MGT 2220 Final Exam

People with high Type A personality traits tend to need __________ amounts of stimulation, compared to people with high Type B personality traits. a. much greater b. equal c. slightly less d. much lesser e. slightly more

?????

Researchers at Ohio State investigating the issue of stability of leader behaviors over time found that a. an individual's leadership pattern did not change much in similar situations. b. leaders who exhibited high levels of consideration and structure-initiating behaviors were most effective. c. employees whose supervisors ranked high on consideration had higher performance ratings. d. the situational context was not an important determinant of leader effectiveness. e. employees whose supervisors ranked high in initiating structure had fewer absences from work.

?????

__________ involves a third party in a negotiation to overcome a stalemate between the parties. a. Alternative dispute resolution b. Conflict escalation c. Distributive negotiation d. Integrative negotiation e. Game theory

a. Alternative dispute resolution

According to the goal-setting theory, actual performance is determined by the interaction of a. All of these are correct. b. goal-directed effort. c. appropriate goal difficulty level. d. organizational support. e. individual abilities.

a. All of these are correct.

__________ is known as the "guru of quality management." a. Deming b. Hofstede c. Geert d. Porter e. None of these are correct

a. Deming

Among effective teams, relationship conflict tends to ________ toward the end of the project. a. increase b. decrease c. become nonexistent d. remain the same e. fluctuate

a. increase

According to the equity theory, an example of an input is a. loyalty. b. education. c. experience. d. effort. e. All of these are inputs.

e. All of these are inputs.

Which of the following types of noise occurs when there is more than one way to interpret the sender's message? a. Jargon b. Loss of transmission c. None of these are correct. d. Semantics e. Ambiguity

e. Ambiguity

According to the rational decision-making approach, what is the third step of the decision-making process? a. Generate alternatives b. Evaluate alternatives c. Identify the problem d. State the situational goal e. Determine the decision type

e. Determine the decision type

Which of the "Big Five" personality dimensions refers to being talkative and energetic? a. Openness b. Neuroticism c. Agreeableness d. Extroversion e. Conscientiousness

d. Extroversion

A __________ provides an organization an edge over rivals. a. monopoly b. cultural privilege c. personal talent d. competitive advantage e. business bias

d. competitive advantage

Which of the following are NOT examples of corporate incentive programs? a. Health insurance programs b. Piecework programs c. Gain-sharing programs d. Merit pay programs e. Collateral programs

e. Collateral programs

Which of the following is categorized as a formal group? a. Friendship b. Social c. Grapevine d. Interest e. Command

e. Command

What conflict management style is often used to set a precedent? a. Avoiding b. Accommodating c. Compromising d. Collaborating e. Competing

e. Competing

__________ communication typically consists of messages about how to do a job, performance goals, the firm's policies, and how the company is performing. a. Slow b. Downward c. Horizontal d. Quick e. Upward

b. Downward

According to Vroom, a manager who presents a problem to a group at a meeting, defines the problem and its boundaries, and then facilitates group member discussion as members make the decision is using a _________ style of subordinate participation. a. consult (individually) b. facilitate c. decide d. delegate e. consult (group)

b. facilitate

One important method for enhancing creativity is to make it a part of the organization's a. standard operating procedures. b. culture. c. None of these are correct. d. strategic plans. e. decision-making processes.

b. culture.

According to the path-goal theory, a __________ leader lets subordinates know what is expected of them and gives them specific guidance as to how to accomplish tasks. a. supportive b. directive c. participative d. cooperative e. surface

b. directive

Ending an employee's workday shortly after lunch on Friday because that individual reported to work early that day is an example of a. job sharing. b. flextime. c. a compressed workweek. d. telecommuting. e. a shortened workweek.

b. flextime.

Porter and Lawler's extension of the expectancy model argues that a. rewards are less important than originally thought. b. high levels of performance may lead to satisfaction. c. only extrinsic rewards are important. d. reward equity replaces valence. e. ability, traits, and role perceptions are removed from the original model.

b. high levels of performance may lead to satisfaction.

Job enlargement is also referred to as a. parallel job loading. b. horizontal job loading. c. lateral job loading. d. vertical job loading. e. optimal job loading.

b. horizontal job loading.

__________ refers to the emphasis given to spoken words and phrases. a. Nonverbal intonation b. Nonverbal communication c. Verbal intonation d. Body language e. Verbal communication

c. Verbal intonation

Which term refers to the degree of anxiety people feel in new situations? a. Uncertainty avoidance b. Masculinity c. Decision-making difficulty d. Social anxiety disorder e. Power distance

a. Uncertainty avoidance

Which type of reinforcement schedule uses the element of surprise by reinforcing behavior after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed? a. Variable-interval b. Continuous c. Variable-ratio d. Fixed-ratio e. Fixed-interval

a. Variable-interval

Conflicts of interest over the way the conflict will be handled occur due to ________ issues. a. substantive b. procedural c. cultural d. ethical e. psychological

b. procedural

__________ groups are always categorized as informal. a. Command b. Global c. Interest d. Venture e. Virtual

c. Interest

Doug is an employee of McDowell Instruments. Doug takes longer breaks than his coworkers, and often rationalizes his behavior because he feels the organization does not pay him enough for the level of work that he does. Doug is reducing his perceived inequity by a. changing his inputs. b. altering his perception of the situation. c. changing the object of comparison. d. altering his perception of self. e. changing his outcomes.

a. changing his inputs.

Which of the following is NOT one of the four key areas of skill development suggested by professionals in conflict resolution training? a. Listening b. Avoiding c. Mediating d. Questioning e. Communicating nonverbally

b. Avoiding

__________ refers to the inability of human beings to process an unlimited amount of information, causing most decisions to be made in a partially irrational manner. a. Satisficing b. Bounded rationality c. Groupthink block d. Post-decision dissonance e. Suboptimizing

b. Bounded rationality

Contingency plans are a part of what phase of the decision-making process? a. Evaluating alternatives b. Choosing an alternative c. Implementation d. Alternative generation e. Stating the goal

b. Choosing an alternative

Which of the following is NOT an example of an organizational enhancement arising from team environments? a. Higher creativity b. Improved flexibility c. Taller organizational hierarchy d. Increased innovation e. Quicker reaction

c. Taller organizational hierarchy

The ERG Theory was developed by which of the following theorists? a. Douglas McGregor b. Abraham Maslow c. Frederick Herzberg d. Clay Alderfer e. David McClelland

d. Clay Alderfer

Which conflict resolution strategy requires both sides to sacrifice something in order to end the conflict? a. Collaborating b. Avoiding c. Accommodating d. Compromising e. Competing

d. Compromising

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven universal emotions? a. Joy b. Contempt c. Fear d. Confusion e. Disgust

d. Confusion

Which technology began as an informal communication channel but has since evolved into a primary and formal means of business correspondence for many organizations? a. Post-it notes b. Videoconferencing c. Voice mail d. Email e. Instant messaging

d. Email

What is the term for a written prediction specifying expected relationships between certain variables? a. Hypothesis b. Correlation c. Theory d. Statistic e. Prophecy

a. Hypothesis

__________ is the ability to affect the perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, motivation, and/or behaviors of others. a. Force b. Authority c. Influence d. Coercion e. Power

c. Influence

People with the learning style of __________ tend to work in research and planning units. a. divergers b. accommodators c. assimilators d. convergers e. investigators

c. assimilators

Leadership can be viewed as a. neither a process nor a property. b. a universally understood characteristic. c. both a process and a property. d. a process only. e. a property only.

c. both a process and a property.

Successful business strategies enable organizations to create and maintain a competitive advantage that is a. All of these are correct. b. inflexible. c. sustainable. d. intangible. e. volatile.

c. sustainable.

Which of the following is NOT an example of cost reductions arising from team environments? a. Reduced absenteeism b. Reduced scrap c. Lower turnover d. Fewer errors e. Lower commitment

e. Lower commitment

What term refers to the process in which two or more parties make offers, counteroffers, and concessions in order to reach an agreement? a. None of these are correct. b. Conflict c. Integration d. Distribution e. Negotiation

e. Negotiation

__________ communication is neither spoken nor written yet has meaning to others. a. Encoded b. Decoded c. Noisy d. Verbal e. Nonverbal

e. Nonverbal

Which of the following is NOT a recommended strategy for dealing with the challenges of multicultural teams? a. Adaptation b. Structural intervention c. Exit d. Managerial intervention e. One-on-one conferencing

e. One-on-one conferencing

________ conflict balances the interests of both parties to maximize mutual gains and the attainment of mutual goals. a. Constructive b. Dysfunctional c. Information d. Structural e. Values

a. Constructive

How people explain the causes of their own as well as other people's behaviors and achievements is called a. indiscriminate perception. b. stereotyping. c. projection. d. attribution. e. selective perception.

d. attribution.

An example of an intrinsic work value is a. financial gain. b. social contact with friends. c. having lots of time to spend with family. d. challenging work. e. health insurance.

d. challenging work.

