performance. - It involves a person's beliefs about personal success. - It can be increased.

Which of the following are workplace attitudes that managers pay attention to?

- Job satisfaction - Organizational commitment - Perceived organizational support - Employee engagement

Frederick Herzberg's theory states which of the following?

- Job satisfaction is associated with motivating factors. - Job dissatisfaction is associated with hygiene factors - Managers can improve motivation by improving both motivators that create satisfaction and hygiene factors that reduce dissatisfaction.

Which individual differences are universally considered undesirable?

- Machiavellianism - narcissism - psychopathy

Select the person factors that contribute to employee engagement.

- Personality - Social capital

Which of the following are included in Maslow's need hierarchy theory?

- Physiological Needs - Esteem Needs

Which of the following behaviors have been shown by research to improve intelligence?

- Problem solving - Constructive thinking - Reasoning

Which of the following are types of task interdependence?

- Sequential - Reciprocal - Pooled

Of the following statements, which accurately describe social loafers?

- Social loafers expect the same rewards as other members of the team. - Social loafers can distract or disrupt the work of other team members. - Social loafers produce low-quality work.

Intelligence entails a person's capacity for ______.

- problem solving. - constructive thinking. - reasoning.

Rank Tuckman's five stages of group development. The first stage should be the top item on your list.

1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing 5. Adjourning

Organizations often worry that merit pay increases may lead to which of the following?

A sense of entitlement

Who formulated the theory that motivation is a function of five basic needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization?

Abraham Maslow

Contributes to the team's work

Completes work accurately and on time

Which type of plan not only provides stock ownership in the company to its employees but also potential tax and financial advantages to employers?

Employee stock ownership

Which statement about the prevalence of introversion is true?

Everyone has some amount of introversion.

The theory that proposes that job satisfaction comes from motivating factors and dissatisfaction from the absence or weak presence of hygiene factors is based on research done by:

Frederick Herzberg

Keeps team on track

Helps plan and organize work

When used well, pay plans have a(n)

Incentive effect

The strength of the relationship between pay and performance is known as

Incentive intensity

The question "What are the chances of receiving various outcomes if I achieve my performance goals?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?

Instrumentality

What role does cognitive dissonance play in equity theory?

It motivates people to maintain consistency between their beliefs and their behavior.

Which of the following are true of personality?

It results from the interaction of genes and the environment. It combines characteristics that give people unique identities. It is relatively stable across situations.

Who pioneered the use of equity theory in the workplace?

J. Stacy Adams

Which of the following does evidence suggest has the highest positive impact on future job performance?

Merit bonuses

Extroversion

Outgoing, talkative, social, assertive

In what type of plan are monetary bonuses paid to employees if the ratio of labor costs to the sales value of production is kept below a certain standard?

Scanlon

Which is considered the most fundamental criticism of the merit pay system?

That it does not actually exist

What is the primary reason that people collaborate in groups and teams in the workplace?

The complexity of work is too great to be managed by individuals.

Who collects the majority of information on an individual's performance in traditional merit pay programs?

The immediate supervisor

Which statement is true of emotion display norms in an organization?

They determine which emotions members should show in various situations.

True or false: Personal achievements and praise tend to bolster one's self-esteem.

True

Agreeableness

Trusting, good-natured, cooperative, softhearted

What should individuals do if their current job is unfulfilling but they do not want to change jobs?

Try to incorporate job crafting or I-deals.

What type of team is assembled to tackle a particular project, problem, or task?

a project team

What type of team has a well-defined purpose, is more or less permanent, and requires the complete commitment of its members?

a work team

David McClelland's theory about the drivers of employee behavior is the:

acquired needs theory

Which of the following focuses on how employee compensation can be used to align the divergent interests and goals of an organizations' various stakeholders?

agency theory

Which shape on a graph best represents the relationship between increasing emotional stability and outcomes?

an inverted-U

Job crafting is the:

approach to job design in which individuals make physical and cognitive changes in the task or relational boundaries of their work

Beliefs you have that concern something specific, such as a specific person, are known as personal

attitudes

Job satisfaction and employee engagement are two workplace _____ measured by management.

attitudes

Ajzen and Fishbein consider intentions as the key link between ______ and planned _____.

attitudes; behavior

Emotional intelligence has been shown to ______.

be associated with increased well-being and satisfaction

The main influence of compensation is on instrumentality, which can be described as the perceived link between

behaviors and pay

cognitive

beliefs or ideas that one has about a given object or situation

People who possess an internal locus of control

believe their success is due to their own efforts.

