MGMT Exam 2
When it comes to evaluating the fairness of distributed rewards, employees tend to focus on which aspects?
- Distributive - Procedural
Which of the following statements are true about project teams?
- Their members most often divide their time between the team and their primary jobs. - Their members may be from the same department of an organization. - They are assembled to tackle a particular problem, task, or project.
Which of the following are true concerning using personality tests in the workplace?
- There should be independent research validating the effectiveness of the test. - It is helpful to use experts outside the company to help select an appropriate test. - It is critical to make sure the test is legally sound and does not violate applicants' rights.
Which of the following statements are true about work teams?
- They are usually permanent. - They have a well-defined purpose. - They have a common purpose.
People with an internal locus of control
- see a stronger link between their effort and their performance. - are more motivated by valued rewards. - experience higher performance-based job satisfaction.
Select all of the characteristics that are influenced by motivation.
- persistence of behavior or thought - direction of behavior or thought - intensity of behavior or thought
Which employee factors are important for managers to understand in order to create a productive and satisfying person-job fit?
- personality traits - potential - abilities
Team performance strategies include:
- plans that outline exactly what the team is to do - the tasks and responsibilities of the members - setting goals for the team
Which of the following are problems that often arise with jobs based on Taylor's scientific management methods?
- poor mental health - high levels of dissatisfaction and stress - low sense of accomplishment
McClelland's theory states that employees are motivated by acquired needs that include the need for:
- power - achievement - affiliation
Which of the following statements are true about the characteristics of virtual teams?
- Virtual team members are connected using various technologies. - Virtual team members work across time, space, and organizational boundaries. - Virtual teams may utilize talent more efficiently than in traditional office settings.
Self-determination theory assumes that our behavior and well-being are influenced by which innate needs?
- competence - autonomy - relatedness
When measuring performance, team award plans consider which of the following?
- cost savings - meeting deadlines - successful completion of product design
The task roles that facilitate a group's work include:
- defining a common purpose - clarifying a common purpose
Which of the following are characteristics of high-performing teams?
- They have an appropriate mix of knowledge, skills, and abilities. - They have trust and communication. - They have clear goals and responsibilities.
Which of the following conditions help gainsharing succeed?
- commitment to continuous improvement - management commitment - strong levels of cooperation
Select all the leaders who are perceived as introverts.
- Bill Gates - Mark Zuckerberg
In measuring a team's performance, what potential drawbacks might be encountered?
- Competition between individual team members may be reduced. - Plans that do not recognize individual performance differences may demotivate top performers.
In which of the following situations, can punctuated equilibrium occur?
- Innovation - An inciting event
Which of the following are true of self-efficacy?
- It tends to manifest itself in actual performance. - It involves a person's beliefs about personal success. - It can be increased.
Which of the following are workplace attitudes that managers pay attention to?
- Job satisfaction - Organizational commitment - Perceived organizational support - Employee engagement
Frederick Herzberg's theory states which of the following?
- Job satisfaction is associated with motivating factors. - Job dissatisfaction is associated with hygiene factors - Managers can improve motivation by improving both motivators that create satisfaction and hygiene factors that reduce dissatisfaction.
Which individual differences are universally considered undesirable?
- Machiavellianism - narcissism - psychopathy
Select the person factors that contribute to employee engagement.
- Personality - Social capital
Which of the following are included in Maslow's need hierarchy theory?
- Physiological Needs - Esteem Needs
Which of the following behaviors have been shown by research to improve intelligence?
- Problem solving - Constructive thinking - Reasoning
Which of the following are types of task interdependence?
- Sequential - Reciprocal - Pooled
Of the following statements, which accurately describe social loafers?
- Social loafers expect the same rewards as other members of the team. - Social loafers can distract or disrupt the work of other team members. - Social loafers produce low-quality work.
Intelligence entails a person's capacity for ______.
- problem solving. - constructive thinking. - reasoning.