Decision making is the process of a. fixing problems that arise in the operations of the business. b. staffing positions within the organizational hierarchy. c. finding the answer to a question. d. choosing one alternative from among several. e. motivating employees to pursue organizational goals.

d. choosing one alternative from among several.

If a student always receives high grades, the student is exhibiting high __________ a. attribution. b. congruence. c. distinctiveness. d. consistency. e. consensus.

d. consistency.

To be considered a "group," it needs to be comprised of a. one person. b. at least two people. c. less than fifteen people. d. five people. e. at least ten people.

b. at least two people.

For effective communication to take place, both parties must a. decode the manager's message. b. attach the same meaning to symbols used in the message. c. eliminate nonverbal cues. d. instantaneously exchange information. e. communicate face to face.

b. attach the same meaning to symbols used in the message.

The purpose of diversity training is to help employees __________ their biases. a. eliminate b. become aware of c. hide d. expand e. ignore

b. become aware of

A __________ is an informal alliance of individuals or groups formed to achieve a common goal. a. group b. coalition c. team d. workshop e. collective

b. coalition

Organizational behavior can best be described as a. insignificant. b. complex. c. confusing. d. simple. e. effortless.

b. complex.

If all students in a particular course receive high grades, it is an example of __________ a. attribution. b. consensus. c. congruence. d. consistency. e. distinctiveness.

b. consensus.

People with the learning style of __________exhibit an inferior ability in interpersonal learning settings. a. assimilators b. convergers c. investigators d. divergers e. accommodators

b. convergers

Being able to see differences between situations, phenomena, or events is a creative ability called __________ thinking. a. parallel b. divergent c. convergent d. referent e. emergent

b. divergent

According to David McClelland, the desire to control, influence, or be responsible for others is called a need for a. affiliation. b. power. c. achievement. d. status. e. empowerment.

b. power.

A primary source of conflict is __________, which can lead to information conflict. a. excitement b. uncertainty c. psychological needs d. emotional needs e. physiological needs

b. uncertainty

Which of the following statements most clearly embodies continuance commitment? a. "I work here because I want to." b. "I work here because I have to work somewhere." c. "I work here because I earn a high salary." d. "I work here because it would be wrong of me to quit." e. "I work here because I'm afraid to quit."

c. "I work here because I earn a high salary."

When you notice that someone is tall, you are recognizing which type of diversity? a. Ethnocentrism b. Attitudinal diversity c. Surface-level diversity d. Longitudinal diversity e. Deep-level diversity Hide Feedback

c. Surface-level diversity

Which of the following is a structured variation of a small-group discussion to reach consensus? a. None of these are correct. b. Prospect theory c. Delphi technique d. Nominal group technique e. Brainstorming

d. Nominal group technique

A __________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after a specified number of instances. a. fixed-ratio b. variable-interval c. fixed-interval d. variable-ratio e. continuous

a. fixed-ratio

One of the most popular methods for evaluating individual performance involves a. graphic rating scales. b. paired comparisons. c. rankings. d. forced distributions. e. bell curve ratings.

a. graphic rating scales.

Which conflict resolution strategy entails giving the other party what it wants? a. Competing b. Compromising c. Avoiding d. Collaborating e. Accommodating

e. Accommodating

Which of the following is the final stage of group development? a. Conflict and reorganization b. Mutual acceptance c. Homogeneity d. Control and organization e. Cohesiveness

d. Control and organization

Which of the following is an example of distress? a. Mental preparations before playing a sport b. Getting married c. Getting a promotion d. Excessive pressure to perform e. Giving a speech

d. Excessive pressure to perform

What term refers to the fit between an individual and her coworkers and supervisor? a. None of these are correct. b. Person-organization fit c. Person-job fit d. Person-group fit e. Person-vocation fit

d. Person-group fit

Which of the following is a basic cause of stress in organizations? a. Life trauma b. Life change c. Extrinsic demands d. Physical demands e. Intrinsic demands

d. Physical demands

Which two types of reinforcement are generally accepted as means for increasing the frequency of desired behavior? a. Positive reinforcement and neutral reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement and strict reinforcement c. Negative reinforcement and neutral reinforcement d. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement e. Strict reinforcement and neutral reinforcement

d. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

The third step of the creative process is a. application. b. verification. c. incubation. d. insight. e. preparation.

d. insight.

According to the Myers-Briggs inventory, __________ need quiet time to recharge their batteries. a. extroverts b. perceivers c. feelers d. introverts e. thinkers

d. introverts

When choosing team members, which of the following abilities would you NOT specifically look for? a. Coerciveness b. Communication c. Conflict resolution d. Collaborative problem-solving e. Self-management

a. Coerciveness

When managers strive to motivate employees to work together toward the organization's goals, they are performing which of the following managerial functions? a. Synergizing b. Organizing c. Controlling d. Planning e. Leading

e. Leading

People with Type B personality traits are more likely to exhibit which of the following, compared to people with Type A personality traits? a. Higher stress levels and coronary heart disease b. More competitive behavior c. Greater frustration levels d. Higher job performance e. None of the above

e. None of the above

Which technology allows workgroups and teams to share information using planning tools and an online meeting site? a. Collaboration software b. Instant messaging c. Email d. Telework e. Videoconferencing

a. Collaboration software

A team that is comprised of members from different departments or functional areas is a. a cross-functional team. b. an interdisciplinary team. c. a quality circle. d. a problem-solving team. e. a virtual group.

a. a cross-functional team.

Which of the following refers to the perceived fairness of the outcome received? a. Organizational fairness b. Managerial fairness c. Distributive fairness d. Procedural fairness e. Interactional fairness

c. Distributive fairness

All of the following are direct organizational consequences of stress EXCEPT a. turnover. b. lower productivity. c. accident proneness. d. poor work quality. e. absenteeism.

c. accident proneness.

What is a relatively new role for managers in teams? a. Team reviewer b. Facilitator c. Evaluator d. Technical specialist e. Low-level manager

b. Facilitator

The scientific management theory of motivation was developed by which of the following theorists? a. David McClelland b. Frederick Taylor c. Frederick Herzberg d. Clay Alderfer e. Abraham Maslow

b. Frederick Taylor

Which of the "Big Five" personality dimensions is associated with being anxious and insecure? a. Agreeableness b. Openness c. Extroversion d. Neuroticism e. Conscientiousness

d. Neuroticism

The first widespread model that addressed how individual work should be designed focused on a. job enlargement. b. job rotation. c. job enrichment. d. motivational design. e. job specialization.

e. job specialization.

Mangers should place individuals with a _______ tolerance for ambiguity in well-defined and regulated tasks. a. medium b. All of these are correct. c. Any of these are correct. d. high e. low

e. low

When a third party facilitates a discussion using persuasion and logic, suggests alternatives, establishes each side's priorities, and suggests a nonbinding settlement, the process is called a. arbitration. b. conciliation. c. integrative negotiation. d. distributive negotiation. e. mediation.

e. mediation.

Individuals who score high in __________ tend to exhibit unpleasant emotions, such as anger and anxiety. a. agreeableness b. negative emotionality c. openness d. extroversion e. neuroticisms

e. neuroticisms

Which of the following communication media has the lowest level of media richness? a. Email b. Telephone c. Videoconferencing d. Formal written correspondence e. Instant messaging

d. Formal written correspondence

Which of the following is an example of deep-level diversity? a. Age b. Physical abilities c. Ethnicity d. Goals e. Gender

d. Goals

A decision maker's actions should be guided by a. an operating budget. b. personal opinions. c. a code of honor. d. interpersonal relationships. e. a goal.

e. a goal.

Another term for power distance is a. teleology. b. deontology. c. collectivism. d. individualism. e. orientation to authority.

e. orientation to authority.

Which conflict resolution behavior encourages parties to focus on the outcome? a. Documenting b. Reaching out c. Focusing on interests d. Perspective taking e. Smoothing

c. Focusing on interests

Organizational functions that are typically outsourced include all of the following EXCEPT a. corporate governance. b. facility maintenance. c. human resource training. d. payroll. e. food service tasks.

a. corporate governance.

Oversight of a public corporation by its board of directors is referred to as a. corporate governance. b. pricing policy. c. profit maximization. d. board isolation. e. deontological overview.

a. corporate governance.

The courts and Equal Employment Opportunity guidelines have mandated that performance measurements be based on a. job-related criteria. b. sales quotas. c. industry standards. d. age. e. competitive benchmarks.

a. job-related criteria.

A person's beliefs about what constitutes right and wrong behavior are called a. hypervigilance. b. self-reactions. c. ethics. d. rationalizations. e. escalation of commitment.

c. ethics.

It is possible for the same decision to be __________ for an experienced manager and nonprogrammed for a more junior manager. a. tactical b. strategic c. None of these are correct. d. programmed e. risky

d. programmed

Reducing the work hours of low performing employees is an example of a. negative reinforcement. b. positive reinforcement. c. classical conditioning. d. punishment. e. extinction.

d. punishment.