In Schwartz's value theory, values are organized into two

bipolar dimensions

Individual differences are determined by

both genetics and environment

A ______ concept of personality allows you to more effectively predict behavior.

broader

OB researchers define ______ as "a force that binds an individual to a course of action of relevance to one or more targets."

commitment

Self-determination theory assumes that three innate needs—autonomy, _______ , and relatedness—drive our behavior.

compentency

Which personality trait has the strongest and most positive effect on performance?

conscientiousness

The theories that focus on identifying the factors that motivate employees are known as ______ theories.

content

Behavior that harms other employees, the organization as a whole or organizational stakeholders such as customers and shareholders is called:

counterproductive work behavior

People with low self-esteem

deal with a lot of self-doubt.

Expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce

desired combinations of expected outcomes.

Early in the group development process, a team can improve its chances for success if it:

develops a team charter

The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of how rewards are allocated is:

distributive justice

Rules that dictate which types of emotions are expected and appropriate at a given time are:

emotional display norms

Individuals with high levels of ____________ tend to be relaxed, secure, unworried and less likely to experience negative emotions under pressure.

emotional stability

Kahn described "the harnessing of organization members' selves to their work roles" as:

employee engagement

Feeling a sense of urgency to complete your work is one indicator of employee ______.

engagement

Schwartz's first bipolar dimension includes self- _____ and self- _____

enhancement; transcendence

The job design method that puts more variety into a job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty is job ________.

enlargement

Social loafing can be prevented by:

ensuring accountability

A manager who makes sure to treat employees in a manner that they perceive as fair is exhibiting which model of job satisfaction?

equity

True or false: Job satisfaction and job performance are unrelated in a work context.

false

affective

feelings or emotions that one has about a given object or situation

Mena, a student, feels cognitive dissonance over her conflicting desires to hang out with her friends and to finish her class project. She reduces the dissonance by telling herself that finishing the project now means that she can have the entire weekend free to spend with her friends. Which method of reducing cognitive dissonance does this represent?

finding consonant elements that outweigh dissonant ones

The essence of employee engagement is that employees:

give their all

Conscientiousness

how dependable, responsible, achievement-oriented, and persistent one is

An organization that has high levels of aggregate job satisfaction could expect to experience which of the following?

improved accounting/financial performance

The term ______ is used to collectively describe people's traits and behaviors that are influenced by genetics and environment.

individual differences

Education, skills, creativity, experience, and personal appearance can all be perceived as _____ in Adam's equity theory.

inputs

The form of organizational justice that reflects whether people are told the truth and treated with respect is:

interactional justice

The two forms of locus of control are

internal and external

Viewing personality in terms of liking and fit

is not an effective perspective for management.

Any set of activities that involve the alteration of specific job activities to improve the quality of employee job experience and motivation is called

job design.

There are four attitude and four behavior components found to correlate with ______.

job satisfaction

A relatively stable personality characteristic that describes how much personal responsibility you take for your behavior and its consequences is:

locus of control

Which of the following is an example of informal group activity?

making a craft together

To ensure the highest levels of employee motivation, employers should strive to create work environments that:

match employees' values

Ownership in the company via stock options might be less motivational to employees because they

may not realize any financial gain until they sell the stock

The psychological mechanisms that guide the direction, intensity, and persistence of one's behaviors or thoughts are known as:

motivation

Vroom's expectancy theory requires that all three of the elements must be high for _______ to be high

motivation

Using Vroom's expectancy theory to predict motivation, it can be said that:

motivation will be high when all three elements are high

Job rotation is the top-down approach that:

moves employees from one specialized job to another

A _______ concept of personality enables you to more precisely describe individuals.