Rank Tuckman's five stages of group development. The first stage should be the top item on your list.
1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing 5. Adjourning
Organizations often worry that merit pay increases may lead to which of the following?
A sense of entitlement
Who formulated the theory that motivation is a function of five basic needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization?
Abraham Maslow
Contributes to the team's work
Completes work accurately and on time
Which type of plan not only provides stock ownership in the company to its employees but also potential tax and financial advantages to employers?
Employee stock ownership
Which statement about the prevalence of introversion is true?
Everyone has some amount of introversion.
The theory that proposes that job satisfaction comes from motivating factors and dissatisfaction from the absence or weak presence of hygiene factors is based on research done by:
Frederick Herzberg
Keeps team on track
Helps plan and organize work
When used well, pay plans have a(n)
Incentive effect
The strength of the relationship between pay and performance is known as
Incentive intensity
The question "What are the chances of receiving various outcomes if I achieve my performance goals?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?
Instrumentality
What role does cognitive dissonance play in equity theory?
It motivates people to maintain consistency between their beliefs and their behavior.
Which of the following are true of personality?
It results from the interaction of genes and the environment. It combines characteristics that give people unique identities. It is relatively stable across situations.
Who pioneered the use of equity theory in the workplace?
J. Stacy Adams
Which of the following does evidence suggest has the highest positive impact on future job performance?
Merit bonuses
Extroversion
Outgoing, talkative, social, assertive
In what type of plan are monetary bonuses paid to employees if the ratio of labor costs to the sales value of production is kept below a certain standard?
Scanlon
Which is considered the most fundamental criticism of the merit pay system?
That it does not actually exist
What is the primary reason that people collaborate in groups and teams in the workplace?
The complexity of work is too great to be managed by individuals.
Who collects the majority of information on an individual's performance in traditional merit pay programs?
The immediate supervisor
Which statement is true of emotion display norms in an organization?
They determine which emotions members should show in various situations.
True or false: Personal achievements and praise tend to bolster one's self-esteem.
True
Agreeableness
Trusting, good-natured, cooperative, softhearted
What should individuals do if their current job is unfulfilling but they do not want to change jobs?
Try to incorporate job crafting or I-deals.
What type of team is assembled to tackle a particular project, problem, or task?
a project team
What type of team has a well-defined purpose, is more or less permanent, and requires the complete commitment of its members?
a work team
David McClelland's theory about the drivers of employee behavior is the:
acquired needs theory
Which of the following focuses on how employee compensation can be used to align the divergent interests and goals of an organizations' various stakeholders?
agency theory
Which shape on a graph best represents the relationship between increasing emotional stability and outcomes?
an inverted-U
Job crafting is the:
approach to job design in which individuals make physical and cognitive changes in the task or relational boundaries of their work
Beliefs you have that concern something specific, such as a specific person, are known as personal
attitudes
Job satisfaction and employee engagement are two workplace _____ measured by management.
attitudes
Ajzen and Fishbein consider intentions as the key link between ______ and planned _____.
attitudes; behavior
Emotional intelligence has been shown to ______.
be associated with increased well-being and satisfaction
The main influence of compensation is on instrumentality, which can be described as the perceived link between
behaviors and pay
cognitive
beliefs or ideas that one has about a given object or situation
People who possess an internal locus of control
believe their success is due to their own efforts.
In Schwartz's value theory, values are organized into two
bipolar dimensions
Individual differences are determined by
both genetics and environment
A ______ concept of personality allows you to more effectively predict behavior.
broader
OB researchers define ______ as "a force that binds an individual to a course of action of relevance to one or more targets."
commitment
Self-determination theory assumes that three innate needs—autonomy, _______ , and relatedness—drive our behavior.
compentency
Which personality trait has the strongest and most positive effect on performance?
conscientiousness
The theories that focus on identifying the factors that motivate employees are known as ______ theories.
content
Behavior that harms other employees, the organization as a whole or organizational stakeholders such as customers and shareholders is called:
counterproductive work behavior
People with low self-esteem
deal with a lot of self-doubt.
Expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce
desired combinations of expected outcomes.
Early in the group development process, a team can improve its chances for success if it:
develops a team charter
The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of how rewards are allocated is:
distributive justice
Rules that dictate which types of emotions are expected and appropriate at a given time are:
emotional display norms
Individuals with high levels of ____________ tend to be relaxed, secure, unworried and less likely to experience negative emotions under pressure.
emotional stability
Kahn described "the harnessing of organization members' selves to their work roles" as:
employee engagement
Feeling a sense of urgency to complete your work is one indicator of employee ______.
engagement
Schwartz's first bipolar dimension includes self- _____ and self- _____
enhancement; transcendence
The job design method that puts more variety into a job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty is job ________.
enlargement
Social loafing can be prevented by:
ensuring accountability
A manager who makes sure to treat employees in a manner that they perceive as fair is exhibiting which model of job satisfaction?
equity
True or false: Job satisfaction and job performance are unrelated in a work context.
false
affective
feelings or emotions that one has about a given object or situation
Mena, a student, feels cognitive dissonance over her conflicting desires to hang out with her friends and to finish her class project. She reduces the dissonance by telling herself that finishing the project now means that she can have the entire weekend free to spend with her friends. Which method of reducing cognitive dissonance does this represent?
finding consonant elements that outweigh dissonant ones
The essence of employee engagement is that employees:
give their all
Conscientiousness
how dependable, responsible, achievement-oriented, and persistent one is
An organization that has high levels of aggregate job satisfaction could expect to experience which of the following?
improved accounting/financial performance
The term ______ is used to collectively describe people's traits and behaviors that are influenced by genetics and environment.
individual differences
Education, skills, creativity, experience, and personal appearance can all be perceived as _____ in Adam's equity theory.
inputs
The form of organizational justice that reflects whether people are told the truth and treated with respect is:
interactional justice
The two forms of locus of control are
internal and external
Viewing personality in terms of liking and fit
is not an effective perspective for management.
Any set of activities that involve the alteration of specific job activities to improve the quality of employee job experience and motivation is called
job design.
There are four attitude and four behavior components found to correlate with ______.
job satisfaction
A relatively stable personality characteristic that describes how much personal responsibility you take for your behavior and its consequences is:
locus of control
Which of the following is an example of informal group activity?
making a craft together
To ensure the highest levels of employee motivation, employers should strive to create work environments that:
match employees' values
Ownership in the company via stock options might be less motivational to employees because they
may not realize any financial gain until they sell the stock
The psychological mechanisms that guide the direction, intensity, and persistence of one's behaviors or thoughts are known as:
motivation
Vroom's expectancy theory requires that all three of the elements must be high for _______ to be high
motivation
Using Vroom's expectancy theory to predict motivation, it can be said that:
motivation will be high when all three elements are high
Job rotation is the top-down approach that:
moves employees from one specialized job to another
A _______ concept of personality enables you to more precisely describe individuals.
narrow
David McClelland's theory states that employee behavior is driven by:
needs we acquire as we live our lives
The stage in Tuckman's group development process when the group resolves its power struggles in order to accomplish its goals is the ______ stage.
norming
Under a profit-sharing system, payments are
not part of base salary
Individual behavior that is discretionary and not part of a formal reward system and promotes the effective performance of the firm is called:
organizational citizenship
If an employee values achievement and an employer rewards people for accomplishing goals, the employee is more likely to experience:
organizational commitment
A negative byproduct of positively reinforcing group role and norm adherence is that groups tend to:
ostracize those who do not conform
Our values are influenced by the values of our _____ and by the _____ we have as children.