__________are techniques that can help organizations manage diversity. a. Rewarding and praising b. Reprimanding and penalizing c. Training and mentoring d. None of these are correct. e. Ignoring and avoiding

c. Training and mentoring

What term refers to a searchable, archivable website that allows people to comment on and edit one another's work in real time? a. Portal b. Podcast c. Wiki d. Webcast e. Blog

c. Wiki

The AMD Co. makes computer chips that are installed in various computers. AMD is an example of a. a biotechnology firm. b. a service organization. c. a manufacturing organization. d. an information technology firm. e. a hybrid organization.

c. a manufacturing organization.

Telecommuting is an example of an organization using a. full-time employees b. seasonal employees. c. alternative workplaces. d. alternative employees. e. part-time employees.

c. alternative workplaces.

When a third party is involved in a conflict and has the power to issue a binding settlement, the process is called a. integrative negotiation. b. conciliation. c. arbitration. d. distributive negotiation. e. mediation.

c. arbitration.

An organization's compensation structure should a. be developed in secrecy. b. be based on a low pay structure, compared to competitors. c. be equitable and consistent. d. be transparent and available as public information. e. be based on interview data.

c. be equitable and consistent.

Which conflict resolution strategy embodies an "I win, you lose" mindset? a. Competing b. Compromising c. Avoiding d. Accommodating e. Collaborating

a. Competing

Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about the degree to which similar tasks can be accomplished? a. Generality b. Magnitude c. Power d. Corporality e. Strength

a. Generality

The Leadership Grid, also called the ________ grid, is associated with the behavioral approach to leadership. a. managerial b. contingency c. contemporary d. interactive e. trait

a. managerial

Which of the following is a purpose of an organizational reward system? a. Attract qualified employees b. Retain qualified employees c. Satisfy employee needs d. All of these are correct. e. Motivate qualified employees

d. All of these are correct.

Which of the following is NOT a dysfunctional behavior? a. Absenteeism b. Turnover c. Sabotage d. Asking for a raise e. Rudeness

d. Asking for a raise

__________ commitment is defined as staying with an organization because of perceived high economic and/or social costs involved with leaving. a. None of these are correct. b. Affective c. Normative d. Continuance e. Dysfunctional

d. Continuance

In which stage is the group considered to be mature? a. Mutual acceptance b. Communication and decision making c. Productivity d. Control and organization e. Motivation

d. Control and organization

Which of the following strategies focuses on company expansion, either organically or through acquisitions? a. Cost leadership b. Domination c. Specialization d. Growth e. Differentiation

d. Growth

If a student typically gets high grades in all courses, but then receives a low grade on a quiz in one of the classes, what is the student exhibiting? a. High congruence b. High attribution c. High consensus d. High distinctiveness e. High consistency

d. High distinctiveness

A new product development team would be considered which type of group? a. Virtual b. Performance c. Friendship d. Interest e. Venture

e. Venture

All of the following are considered cultural dimensions​ EXCEPT a. power distance. b. uncertainty avoidance. c. masculinity. d. individualism/collectivism. e. open-mindedness.

e. open-mindedness.

The most difficult performance factor to manage is a. mastery. b. equilibrium. c. activity. d. motivation. e. environment.

d. motivation.

According to the rational decision-making approach, what is the fourth step of the decision-making process? a. Generate alternatives b. Identify the problem c. Determine the decision type d. Evaluate alternatives e. State the situational goal

a. Generate alternatives

Which of the following is NOT a benefit experienced by organizations that value diversity? a. Greater homogeneity b. Less interpersonal conflict c. Access to more perspectives on a problem d. New perspectives to organizational issues e. Increased employee performance

a. Greater homogeneity

Which of the following is NOT a category of prescriptions for preventing groupthink? a. Group prescriptions b. Organizational prescriptions c. Process prescriptions d. Individual prescriptions e. Leader prescriptions

a. Group prescriptions

Videoconferencing, instant messaging, electric meetings, and even conference calls are considered __________ technology. a. ineffective b. futuristic c. synchronous d. asynchronous e. team-specific

c. synchronous

An engineer who can solve complex mathematical equations is demonstrating strong a. interpersonal skills. b. conceptual skills. c. diagnostic skills. d. technical skills. e. problem-solving skills.

d. technical skills.

Medical consequences of stress include all of the following EXCEPT a. accident proneness. b. ulcers. c. strokes. d. headaches. e. heart attacks.

a. accident proneness.

The __________ component of an attitude is derived from feelings that an individual has about another person or situation. a. affect b. intention c. intellect d. perception e. cognition

a. affect

According to the LPC theory, the degree of task or relationship motivation is measured by the a. least-preferred coworker scale. b. lowest performance cycle scale. c. task-relationship model. d. managerial grid. e. least-productive coworker scale.

a. least-preferred coworker scale.

In a _________ culture, people rely on the words themselves to carry meaning. a. low-context b. high-context c. collectivistic d. closed e. None of these are correct.

a. low-context

Stereotypes can best be defined as a. making generalizations about groups of people. b. judgments about others that reinforce beliefs about superiority and inferiority. c. favoring people similar to you. d. grouping people into different categories. e. focusing on differences among people.

a. making generalizations about groups of people.

In order for social learning to take place, a. the employee must possess the physical ability to perform the job. b. the employee need not perceive a direct cause-and-effect linkage. c. tasks must be complex, so as to motivate the employee. d. the employee must be physically present at the time of the demonstration. e. the behavior being modeled must be intangible in nature.

a. the employee must possess the physical ability to perform the job.

According to the human relations approach to motivation, offering employees __________ is the best way to enhance motivation in the workplace. a. the illusion of self-direction b. opportunities for advancement c. self-direction d. longer vacations e. increased compensation

a. the illusion of self-direction

__________ have a learning style where they tend to focus on the logical soundness and preciseness of ideas rather than the ideas' practical values. a. Investigators b. Convergers c. Assimilators d. Accommodators e. Divergers

c. Assimilators

What is the term for someone who investigates complaints and mediates fair settlements between aggrieved parties? a. Investigator b. Mediator c. Ombudsman d. Researcher e. Conciliator

c. Ombudsman

Which of the following terms refers to behaviors of individuals that make a positive overall contribution to the organization? a. Normative commitment b. Affective commitment c. Organizational citizenship d. Organizational commitment e. Subjective responsibility

c. Organizational citizenship

A performance bonus is an example of a. punishment. b. classical conditioning. c. extinction. d. positive reinforcement. e. negative reinforcement.

d. positive reinforcement.

A person's __________ is a relatively narrow indicator of efficiency measured by the employee's products or services created per unit of input. a. turnover b. absenteeism c. profitability d. productivity e. cost-effectiveness

d. productivity

Which conflict resolution strategy entails ignoring the conflict or denying that it exists? a. Collaborating b. Compromising c. Competing d. Accommodating e. Avoiding

e. Avoiding

Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that have the greatest influence on job satisfaction? a. Personality b. The work itself c. Attitudes d. Values e. Cognitive dissonance

e. Cognitive dissonance

A team __________ is a written agreement among team members establishing ground rules about the team's processes, roles, and responsibilities. a. quality circle b. outline c. agreement d. commitment e. contract

e. contract

Shortly after implementation, team performance often __________ before returning to previous levels. a. dramatically increases b. ceases completely c. increases slightly d. fluctuates unpredictably e. declines

e. declines

Which personality trait may lead a person to engage in behavior considered bullying? a. Openness b. Extroversion c. Neuroticism d. Machiavellianism e. Introversion

d. Machiavellianism

The __________ variable in an experiment is the criterion, which researchers expect is affected by another factor. a. dependent b. interdependent c. control d. codependent e. independent

a. dependent

Job design can be used as a technique to increase employee a. feedback. b. motivation. c. job integration. d. appraisals. e. job difficulty.

b. motivation.

A __________ is a collection of verbal and symbolic assertions that specify how and why two or more variables are related, and the conditions under which they should and should not relate. a. statistic b. theory c. fact d. data set e. hypothesis

b. theory

The Delphi technique uses which of the following to gather opinions from experts? ​ a. Conference calls b. Stream-of-consciousness journals c. Interviews d. Questionnaires e. Group meetings

d. Questionnaires

For various reasons, Anne is unable to move ahead into a higher position at work. According to ERG theory, which of the following sets of needs will become more important to Anne? a. Belongingness b. Existence c. Security d. Relatedness e. Growth

d. Relatedness

What percentage of the U.S. workforce reports being aware of abusive conduct in the workplace? a. 60 b. 80 c. 20 d. 30 e. 90

a. 60

__________ is a reward system commonly found in team environments, where recipients are required to acquire a set of core abilities. a. Skill-based pay b. Stock options c. Annual profit sharing d. Seniority-based pay e. Commission-based pay

a. Skill-based pay

During the __________ phase of team implementation, managers have withdrawn from the daily operations and are counseling teams. a. start-up b. self-managing teams c. tightly formed teams d. reality and unrest e. leader-centered teams

b. self-managing teams

The __________ refers to an individual, group, or organization that is interested in conveying a particular message to another party. a. receiver b. sender c. noise generator d. channel e. decoder

b. sender

Job enlargement involves the process of horizontal job loading, meaning that a. the jobs are broken into small, component parts. b. the employee is assigned less monotonous and routine tasks. c. the employee is assigned more tasks to perform. d. each employee is given a specialized task to perform. e. the employee is assigned tasks with more responsibility.

c. the employee is assigned more tasks to perform.