narrow

David McClelland's theory states that employee behavior is driven by:

needs we acquire as we live our lives

The stage in Tuckman's group development process when the group resolves its power struggles in order to accomplish its goals is the ______ stage.

norming

Under a profit-sharing system, payments are

not part of base salary

Individual behavior that is discretionary and not part of a formal reward system and promotes the effective performance of the firm is called:

organizational citizenship

If an employee values achievement and an employer rewards people for accomplishing goals, the employee is more likely to experience:

organizational commitment

A negative byproduct of positively reinforcing group role and norm adherence is that groups tend to:

ostracize those who do not conform

Our values are influenced by the values of our _____ and by the _____ we have as children.

parents; experiences

Plans that outline exactly what the team is to do such as goal setting and defining member roles are team _________ strategies

performance

Organizational commitment occurs when employees value achievement and an employer rewards people for accomplishing goals. When this occurs, the consistency is called ______ ______ fit.

person culture

Personality and positive psychological capital are considered ______ ______ that contribute to employee

person factors

Organizational commitment occurs when employees value achievement and an employer rewards people for accomplishing goals. When this occurs, the consistency is called ______ - ______ fit.

person-culture

The ability to solve everyday problems by utilizing knowledge gained from experience in order to purposefully adapt to, shape, and select environments is called:

practical intelligence

Extroversion has been found to ______.

predict job performance better than agreeableness

A person with a _______ personality is someone who is relatively unconstrained by situational forces and who affects environmental change.

proactive

The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make organizational decisions is:

procedural justice

The compensation plan known as ______ involves payments being based on some measure of organizational performance, and the payments do not become part of the base salary. Multiple choice question.

profit sharing

Cognitive dissonance is a representation of:

psychological discomfort

According to the law of effect, rewards make responses

recur in the future

Anger is usually a _____ emotion.

retrospective

Over the past seven decades, intelligence levels in developed countries have

risen significantly

A set of shared expected behaviors for members of a group as a whole is called a group

role

A set of expected behaviors for a particular position in a group is called a(n)

role.

Studies show that met expectations are strongly correlated with feelings of job ________.

satisfaction

Which approach to job design often creates jobs that are very simple, repetitive, and boring?

scientific management

Which theory assumes that our behavior and well-being are influenced by three innate needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness?

self-determination theory

How people feel about their chances of doing something successfully is known as _____.

self-efficacy

A person's general belief about his or her own self-worth is:

self-esteem

The dimensions of emotional intelligence that form social competence are

social awareness and relationship management.

Individuals may test or rebel against the leader's policies in Tuckman's ______ stage of group development.

storming

Subgroups may form and procrastination occur during the ________ stage of group development

storming

Personality tests are not a valid predictor of performance because ______.

test-takers do not describe themselves accurately

Before managers can identify the best job candidates, it is first necessary for them to identify

the intelligences necessary for the job.

Values remain mostly stable across _________ and _________

time; situations

A word of caution about using personality tests is to be sure

to use properly trained employees to administer tests or analyze results.

True or false: A person's scores on the Big Five reveal a personality as unique as that person's fingerprint.

true

True or false: At a certain level emotional stability becomes problematic.

true

A team that works together over time and distance using electronic media to combine effort and achieve goals is a(n) _______ team.

virtual

The relationship between job satisfaction and organizational financial performance is ______ the relationship between job satisfaction and individual productivity.

weaker than

When does cognitive dissonance occur?

when a person holds two or more conflicting ideas, beliefs, values, or emotions

Which of the following are true about values?

- They can guide behavior subconsciously. - They are generally stable.

People can use the skills associated with practical intelligence to

- manage tasks. - manage themselves and others. - adapt to their environment.

Displayed emotions

- may differ from felt emotions. - convey messages to nearby people. - can affect other people's reactions.

A person's intelligence

can be increased.