parents; experiences
Plans that outline exactly what the team is to do such as goal setting and defining member roles are team _________ strategies
performance
Organizational commitment occurs when employees value achievement and an employer rewards people for accomplishing goals. When this occurs, the consistency is called ______ ______ fit.
person culture
Personality and positive psychological capital are considered ______ ______ that contribute to employee
person factors
Organizational commitment occurs when employees value achievement and an employer rewards people for accomplishing goals. When this occurs, the consistency is called ______ - ______ fit.
person-culture
The ability to solve everyday problems by utilizing knowledge gained from experience in order to purposefully adapt to, shape, and select environments is called:
practical intelligence
Extroversion has been found to ______.
predict job performance better than agreeableness
A person with a _______ personality is someone who is relatively unconstrained by situational forces and who affects environmental change.
proactive
The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make organizational decisions is:
procedural justice
The compensation plan known as ______ involves payments being based on some measure of organizational performance, and the payments do not become part of the base salary. Multiple choice question.
profit sharing
Cognitive dissonance is a representation of:
psychological discomfort
According to the law of effect, rewards make responses
recur in the future
Anger is usually a _____ emotion.
retrospective
Over the past seven decades, intelligence levels in developed countries have
risen significantly
A set of shared expected behaviors for members of a group as a whole is called a group
role
A set of expected behaviors for a particular position in a group is called a(n)
role.
Studies show that met expectations are strongly correlated with feelings of job ________.
satisfaction
Which approach to job design often creates jobs that are very simple, repetitive, and boring?
scientific management
Which theory assumes that our behavior and well-being are influenced by three innate needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness?
self-determination theory
How people feel about their chances of doing something successfully is known as _____.
self-efficacy
A person's general belief about his or her own self-worth is:
self-esteem
The dimensions of emotional intelligence that form social competence are
social awareness and relationship management.
Individuals may test or rebel against the leader's policies in Tuckman's ______ stage of group development.
storming
Subgroups may form and procrastination occur during the ________ stage of group development
storming
Personality tests are not a valid predictor of performance because ______.
test-takers do not describe themselves accurately
Before managers can identify the best job candidates, it is first necessary for them to identify
the intelligences necessary for the job.
Values remain mostly stable across _________ and _________
time; situations
A word of caution about using personality tests is to be sure
to use properly trained employees to administer tests or analyze results.
True or false: A person's scores on the Big Five reveal a personality as unique as that person's fingerprint.
true
True or false: At a certain level emotional stability becomes problematic.
true
A team that works together over time and distance using electronic media to combine effort and achieve goals is a(n) _______ team.
virtual
The relationship between job satisfaction and organizational financial performance is ______ the relationship between job satisfaction and individual productivity.
weaker than
When does cognitive dissonance occur?
when a person holds two or more conflicting ideas, beliefs, values, or emotions
Which of the following are true about values?
- They can guide behavior subconsciously. - They are generally stable.
People can use the skills associated with practical intelligence to
- manage tasks. - manage themselves and others. - adapt to their environment.
Displayed emotions
- may differ from felt emotions. - convey messages to nearby people. - can affect other people's reactions.
A person's intelligence
can be increased.
Schwartz's second bipolar dimension ranges from self-directed independence or openness to ______ to ______ .
change; conservation
The statement "I believe" reflects which overall attitude component?
cognitive
A broad personality trait comprised of four narrower and positive individual traits as components is called:
core self-evaluations
When people express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during a role performance. they are demonstrating _____ _____.
employee engagement
When considering employee compensation, ______ theory is focused on the effects of incentives.
expectancy
During which stage of group development are people anxious about their roles, the people in charge, and the group's goals?
forming
The emotion of fear is usually _____.
forward-looking
Maintenance roles in a group are those that:
foster supportive interpersonal relationships
Punctuated equilibrium is concerned with:
how a group functions in the face of change
behavioral
how one intends or expects to act toward someone or something
Emotional Stability
how relaxed, secure, and unworried one is
Job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments are known as _____ deals.
idiosyncratic
What are job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments?
idiosyncratic deals
An individual's capacity for constructive thinking, reasoning, and problem solving is called _____.
intelligence
Which model of job satisfaction reflects the difference between what an employee expects to receive from a job and what he or she actually receives?
met expectations
Individual behavior that is discretionary and not part of a formal reward system and promotes the effective performance of the firm is called _____ _____ behavior.
organizational citizenship
The extent to which team members are dependent on each other to accomplish their work is called
task interdependence.