Once a receiver provides feedback to a sender, the sender and receiver have engaged in a. body language. b. verbal communication. c. two-way communication. d. one-way communication. e. nonverbal communication.

c. two-way communication.

Nonprogrammed decisions are usually made by a. union workers. b. lower management. c. upper management. d. all employees within an organization. e. middle management.

c. upper management.

Which of the following contributes to diversity? a. Life experiences b. Geographic location c. Educational background d. All of these are correct e. Age

d. All of these are correct

One way organizations can address privacy concerns on the Internet is to a. publicly display any information collected by the company. b. avoid collecting any private information. c. share collected data only with firms that pay for access. d. post a privacy policy on the company's website. e. keep all data collected confidential.

d. post a privacy policy on the company's website.

According to the continuum of leadership behavior proposed by Tannenbaum and Schmidt, situational characteristics include all of the following EXCEPT a. time pressures. b. All of these are correct. c. group effectiveness. d. the type of organization. e. the problem itself.

b. All of these are correct.

An individual coping strategy to deal with workplace stress includes a. engaging in regular exercise. b. All of these are correct. c. improving time management skills. d. participating in support groups. e. using relaxation techniques. Hide Feedback

b. All of these are correct.

According to the continuum of leadership behavior proposed by Tannenbaum and Schmidt, subordinate characteristics include all of the following EXCEPT a. tolerance for ambiguity. b. the problem itself. c. understanding of goals. d. need for independence. e. readiness to assume responsibility.

b. the problem itself.

A major difference between the behavioral approach and the LPC theory of leadership is that a. the behavioral approach presumes a task-oriented leader will outperform a relationship-oriented leader. b. the behavioral approach views task-oriented and relationship-oriented traits as constant. c. the LPC theory contends that a leader's effectiveness depends on the situation. d. the LPC theory views the task-oriented and relationship-oriented traits of a given individual as variable. e. the behavioral approach allows for the complex nature of a leader's personality.

c. the LPC theory contends that a leader's effectiveness depends on the situation.

A __________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed. a. variable-ratio b. fixed-ratio c. variable-interval d. continuous e. fixed-interval

c. variable-interval

Job characteristics theory presumes which core dimensions can enhance critical psychological states? a. Task identity b. Feedback c. Task significance d. All of these are correct. e. Skill variety

d. All of these are correct.

The primary job of __________ is to create new products, processes, or businesses. a. problem-solving teams b. interdisciplinary teams c. work teams d. venture teams e. quality circles

d. venture teams

__________ commitment is defined as positive emotional attachment to the organization and strong identification with its values and goals. a. Affective b. Dysfunctional c. None of these are correct. d. Continuance e. Normative

a. Affective

In which stage of the GAS do people potentially experience a "fight or flight" response in order to cope with stressors? a. Alarm b. Resistance c. Emotion d. Realization e. Exhaustion

a. Alarm

What conflict management style is appropriate when more information is needed or when addressing the conflict has the potential to create more problems? a. Avoiding b. Collaborating c. Compromising d. Accommodating e. Competing

a. Avoiding

Which conflict resolution strategy embodies a "nobody wins, nobody loses" mindset? a. Avoiding b. Accommodating c. Compromising d. Collaborating e. Competing

a. Avoiding

Personality is a product of which of the following? a. Both heredity and the environment b. Neither heredity nor the environment c. Heredity only d. Environment only e. Scientists do not know

a. Both heredity and the environment

__________ is the process by which the receiver of a message interprets its meaning. a. Decoding b. Encoding c. Feedback d. Language e. Communication

a. Decoding

__________ is defined as a heightened emotional and intellectual connection that an employee has for his or her job, organization, manager, or coworkers that, in turn, influences him or her to apply additional discretionary effort to his or her work a. Employee engagement b. Affective commitment c. Job satisfaction d. Normative commitment e. Community engagement

a. Employee engagement

Which of the following is a way to resolve cognitive dissonance? a. Reason about the situation b. All of these are correct. c. Search for additional information d. Change your behavior e. Change your attitude

b. All of these are correct.

Which of the following statements describes variable work schedules? a. Employees can learn new skills as a result of variable work schedules. b. Employees grow resentful and powerless as a result of variable work schedules. c. Employees recognize the value of motivation when they have variable work schedules. d. Employees can organize their work behaviors when they have variable work schedules. e. Employees have a say in critical decisions in the organization when they have variable work schedules.

b. Employees grow resentful and powerless as a result of variable work schedules.

Jim purchases stock in a public company and refuses to sell it even after their repeated drops from the original price. Jim has decided to purchase more of the stock, anticipating he will make a profit. This is an example of a. problem misidentification. b. escalation of commitment. c. suboptimizing. d. organizational delusion. e. groupthink.

b. escalation of commitment.

According to the rational decision-making approach, evaluating the alternatives a. is the most crucial step. b. involves assessing all possible alternatives. c. involves selecting an alternative with the highest payoff. d. puts the decision into action. e. diagnoses the problem.

b. involves assessing all possible alternatives.

A team is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT a. members share accountability for their own individual outcomes. b. members share a common goal. c. members do not share accountability for the team outcomes. d. it is an interdependent group. e. it consists of two or more people.

c. members do not share accountability for the team outcomes.

Behavioral consequences of organizational stress include all of the following EXCEPT a. aggression. b. smoking. c. negative changes in attitudes. d. alcohol abuse. e. appetite disorders.

c. negative changes in attitudes.

People with a high level of __________ are willing to listen to new ideas and to change their own ideas, beliefs, and attitudes in response to new information. a. negative emotionality b. agreeableness c. openness d. extroversion e. conscientiousness

c. openness

George is highly committed and has an attachment to the organization where he works. He feels he is a true member of the company. George is demonstrating a. job involvement. b. job identification. c. organizational commitment. d. organizational citizenship. e. job satisfaction.

c. organizational commitment.

When a few employees are given a small reward to show that they are appreciated, the reward carries __________ value. a. compensation b. tangible c. symbolic d. intangible e. surface

c. symbolic

People who are __________ tend to be more likely to be bullied. a. less agreeable b. less conscientious c. more introverted d. All of these are correct. e. more emotionally unstable

d. All of these are correct.

The Delphi technique is a useful way to gather opinions from experts who a. desire anonymity. b. are physically dispersed and live far away from each other. c. have trouble communicating because of opinion differences. d. All of these are correct. e. None of these are correct.

d. All of these are correct.

According to Maslow, if a previously satisfied lower-level need becomes deficient, a. the individual becomes demotivated. b. the individual advances a level. c. the individual begins again at the bottom of the hierarchy. d. the individual returns to the lowest level that is now deficient. e. the individual returns to the level just below the deficient level.

d. the individual returns to the lowest level that is now deficient.

According to the LPC theory, a situation that has low position power, high task structure, and good leader-member relations is a. maximally unfavorable. b. very unfavorable. c. moderately favorable. d. very favorable. e. maximally favorable.

d. very favorable.

If a company creates a corporate culture that encourages employees to suggest new ideas, it is applying a strategy that focuses on a.growth. b.sabotage. c.specialization. d.differentiation. e.cost leadership.

d.differentiation.

What letter is used to refer to a correlation? a. n b. p c. f d. c e. r

e. r

The creative process normally begins with a period of a. application. b. preparation. c. insight. d. incubation. e. verification.

b. preparation.

When organizations focus on the "softer" side of business, including organizational behavior factors, it can lead to: a. more motivated and more engaged employees. b. less motivated and less engaged employees. c. weaker leadership. d. loss of trust among employees. e. better relationships with vendors.

a. more motivated and more engaged employees.

__________ diversity reflects differences in attitudes or values, especially with regard to group goals or processes. a. The "like me" bias b. Separation c. Token d. Disparity e. Ethnocentrism

b. Separation

What term refers to employer and employee expectations about the employment relationship that go beyond the formal employment contract? a. Emotional intelligence b. Prenuptial agreement c. Psychological contract d. Informed consent e. Emotional contract

c. Psychological contract

The risk of groupthink may be curbed by increasing the __________ of senior management. a. None of these are correct. b. male-to-female ratio c. diversity d. size e. homogeneity

c. diversity

Path-goal theory assumes that a. task motivation is the primary determinant of a leader's style. b. decisions as to appropriate leader style should be made at the top of the organization. c. leaders can change their behaviors. d. leaders operate best in one type of situation. e. the primary goal of leadership is employee satisfaction.

c. leaders can change their behaviors.