Schwartz's second bipolar dimension ranges from self-directed independence or openness to ______ to ______ .

change; conservation

The statement "I believe" reflects which overall attitude component?

cognitive

A broad personality trait comprised of four narrower and positive individual traits as components is called:

core self-evaluations

When people express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during a role performance. they are demonstrating _____ _____.

employee engagement

When considering employee compensation, ______ theory is focused on the effects of incentives.

expectancy

During which stage of group development are people anxious about their roles, the people in charge, and the group's goals?

forming

The emotion of fear is usually _____.

forward-looking

Maintenance roles in a group are those that:

foster supportive interpersonal relationships

Punctuated equilibrium is concerned with:

how a group functions in the face of change

behavioral

how one intends or expects to act toward someone or something

Emotional Stability

how relaxed, secure, and unworried one is

Job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments are known as _____ deals.

idiosyncratic

What are job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments?

idiosyncratic deals

An individual's capacity for constructive thinking, reasoning, and problem solving is called _____.

intelligence

Which model of job satisfaction reflects the difference between what an employee expects to receive from a job and what he or she actually receives?

met expectations

Individual behavior that is discretionary and not part of a formal reward system and promotes the effective performance of the firm is called _____ _____ behavior.

organizational citizenship

The extent to which team members are dependent on each other to accomplish their work is called

task interdependence.

A plan for how the team will make decisions, share communications and strategies that should be agreed to early in the group development process is a(n) _______ _______

team charter

Plans that outline exactly what the team is to do, goals for the team, and the tasks, responsibilities, and roles of team members are:

team performance strategies

True or false: Perceptions of organizational support can be either positive or negative.

true

Herzberg's theory states that there are _____ separate sets of factors that create satisfaction and dissatisfaction on the job.

two

Feedback in traditional merit pay programs typically flows in which direction?

unidirectionally, from supervisor to subordinate

The question that asks "How much do I value the outcomes I will receive by achieving my performance goals?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?

valence

Shalom Schwartz believed that ______ impact behavior across any context.

values

The abstract ideals that influence the choices we make are called:

values

In contrast to a group, what are characteristics of a team?

- Members are accountable for their collective performance. - Members depend on each other.

In order to make meaningful contributions to groups or teams, what should you do?

- Learn which individual functions of groups are most important to you - Develop your teamwork competencies - Apply your knowledge to combat social loafing

What increases with increasing incentive intensity?

- Motivation - The chance of unintended consequences

In order to make groups and teams successful, what should managers do?

- They should identify task and maintenance roles. - They should build and maintain trust with and among members. - They should use team charters to accomplish goals.

Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered outputs in Adams' Elements of _____ theory

equity

The question "What are the chances of reaching my performance goal?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?

expectancy

Collections of individuals with low dependency on one another are known as ______, whereas _____ are collectively responsible for their performance.

groups; teams

The outcomes of an equity comparison include which of the following?

- Equity - Positive inequity - Negative inequity

Which of the following are benefits of high emotional intelligence?

- Increased creativity - Greater level of teamwork - Ability to apply positive emotions to work

Which of the following are key elements to punctuated equilibrium?

- change - time

What are the key elements of equity theory?

- inputs - outputs - comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs

Select the practical implications of multiple intelligence.

- it is important to identify intelligences relevant to a job during the selection process - employees can be developed in areas of need based on intelligence - it explains how a child can score poorly in an IQ test and yet be gifted in one or more ways

Interacts constructively with team members

Listens to teammates and accepts feedback

The title of Douglas McGregor's book, which formulated two contrasting views of human nature is:

The Human Side of Enterprise

How can managers incorporate the principles of expectancy theory?

by linking performance to rewards that individual employees value

The theories that focus on identifying internal factors that motivate people are ________ theories. The more dynamic theories that focus on explaining how internal and external factors motivate people are ________ theories.

content; process

Which of the following is an example of a formal group?

hiring committee

Job enlargement is also known as _______ loading the job.

horizontal

An affective or emotional response toward various facets of one's job is called ______.

job satisfaction

Sternberg applied what he called "practical intelligence" to leadership by using an aspect of intelligence referred to by Gardner as

naturalist intelligence.