A plan for how the team will make decisions, share communications and strategies that should be agreed to early in the group development process is a(n) _______ _______
team charter
Plans that outline exactly what the team is to do, goals for the team, and the tasks, responsibilities, and roles of team members are:
team performance strategies
True or false: Perceptions of organizational support can be either positive or negative.
true
Herzberg's theory states that there are _____ separate sets of factors that create satisfaction and dissatisfaction on the job.
two
Feedback in traditional merit pay programs typically flows in which direction?
unidirectionally, from supervisor to subordinate
The question that asks "How much do I value the outcomes I will receive by achieving my performance goals?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?
valence
Shalom Schwartz believed that ______ impact behavior across any context.
values
The abstract ideals that influence the choices we make are called:
values
In contrast to a group, what are characteristics of a team?
- Members are accountable for their collective performance. - Members depend on each other.
In order to make meaningful contributions to groups or teams, what should you do?
- Learn which individual functions of groups are most important to you - Develop your teamwork competencies - Apply your knowledge to combat social loafing
What increases with increasing incentive intensity?
- Motivation - The chance of unintended consequences
In order to make groups and teams successful, what should managers do?
- They should identify task and maintenance roles. - They should build and maintain trust with and among members. - They should use team charters to accomplish goals.
Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered outputs in Adams' Elements of _____ theory
equity
The question "What are the chances of reaching my performance goal?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?
expectancy
Collections of individuals with low dependency on one another are known as ______, whereas _____ are collectively responsible for their performance.
groups; teams
The outcomes of an equity comparison include which of the following?
- Equity - Positive inequity - Negative inequity
Which of the following are benefits of high emotional intelligence?
- Increased creativity - Greater level of teamwork - Ability to apply positive emotions to work
Which of the following are key elements to punctuated equilibrium?
- change - time
What are the key elements of equity theory?
- inputs - outputs - comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs
Select the practical implications of multiple intelligence.
- it is important to identify intelligences relevant to a job during the selection process - employees can be developed in areas of need based on intelligence - it explains how a child can score poorly in an IQ test and yet be gifted in one or more ways
Interacts constructively with team members
Listens to teammates and accepts feedback
The title of Douglas McGregor's book, which formulated two contrasting views of human nature is:
The Human Side of Enterprise
How can managers incorporate the principles of expectancy theory?
by linking performance to rewards that individual employees value
The theories that focus on identifying internal factors that motivate people are ________ theories. The more dynamic theories that focus on explaining how internal and external factors motivate people are ________ theories.
content; process
Which of the following is an example of a formal group?
hiring committee
Job enlargement is also known as _______ loading the job.
horizontal
An affective or emotional response toward various facets of one's job is called ______.
job satisfaction
Sternberg applied what he called "practical intelligence" to leadership by using an aspect of intelligence referred to by Gardner as
naturalist intelligence.
An employee who always arrives early, volunteers to train new hires, and offers constructive statements or suggestions for improvement exhibits which of the following?
organizational citizenship behaviors
The combination of stable physical, behavioral and mental characteristics that give individuals their unique identities is called:
personality
A role is a set of expected behaviors for a particular ________ , while a _______ role is a set of expected behaviors for members of the group as a whole.
position; group
The job design method that moves employees from one job to another is job ______.
rotation
The method of job design that draws from observation, experiments, and reasoning is _________ _________
scientific management
Which emotions are considered goal incongruent?