In the ________ stage of Glasl's model of conflict escalation, the opponent is no longer viewed as a person and slight personal damage is considered acceptable. a. threat as a strategy b. fragmentation of the enemy c. limited attempts to overthrow d. together into the abyss e. burn the unbelievers

c. limited attempts to overthrow

The human resource approach to motivation assumes that a. employees will achieve their security needs. b. employees are economically motivated. c. meaningful employee contributions are valuable to individuals and the organization. d. None of these are correct. e. illusory employee contributions are valuable to individuals and the organization.

c. meaningful employee contributions are valuable to individuals and the organization.

The most significant shortcoming of the scientific management approach to motivation is that it a. did not produce any positive results. b. understated the importance of money. c. overstated the importance of money. d. was not actually scientific. e. was funded by large corporations.

c. overstated the importance of money.

Karson Photography Studios previously hired and managed its own custodial staff, but the company recently started contracting this work to a cleaning company. This is an example of a. corporate governance. b. offshoring. c. nearshoring. d. insourcing. e. outsourcing.

e. outsourcing.

Goal specificity is consistently related to a. ethical behavior. b. company image. c. social responsibility. d. competitors' profits. e. performance.

e. performance.

The Two-Factor Theory was developed by which of the following theorists? a. Clay Alderfer b. Frederick Herzberg c. Douglas McGregor d. David McClelland e. Abraham Maslow

b. Frederick Herzberg

The start-up phase of team implementation includes which of the following? a. Frustration and confusion about the new situation b. Informational or "awareness" training c. Teams think of themselves as a unit d. Extreme confidence and cohesion e. Intense team loyalty

b. Informational or "awareness" training

Which of the following refers to the perceived fairness regarding the amount of information given by decision-makers? a. Procedural fairness b. Interactional fairness c. Distributive fairness d. Organizational fairness e. Managerial fairness

b. Interactional fairness

Which of the following is the primary problem associated with the specialization of jobs? a. Involvement in too much of the production cycle b. Slow pace of work c. Lower efficiency d. Boredom e. Frequent social interaction with others

d. Boredom

John has always met his goal of selling ten cars each month, but he wants to try a new sales technique this month. He decides to try the new approach on the first few customers, and then reassess whether to continue with the technique. John is exhibiting his a. risk tolerance. b. self-esteem. c. ambiguity. d. self-awareness. e. Machiavellianism.

a. risk tolerance.

The systems approach is beneficial to managers because it a. underscores the importance of the organization's environment. b. provides a set of procedures to make decisions. c. shifts the focus from outside the company to inside the company. d. enables them to eliminate interactions among various elements of the organization. e. reduces the risk of human error.

a. underscores the importance of the organization's environment.

The fourth step of the creative process is a. verification. b. insight. c. incubation. d. application. e. preparation.

a. verification.

It can be difficult to develop a sense of community with a team that never actually meets together in the same room, which is called a a. virtual team. b. quality circle. c. cross-functional team. d. management team. e. product development team.

a. virtual team.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Vroom's decision tree approach? a. It assumes that one leader may display various leadership styles. b. It assumes a high level of participation in decision making is best for all situations. c. It focuses on the degree to which the leader allows subordinates to participate in decision making. d. It is presented in the form of decision trees. e. It attempts to prescribe an appropriate leadership style for any given situation.

b. It assumes a high level of participation in decision making is best for all situations.

Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of information technology? a. It has resulted in additional down time for managers. b. It has increased a sense of urgency related to decision making. c. It has decreased ethical decision making for managers. d. It has created inflexible worksites. e. It has increased personal communication.

b. It has increased a sense of urgency related to decision making.

Scientific management achieved which of the following? a. It saw wide use for more than a century. b. It increased productivity. c. It was eagerly accepted by workers. d. It gave workers control over their jobs. e. It decreased the monotony of work.

b. It increased productivity.

According to the LPC theory, what factor the third most important element when determining the favorableness of a workplace situation? a. Leader-member relations b. Leader position power c. Leader personality d. Organizational structure e. Task structure

b. Leader position power

__________ is the set of forces that causes people to engage in a behavior, rather than an alternative behavior. a. Autonomy b. Motivation c. Activity d. Task identity e. Equilibrium

b. Motivation

Which of the following is used to measure potentially dysfunctional behavior in an organization? a. Organizational commitment b. Job dissatisfaction c. Absenteeism d. Job satisfaction e. Employee engagement

c. Absenteeism

__________ is a movement such as a gesture or expression that conveys information to others. a. Sign language b. Noisy language c. Body language d. Nonverbal communication e. Verbal communication

c. Body language

The following statements are key outcomes expected to result from the psychological states detailed in the job characteristics theory EXCEPT a. high satisfaction with work. b. low absenteeism and turnover. c. high profits for stockholders. d. high-quality work performance. e. high internal work motivation.

c. high profits for stockholders.

In a _________ culture, people rely on nonverbal or situational cues to convey meaning. a. low-context b. closed c. high-context d. None of these are correct. e. collectivistic

c. high-context

The __________ of a communication medium reflects the speed at which it lets the receiver provide feedback. a. ability to transmit multiple cues b. personal focus c. interactivity d. language variety e. adaptability

c. interactivity

A communication medium that allows the speaker to convey a broad set of concepts and ideas is said to have high a. ability to transmit multiple cues. b. interactivity. c. language variety. d. personal focus. e. adaptability.

c. language variety.

Relationships based on friendship and choice are referred to as _________ ties. a. fraternal b. formal c. organizational d. informal e. community

d. informal

An organization can gain a competitive advantage through which of the following sources? Select all that apply. a. Innovation b. Cost c. Quality d. Speed e. All of these are correct

e. All of these are correct

The board of directors in a public corporation is responsible for a. auditing the company's financial statements for accuracy. b. protecting the company from harsh overseas competition and lower labor costs. c. controlling the day-to-day operations of the firm. d. recommending new products and services. e. ensuring decisions by senior managers are in the best interests of the shareholders.

e. ensuring decisions by senior managers are in the best interests of the shareholders.

Which of the following statements about brainstorming is false? a. Ideas are recorded in secret. b. It's used in the idea generation phase of decision making. c. Ideas are recorded on a flip chart. d. It does not provide resolution to the problem. e. Members present ideas and clarify them.

a. Ideas are recorded in secret.

If you have the ability to sense and understand how others feel, even without being told, you have the ability to a. manage your emotions. b. motivate yourself. c. show empathy. d. get along with others. e. be promoted at your job.

c. show empathy.

In the ________ stage of Glasl's model of conflict escalation, the disagreement is recognized, but both sides believe it can be resolved through discussion. a. loss of face b. debate c. images/coalitions d. hardening e. action over words

d. hardening

Group composition is a. two or more people interacting with and influencing each other. b. a set of expected behaviors associated with a position. c. usually described in terms of the homogeneity or heterogeneity of group members. d. expected behavior or behavioral patterns. e. the sum of the activities of individuals.

c. usually described in terms of the homogeneity or heterogeneity of group members.

__________ refers to the extent to which people can be counted on to get things done. a. Conscientiousness b. None of these are correct. c. Introversion d. Openness e. Extroversion

a. Conscientiousness

The audience at an Oprah Winfrey talk show is an example of __________ group. a. an interest b. a friendship c. a task d. a command e. a special project

a. an interest

__________ suggests individuals and situations interact continuously to determine individuals' behavior. a. Interactionalism b. Contextualism c. Systems theory d. Individualism e. Universalism

a. Interactionalism

Employees who are part of a motorcycle riding club that meets outside of the organization is an example of which type of group? a. Interest b. Virtual c. Convenience d. Command e. Task

a. Interest

Which of Gardner's multiple intelligences refers to self-awareness? a. Intrapersonal b. Musical c. Interpersonal d. Logical e. Bodily-kinesthetic Hide Feedback

a. Intrapersonal

Which of the following is NOT a type of resource organizations use when pursuing corporate goals and objectives? a. Invisible b. Human c. Information d. Financial e. Physical

a. Invisible

Which of the following is the chief advantage of arbitration? a. It always ends with a settlement. b. It's cheaper than mediation. c. It doesn't require the use of a third party. d. It usually leaves both parties satisfied. e. It's faster than mediation.

a. It always ends with a settlement.

Which of the following statements about knowledge workers is NOT true? a. Knowledge workers do not specifically add value to the organization. b. A video game developer is an example of a knowledge worker. c. Knowledge workers require highly specialized training. d. Compensation is tailored for knowledge workers. e. A computer scientist is one example of a knowledge worker.

a. Knowledge workers do not specifically add value to the organization.