An employee who always arrives early, volunteers to train new hires, and offers constructive statements or suggestions for improvement exhibits which of the following?

organizational citizenship behaviors

The combination of stable physical, behavioral and mental characteristics that give individuals their unique identities is called:

personality

A role is a set of expected behaviors for a particular ________ , while a _______ role is a set of expected behaviors for members of the group as a whole.

position; group

The job design method that moves employees from one job to another is job ______.

rotation

The method of job design that draws from observation, experiments, and reasoning is _________ _________

scientific management

Which emotions are considered goal incongruent?

- jealousy - guilt - anxiety

Which of the following are ways that groups positively communicate role expectations?

- offering friendship - showing acceptance

The theory that can be used to predict behavior in any situation where there is a choice between two or more alternatives is:

Expectancy theory

Expects quality work

Expects the team to succeed and cares about producing quality work

Which of the following paraphrases comparisons as used in equity theory?

How does my ratio of outputs to inputs compare with those of relevant others?

Openness

Intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad-minded

Possesses relevant skills, knowledge, and abilities

Is able to make meaningful contributions to the team

Kaya and Franklin just received their end-of-year bonuses. Kaya's bonus was 10% larger than Franklin's, but Kaya knows she regularly worked overtime while Franklin rarely did. Based on this equity comparison, which equity relationship is Kaya most likely to perceive?

Positive inequity

Check all of the following statements that are true of liking and fit.

- Most people evaluate a person's personality by whether or not they like them. - They are not precise enough to have real value in management. - They are not particularly beneficial for managers.

Among the stages of group development in Tuckman's model are:

- forming - norming - performing

Shalom Schwartz believed that values ______ our behavior across any context.

Motivate

A challenge for managers is that all employees have different _____ to be fulfilled

needs

Which of the following are true of personal values?

- They influence behavior across all situations. - They represent global beliefs.

Which of the following are true of personal values?

- They represent global beliefs. - They influence behavior across all situations.

What are the three Cs of building effective teams?

- charters and strategies - capacity - composition

What does equity theory explain?

- how people strive for fairness in give-and-take relationships - how people strive for fairness in social exchanges

Which of the following characterize people with proactive personalities?

- They are more satisfied in their retirement. - They increase the supportiveness of their supervisors. - They are able to take more control of their jobs.

Who wrote the book The Human Side of Enterprise, which explores two contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature?

Douglas McGregor

Group influence brings individuals into the social fabric of an organization by:

- communicating role expectations - communicating norms

Which of the following are true concerning the search for employees with the right personality type?

- Employers should try to find a fit for an employee's personality. - One personality does not fit all jobs. - There is no ideal personality profile.

An unfair social exchange, such as not being paid for overtime worked, is likely to do which of the following?

- Motivate the employee to correct the situation. - Lead to changes in the employee's attitude or behavior. - Cause cognitive dissonance in the employee.

Research has shown that setting ______ helps motivate individuals, teams, and organizations to achieve success.

goals

Hunger or thirst are examples of physiological deficiencies that arouse behavior known as ______.

needs

Select the components of core self-evaluations.

- self esteem - emotional stability - generalized self-efficiency - locus of control

Which dimensions of emotional intelligence constitute personal competence?

- self-awareness - self-management

Which dimensions of emotional intelligence constitute personal competence?

- self-management - self-awareness

Collaboration includes which of the following aspects?

- task coordination - information sharing

Employee motivation involves which of the following?

- encouraging employee interest in doing a task - guiding employee behavior

Major reasons that companies use personality tests include

- expanding the number of candidates being considered. - decreasing bias against applicants. - reducing expenses associated with hiring.

Select ways to reduce cognitive dissonance.

- find consonant elements that outweigh the dissonant ones - change your attitude or behavior - belittle the importance of the inconsistent behavior

Developing a team charter early in the development process will help the team succeed because it describes:

- how the team will share information - how the team will operate - the decision making process

It is believed that intelligence increases due to a combination of which factors?

- improved socioeconomics - healthier nutrition - technological complexity - better schooling

The top-down approaches to job design include:

- scientific management - the job characteristics model - job enlargement

What are some recommended approaches for creating change when one's job is low on hygiene or motivating factors?

- Talk with the manager. - Change jobs. - Ask for new work assignments.

Which of the following make ESOPs attractive to organizations?

- the defense they offer against takeovers - their financing advantages - their tax advantages