- jealousy - guilt - anxiety
Which of the following are ways that groups positively communicate role expectations?
- offering friendship - showing acceptance
The theory that can be used to predict behavior in any situation where there is a choice between two or more alternatives is:
Expectancy theory
Expects quality work
Expects the team to succeed and cares about producing quality work
Which of the following paraphrases comparisons as used in equity theory?
How does my ratio of outputs to inputs compare with those of relevant others?
Openness
Intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad-minded
Possesses relevant skills, knowledge, and abilities
Is able to make meaningful contributions to the team
Kaya and Franklin just received their end-of-year bonuses. Kaya's bonus was 10% larger than Franklin's, but Kaya knows she regularly worked overtime while Franklin rarely did. Based on this equity comparison, which equity relationship is Kaya most likely to perceive?
Positive inequity
Check all of the following statements that are true of liking and fit.
- Most people evaluate a person's personality by whether or not they like them. - They are not precise enough to have real value in management. - They are not particularly beneficial for managers.
Among the stages of group development in Tuckman's model are:
- forming - norming - performing
Shalom Schwartz believed that values ______ our behavior across any context.
Motivate
A challenge for managers is that all employees have different _____ to be fulfilled
needs
Which of the following are true of personal values?
- They influence behavior across all situations. - They represent global beliefs.
Which of the following are true of personal values?
- They represent global beliefs. - They influence behavior across all situations.
What are the three Cs of building effective teams?
- charters and strategies - capacity - composition
What does equity theory explain?
- how people strive for fairness in give-and-take relationships - how people strive for fairness in social exchanges
Which of the following characterize people with proactive personalities?
- They are more satisfied in their retirement. - They increase the supportiveness of their supervisors. - They are able to take more control of their jobs.
Who wrote the book The Human Side of Enterprise, which explores two contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature?
Douglas McGregor
Group influence brings individuals into the social fabric of an organization by:
- communicating role expectations - communicating norms
Which of the following are true concerning the search for employees with the right personality type?
- Employers should try to find a fit for an employee's personality. - One personality does not fit all jobs. - There is no ideal personality profile.
An unfair social exchange, such as not being paid for overtime worked, is likely to do which of the following?
- Motivate the employee to correct the situation. - Lead to changes in the employee's attitude or behavior. - Cause cognitive dissonance in the employee.
Research has shown that setting ______ helps motivate individuals, teams, and organizations to achieve success.
goals
Hunger or thirst are examples of physiological deficiencies that arouse behavior known as ______.
needs
Select the components of core self-evaluations.
- self esteem - emotional stability - generalized self-efficiency - locus of control
Which dimensions of emotional intelligence constitute personal competence?
- self-awareness - self-management
Which dimensions of emotional intelligence constitute personal competence?
- self-management - self-awareness
Collaboration includes which of the following aspects?
- task coordination - information sharing
Employee motivation involves which of the following?
- encouraging employee interest in doing a task - guiding employee behavior
Major reasons that companies use personality tests include
- expanding the number of candidates being considered. - decreasing bias against applicants. - reducing expenses associated with hiring.
Select ways to reduce cognitive dissonance.
- find consonant elements that outweigh the dissonant ones - change your attitude or behavior - belittle the importance of the inconsistent behavior
Developing a team charter early in the development process will help the team succeed because it describes:
- how the team will share information - how the team will operate - the decision making process
It is believed that intelligence increases due to a combination of which factors?
- improved socioeconomics - healthier nutrition - technological complexity - better schooling
The top-down approaches to job design include:
- scientific management - the job characteristics model - job enlargement
What are some recommended approaches for creating change when one's job is low on hygiene or motivating factors?
- Talk with the manager. - Change jobs. - Ask for new work assignments.
Which of the following make ESOPs attractive to organizations?
- the defense they offer against takeovers - their financing advantages - their tax advantages