According to the LPC theory, which factor reflects both the extent to which subordinates trust, respect, and have confidence in their leader, and that in turn, leaders equally trust, respect, and have confidence in the employees they manage? a. Leader-member relations b. Task structure c. Leader personality d. Leader position power e. Organizational structure

a. Leader-member relations

Which of the following is NOT a recommended conflict resolution behavior? a. Meeting separately with those involved in the conflict b. Documenting areas of agreement and disagreement c. Encouraging the parties to focus on their common interests d. Creating solutions to the conflict e. Expressing emotions in an honest way

a. Meeting separately with those involved in the conflict

Which of the following distributes a portion of the company's profits to all employees at a predetermined rate? a. Profit-sharing program b. Employee stock option plan c. Gain-sharing program d. Merit pay plan e. Piecework program

a. Profit-sharing program

__________ management is based on the belief that productivity is maximized when organizations are rationalized with precise sets of instructions based on time-and-motion studies. a. Scientific b. Straightforward c. Stratospheric d. Sociological e. Strategic

a. Scientific

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which was further amended in 1991, prohibits employee discrimination based on a variety of characteristics. Which of the following is NOT included? a. Sexual orientation b. Sex c. Race d. National origin e. Religion

a. Sexual orientation

A key component of equity theory is that employees compare their own input/output ratios with the input/outcome ratios of other employees. What is the term for this phenomenon? a. Social comparison b. Social loafing c. Social contract d. Equity theory e. Psychological contract

a. Social comparison

__________ happens when people are motivated to look good to others and want to maintain a positive self-image. a. Social facilitation b. Groupthink c. Managerial intervention d. Group cohesiveness e. Social loafing

a. Social facilitation

Why does working in teams result in enhanced performance? a. Teams pool individual efforts in new ways and strive for continuous improvement. b. Team members spend less time in direct contact with customers. c. Waste and errors are spread across multiple individuals. d. Managers lower their performance standards. e. Taller hierarchies improve communication processes.

a. Teams pool individual efforts in new ways and strive for continuous improvement.

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe the nature of ethical dilemmas? a. They may center on risk propensity. b. They may center on direct personal gain. c. They may center on simple personal preferences. d. All of these are correct. e. They may center on indirect personal gain.

a. They may center on risk propensity.

__________ stress can result in unexpected negative effects, such as boredom and apathy. a. Too little b. None of these are correct. c. Too much d. Functional e. Dysfunctional

a. Too little

What term refers to a live or prerecorded video segment that is broadcast over a company's intranet and archived for employees to view later? a. Webcast b. Portal c. Blog d. Wiki e. Podcast

a. Webcast

One of the earliest alternatives to job specialization used by managers was a. job loading. b. job expectancy. c. autonomous work groups. d. job rotation. e. automation.

d. job rotation.

Personality affects which of the following? a. Job performance b. Choice of career c. Job satisfaction d. How long one stays with an employer e. All of these are correct.

e. All of these are correct.

Which of the following is NOT a type of value? a. Intrinsic b. Extrinsic c. Terminal d. Instrumental e. Primary

e. Primary

Deep-level characteristics are those considered to be a. observables. b. gender-based. c. irrelevant. d. age-related. e. invisible.

e. invisible.

Which of the following best describes the current view of job enrichment? a. Nearly all Fortune 500 companies use some form of job enrichment program. b. Job enrichment has recently fallen into disfavor among managers. c. Job enrichment has been proven to increase satisfaction but at the cost of lower performance. d. Job enrichment continues to be a highly successful job design. e. Job enrichment has been proven to increase performance but at the cost of lower satisfaction.

?????

According to the Leadership Grid, a manager who is not concerned about production but exhibits high concern for people would be a ____ manager on the grid. a. 1,9 b. 1,1 c. 5,5 d. 9,1 e. 9,9

a. 1,9

The leadership style of a manager who is not concerned about people but exhibits high concern for production would likely be located at the __________ placement on the Leadership Grid. a. 9,1 b. 1,9 c. 5,5 d. 1,1 e. 9,9

a. 9,1

Which of the following terms refers to evaluating a person's characteristics through comparisons with other people we have recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics? a. Contrast effect b. Assimilation effect c. Comparison effect d. Coriolis effect e. Accommodation effect

a. Contrast effect

__________ is important because it helps organizations ensure they are complying with Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. a. Diversity management b. Corporate responsibility c. Organizational management d. None of these are correct. e. Corporate ethics

a. Diversity management

What term refers to an interpersonal capability that includes the ability to perceive and express emotions? a. Emotional intelligence b. Emotional ability c. Perceptual ability d. Emotional perception e. Informational intelligence

a. Emotional intelligence

Which of the following is an example of a technical skill? a. Ensuring that a piece of medical software is in compliance with HIPAA regulations b. Persuading an employee to take on additional work during a busy shift c. Figuring out why the number of quality applicants to a five-star restaurant is decreasing d. Coming up with a new product idea that will help your organization dominate a competitive market e. Identifying which employee survey responses are likely to predict subsequent turnover

a. Ensuring that a piece of medical software is in compliance with HIPAA regulations

People with a high level of Machiavellianism do NOT typically exhibit which of the following? a. High levels of empathy b. Low ethical standards c. Strong resistance to social influence d. Little interest in the emotions of others e. High levels of bossiness

a. High levels of empathy

Organizational behavior (OB) typically includes the study of which basic component? a. Human actions and interactions within organizations b. The task environment c. Financial reporting d. Research and development e. Customer retention

a. Human actions and interactions within organizations

According to the rational decision-making approach, what is the second step of the decision-making process? a. Identify the problem b. Generate alternatives c. Evaluate alternatives d. Determine the decision type e. State the situational goal

a. Identify the problem

An employee's work-life relationships are a. are important to employees and should be a concern for organizations. b. will not impact employee productivity. c. all of the friendships that develop through the workplace. d. not a concern to employees or organizations. e. important to employees but they should not concern organizations

a. are important to employees and should be a concern for organizations.

If an employee accepts orders from a supervisor solely because the supervisor is "the boss," the employee is exhibiting a high level of a. authoritarianism. b. perception. c. self-monitoring. d. dogma. e. motivation.

a. authoritarianism.

The medium used to send information is called the a. channel. b. encoder. c. message. d. feedback. e. decoder.

a. channel.

After working in a fast-food restaurant for three years to pay for college tuition, Amanda vowed to never work in a restaurant again. But after graduation the only job offer she received was as a manager at a local restaurant. If Amanda accepts the job, it may result in __________ dissonance. a. cognitive b. affective c. behavioral d. intentional e. attitudinal

a. cognitive

Goal __________ is defined as the extent to which a person is interested in reaching a goal. a. commitment b. acceptance c. attachment d. difficulty e. specificity

a. commitment

Group members tend to express their views more openly in the __________ stage of group development. a. communication and decision making b. motivation c. productivity d. mutual acceptance e. control and organization

a. communication and decision making

In exchange for employee contributions, an organization provides rewards such as pay and insurance benefits. These kinds of rewards are combined to create a. compensation packages. b. symbolic rewards. c. system rewards. d. intangible compensation. e. resource exchanges.

a. compensation packages.

When a construction worker decides to work additional hours on a typical workday so that he can have a three-day weekend, he is likely taking advantage of a __________ program. a. compressed workweek b. flextime c. telecommuting d. job sharing e. shortened workweek

a. compressed workweek

The last step in the rational decision-making process is to a. control: measure and adjust. b. determine the type of decision. c. create a contingency plan. d. implement the plan. e. evaluate alternatives.

a. control: measure and adjust.

An organization begins using environmentally friendly cleaning products in all of its corporate offices. This is an example of a. corporate responsibility. b. cross-cultural competence. c. corporate culture. d. cultural competence. e. corporate governance.

a. corporate responsibility.

Vroom states that a manager who makes a decision alone and then attempts to "sell" it to the rest of the group is employing a __________ style of subordinate participation. a. decide b. consult (individually) c. delegate d. facilitate e. consult (group)

a. decide

Planning is the process of a. determining the organization's desired future position and deciding the best way to achieve the desired outcome. b. monitoring and correcting the actions of the organization and its members to keep them directed toward their goals. c. utilizing organizational resources with the ultimate goal of attaining organizational goals efficiently and effectively. d. motivating the organization's members to work together toward the organization's goals. e. designing jobs, grouping jobs into units, and establishing patterns of authority between jobs and units.

a. determining the organization's desired future position and deciding the best way to achieve the desired outcome.

The Delphi technique is designed for use by groups that a. do not meet face-to-face. b. are very small. c. are familiar with the rules of brainstorming. d. are very large. e. have suffered from groupthink in the past.

a. do not meet face-to-face.

Path-goal theory is derived from the same principles found in the ________ theory of motivation. a. expectancy b. valence c. contingency d. leadership e. behavioral

a. expectancy

In a _________ culture, if an employee asks a manager for a raise and the answer is no, the manager might say, "That could be difficult." a. high-context b. low-context c. closed d. None of these are correct. e. collectivistic

a. high-context

As a manager, if you want to increase your subordinates' job satisfaction, focus first on a. improving the nature of the work itself. b. reducing workload. c. changing the location of the office. d. institute a new training program. e. increase the number of performance evaluations conducted.

a. improving the nature of the work itself.

People tend to perceive things __________ a. in different ways, but they assume that everyone perceives things in the same way. b. in the same way, and they assume everyone perceives things in the same way. c. in different ways, and they assume that everyone perceives things differently. d. in complex ways, and they assume that everyone perceives things in the same way. e. in the same way, but they assume that everyone perceives things differently.

a. in different ways, but they assume that everyone perceives things in the same way.

A value conflict between an employee's values and the values of the employer is called a. individual-organization conflict. b. behavior-emotional conflict. c. internal-external conflict. d. individual-behavior conflict. e. emotional-financial conflict.

a. individual-organization conflict.

An __________ is a person who engages in leadership activities but whose right to do so has not been formally recognized. a. informal leader b. informal specialist c. None of these are correct. d. executive assistant e. experienced manager

a. informal leader

All of the following are true regarding social loafing EXCEPT a. it is often a problem in very small groups. b. it often results from the assumption that other members will pick up the slack. c. how much of a problem social loafing is depends in part on the nature of the task. d. some members put forth less effort in a group. e. the amount of social loafing depends in part on the group leader's awareness of it.

a. it is often a problem in very small groups.

Fiedler contends that when a leader's style and the situation are mismatched, the only available course of action is to change the situation through a. job engineering. b. transferring the leader. c. a "laissez-faire" approach. d. transferring the subordinates. e. hiring a consultant.

a. job engineering.

Herzberg's two-factor, dual-structure theory was a response to the prevailing thinking that a. job satisfaction ranged from satisfaction to dissatisfaction. b. job loyalty ranged from loyalty to disloyalty. c. job ability ranged from ability to disability. d. job motivation ranged from motivation to demotivation. e. job motivation ranged from progression to regression.

a. job satisfaction ranged from satisfaction to dissatisfaction.

Distinctions between management and leadership include all of the following EXCEPT a. management is more important in regard to creating and directing change. b. management is more concerned with planning and budgeting. c. leadership is more concerned with establishing direction. d. management more often focuses on controlling and problem solving. e. leadership is more involved in motivating and inspiring individuals.

a. management is more important in regard to creating and directing change.

Maximizing the efficiency of the manufacturing or product development process in order to minimize costs is referred to as a. operational excellence. b. business superiority. c. maintenance strategy. d. managerial skill. e. differentiation.

a. operational excellence.

The horizontal axis of the Leadership Grid represents concern for a. production. b. oneself. c. the organization. d. the environment. e. people.

a. production.

Turnover occurs when employees a. resign from their jobs. b. are promoted. c. are called to jury duty. d. are fired. e. feign illness.

a. resign from their jobs.

The sales department at a local company determines that Product A will moderately boost sales and have a shorter production schedule, so it is decided that this product will be manufactured and sold without considering other options. In choosing this product, the sales department is a. satisficing. b. using procedures and rules of thumb. c. controlling. d. engaged in bounded rationality. e. suboptimizing.

a. satisficing.

The __________ method relies on systematic studies that identify and replicate results using a variety of methods, samples, and settings. a. scientific b. statistical c. humanist d. philosophical e. mathematical

a. scientific

Conflicts of interest about money occur as a result of ________ issues. a. substantive b. psychological c. procedural d. ethical e. cultural

a. substantive

During the __________ phase of team implementation, a team's internal focus can become detrimental to other teams and to the organization as a whole. a. tightly formed teams b. reality and unrest c. leader-center teams d. self-managing teams e. start-up

a. tightly formed teams

The basic premise of the early trait approach to leadership was that a. unique leadership traits could be identified and used to select leaders. b. traits were far less important than activities. c. traits could be used to predict appropriate management styles. d. traits were relatively volatile characteristics of individuals. e. leadership traits depended on the situation.

a. unique leadership traits could be identified and used to select leaders.

Intrinsic work values are defined as a. values related to the work itself. b. values related to your education. c. values related to the outcome of doing the work. d. values related to your family. e. values not related to the work.

a. values related to the work itself.

The ill-advised conflict resolution approach called _________ involves arguing vigorously for one's own opinions and refusing to change the position, regardless of what will have to be sacrificed. a. winning at all costs b. displaying anger c. demeaning the other party d. avoiding the conflict e. retaliating

a. winning at all costs

Distributive negotiation is a. zero sum, meaning any gain for one party entails a corresponding loss for another. b. better than integrative negotiation because it uses a win-win technique. c. unscientific, so it is considered to generally be ineffective in all circumstances. d. usually ineffective, regardless of the techniques applied by all parties involved. e. None of these are correct.

a. zero sum, meaning any gain for one party entails a corresponding loss for another.

The leadership style of someone considered to be a "middle-of-the-road" manager, exhibiting adequate performance and an ability to balance productivity and employee morale needs, would likely be located at the __________ placement on the Leadership Grid. a. 1,9 b. 5,5 c. 1,1 d. 9,1 e. 9,9

b. 5,5

Which of the following best describes the stages of group development? a. Groups make choices about which stage of development to complete first. b. A group that fully evolves through the four stages of development usually is productive. c. Groups rarely go through more than one stage of development. d. As a group progresses through the stages of development it grows in size. e. The sequence of group development stages is set by the organization.

b. A group that fully evolves through the four stages of development usually is productive.

The Hierarchy of Needs was developed by which of the following theorists? a. David McClelland b. Abraham Maslow c. Frederick Herzberg d. Clay Alderfer e. Douglas McGregor

b. Abraham Maslow

The positive benefits of a team-based environment include all of the following EXCEPT a. reduced costs. b. All of these are benefits. c. employee benefits. d. organizational enhancements. e. enhanced performance.

b. All of these are benefits.

Which conflict resolution strategy reflects a desire to give both parties what they want? a. Avoiding b. Collaborating c. Accommodating d. Competing e. Compromising

b. Collaborating

According to the Myers-Briggs inventory, __________ people are adaptable, spontaneous, and curious. a. thinking b. All of these are correct. c. perceiving d. feeling e. judging

c. perceiving

Employees checking their cell phones and whispering to each other during a meeting are causing which of the following types of communication noise? a. Selective perception b. Competition c. Misperception d. Filtering e. Jargon

b. Competition

Which of the following is one of the four basic factors that affect group performance? a. Social loafing b. Composition c. Groupthink d. Task deformation e. Escalation of commitment

b. Composition

Which of the following terms refers to the act of persisting with a failing course of action? a. Group polarization b. Escalation of commitment c. Groupthink d. Risk propensity e. Brainstorming

b. Escalation of commitment

__________ is the richest communication medium because it has the capacity for immediate feedback, carries multiple cues, and uses natural language. a. Telephone b. Face-to-face c. Walkie-talkie d. Email e. Instant messaging

b. Face-to-face

__________ communication includes official, organization-sanctioned communications. a. Informal b. Formal c. Diagonal d. Written e. Oral

b. Formal

What type of personality is characterized by someone tending to be rational and unemotional, willing to lie to attain personal goals, and placing little emphasis on loyalty and friendship? a. Passive-aggressive b. Machiavellian c. Type B d. Type A e. Avoidant

b. Machiavellian

__________ is a statistical technique used to combine the results of many different research studies conducted in a variety of organizations and for a variety of jobs. a. Path analysis b. Meta-analysis c. Regression d. Standard deviation e. Analysis of variance

b. Meta-analysis

__________ refers to difficulties in the communication process that might arise due to some type of interference or distortion that occurs during transmission of a message, resulting in disruption of the communication process. a. Encoding b. Noise c. Feedback d. Channel e. Decoding

b. Noise

Which of the following best describes a reward system that involves employees in its design and administration? a. Flexible reward system b. Participative pay system c. Open pay system d. Merit pay plans e. Bonus systems

b. Participative pay system

Which of the following is an example of an interpersonal skill? a. Figuring out why the number of quality applicants to a five-star restaurant is decreasing b. Persuading an employee to take on additional work during a busy shift c. Writing software code for a new search engine d. Coming up with a new product idea that will help your organization dominate a competitive market e. Designing a new logo for a major advertising client

b. Persuading an employee to take on additional work during a busy shift

Which of the following are two types of affectivity? a. Distress and eustress b. Positive and negative c. High and low d. Anxious and relaxed e. Odd and even

b. Positive and negative

Which of the following is NOT part of the performance measurement process? a. Comparing an employee's work behavior with previously established standards b. Rewarding the employee according to his or her performance c. Communicating the results to the employee d. Documenting the results e. Evaluating an employee's work behavior by measurement

b. Rewarding the employee according to his or her performance

What information condition lies between certainty and uncertainty in making decisions? a. Guesswork b. Risk c. Decision rules d. Problem solving e. Coin tossing

b. Risk

John has satisfied his basic physiological needs, and he is also very social and has many friends. He is now trying to learn new skills and advance his career. John's activities are explained by which component of Existence, Relatedness, and Growth (ERG) theory? a. Frustration-regression b. Satisfaction-progression c. Frustration-progression d. Importance-satisfaction e. Satisfaction-regression

b. Satisfaction-progression

Which of the following is NOT an example of a collateral program? a. Career development b. Shift work c. Employee fitness d. Stress management e. Health promotion

b. Shift work

Which of the following questions could NOT be answered as a result of organizational behavior research findings? a. How important is employee satisfaction to job performance? b. Should I seek a promotion with a competing firm? c. What goal level will best motivate my employees? d. Is stress always bad? e. When are different leadership approaches most effective?

b. Should I seek a promotion with a competing firm?

Logical-mathematical intelligence is most important for people in which of the following jobs? a. Radio hosts b. Statisticians c. Communications consultants d. Sculptors e. Salespeople

b. Statisticians

Which of the following allows organizations to reduce the amount of office space they own or rent and decreases employees' need to travel to an office outside of their home? a. Informal communication b. Telecommuting c. Instant messaging d. Formal communication e. Email

b. Telecommuting

__________ suggests broad, fundamental traits and dimensions that differentiate among people and can help to predict future behavior. a. The Myers-Briggs inventory b. The "Big Five" framework c. The "Big Three" framework d. The Jung-Freud inventory e. The personality continuum

b. The "Big Five" framework

Which of the following terms refers to drawing a general impression about something or someone based on a single, and typically good, characteristic? a. Stereotyping b. The halo effect c. First impression bias d. The Hawthorne effect e. Selective perception

b. The halo effect

Which one of the following statements has been cited as a weakness of the job characteristics theory? a. Guidelines for implementation are too specific. b. The role of individual differences frequently has not been supported by scientific research. c. All changes to a job must occur simultaneously. d. The theory assumes that job characteristics are unpredictable and inconsistent. e. One application of the theory found that absenteeism and turnover actually increased.

b. The role of individual differences frequently has not been supported by scientific research.

Linguistic intelligence would be most important for people in which of the following jobs? a. Data entry assistants b. Translators c. Photographers d. Computer technicians e. Research scientists

b. Translators

Which of the following lead to effective meetings? a. Listen attentively and nod occasionally b. Use an agenda c. Greet everyone when they enter the room d. Give a firm handshake e. Engage in multitasking

b. Use an agenda

__________ bullying victims report the abusive behavior and seek formal resolution. a. All b. Very few c. Almost all d. Most e. No

b. Very few

What term refers to a repeated mistreatment of another employee through verbal abuse? a. None of these are correct. b. Workplace bullying c. Sexual harassment d. Organizational politics e. Machiavellianism

b. Workplace bullying

A business that transforms resources into an intangible output and creates time or place utility for its customers is called a. an information technology firm. b. a service organization. c. a manufacturing organization. d. a hybrid organization. e. a biotechnology firm.

b. a service organization.

Being involved in the process of listening, focusing closely on what others in the communication process are saying, and responding to the speaker by seeking clarification to unclear messages, when needed, is called a. decoding. b. active listening. c. passive listening. d. hearing. e. feedback.

b. active listening.

The goal in studying the behavioral approach of leadership is to a. match a set of behaviors with corresponding situations. b. determine what behaviors are associated with effective leadership. c. study the behavior patterns of several well-known historical leaders. d. define a standard list of leader characteristics. e. categorize a set of behaviors as effective or ineffective in terms of making decisions.

b. determine what behaviors are associated with effective leadership.

Plans in which employees can earn additional compensation in return for certain types of performance are called a. compensation packages. b. incentive systems. c. performance appraisal systems. d. base pay. e. performance management systems.

b. incentive systems.

One conclusion of the University of Michigan studies was that a leader who focuses on work procedures and performance is exhibiting a. initiating-structure behavior. b. job-centered leader behavior. c. consideration behavior. d. task-oriented leader behavior. e. employee-centered leader behavior.

b. job-centered leader behavior.

The avoiding strategy entails a _________ concern for one's own interests and a low concern for the interests of the other party. a. high b. low c. variable d. fluctuating e. moderate

b. low

A shortage of __________ factors in the workplace will lower satisfaction and cause employees to focus even more on hygiene factors, which will produce feelings of dissatisfaction if they are missing. a. positive b. motivation c. lower d. negative e. surface

b. motivation

According to the path-goal theory, a __________ leader consults with subordinates about issues and takes their suggestions into account before making a decision. a. surface b. participative c. directive d. cooperative e. supportive

b. participative

According to the path-goal theory, employees with an internal locus of control should prefer a leader who is __________. a. cooperative b. participative c. achievement-oriented d. supportive e. directive

b. participative

The effective management of __________ is key to the creation of a competitive advantage as well as business strategy execution. a. raw materials b. people c. distribution channels d. communication channels e. financial resources

b. people

When a person's abilities and the demands of the job are a good match, it is referred to as a. employment alignment. b. person-job fit. c. job security. d. workplace balance. e. a complementary contract.

b. person-job fit.

Jim is using the rational decision-making process to decide a course of action for the marketing department. While selecting a preferred alternative, a fellow worker asks, "What if something unexpected happens during the implementation of the alternative we have selected?" This type of question is an example of a. groupthink. b. planning for contingencies. c. developing marketing strategies. d. negative thinking. e. implementing the plan.

b. planning for contingencies.

The management department plans to grow based on several agreed-upon goals, but department members can't seem to agree on how the goals will actually be achieved. The management department is experiencing a. values conflict. b. process conflict. c. information conflict. d. relationship conflict. e. task conflict.

b. process conflict.

All of the following describe characteristics of employee benefits EXCEPT a. some employees demand benefits through union bargaining. b. providing employee benefits is easier for firms in the United States than for firms in other countries. c. offering benefits became a standard component of compensation during World War II. d. organizations are required by law to offer certain benefits. e. some organizations pay the entire cost of benefits.

b. providing employee benefits is easier for firms in the United States than for firms in other countries.

If a human resources manager estimates the probability that a certain percentage of employees will take advantage of a proposed benefit plan, the manager is operating under a condition of a. certainty. b. risk. c. estimation. d. rationalization. e. uncertainty.

b. risk.

A ____ is a set of expected behaviors associated with a particular position in a group or organization. a. catalyst b. role c. module d. demand e. stressor

b. role

When groupthink occurs, silence is viewed as agreement. This most directly contributes to the a. shared illusion of invulnerability. b. shared illusion of unanimity. c. unquestioned belief in the group's inherent morality. d. collective efforts to rationalize or dismiss warnings. e. stereotyped views of "enemy" leaders.

b. shared illusion of unanimity.

In the __________ phase of team implementation, enthusiasm runs high and the anticipation of employees is quite positive. a. tightly formed teams b. start-up c. self-managing teams d. reality and unrest e. leader-centered teams

b. start-up

Alfredo was one of many employees who received a generous Christmas bonus, which carried __________ value to him. a. symbolic b. surface c. intangible d. tangible e. compensation

b. surface

The feedback phase of the communication begins when the __________ the message. a. the initial sender translates b. the receiver responds to c. sender encodes d. receiver decodes e. the receiver understands

b. the receiver responds to

Group norms result from a combination of all of the following, EXCEPT a. the historical traditions of the group. b. the size of the group. c. the personality characteristics. d. the task. e. the situation.

b. the size of the group.

All of the following are key characteristics of a group EXCEPT a. there are at least 5 group members in every group. b. there is no opportunity for members to influence each other. c. There are at least 10 group members in every group. d. All of these are correct. e. there is interaction among group members.

b. there is no opportunity for members to influence each other.

In the ________ stage of Glasl's model of conflict escalation, ultimatums are made and conflict escalation accelerates. a. limited attempts to overthrow b. threat as a strategy c. together into the abyss d. fragmentation of the enemy e. burn the unbelievers

b. threat as a strategy

According to equity theory, people a. have the motivation to develop satisfying relationships. b. want to be treated fairly. c. want everything to be equal. d. compare what they get from a job with what they want from a job. e. have the motivation to improve their standard of living.

b. want to be treated fairly.

Which of the following is NOT a receiver-based barrier to communication? a. A receiver experiences information overload. b. A receiver discounts a message based on speaker credibility. c. A receiver records the message for further review. d. A receiver's translation differs from the original. e. A receiver bases attention level on values

c. A receiver records the message for further review.

The cost of teams includes which of the following factors? a. Accepting the adverse impact on the bottom line b. All of these are correct. c. Adapting to a slower process d. Relying on a hierarchical structure e. Accepting the loss of creativity

c. Adapting to a slower process

Which of the following statements best reflects the costs of teams to organizations? a. Accepting the loss of creativity b. Accepting the increased bureaucracy c. Adapting to the changes d. Processing increased worker compensation claims e. Understanding the growing distance between employees and top management

c. Adapting to the changes

Engagement is enhanced when employees a. have clear goals and roles. b. are able to use their talents. c. All of these are correct. d. have the resources needed to do a good job. e. get meaningful feedback on their performance.

c. All of these are correct.

To facilitate a telecommuting work arrangement, organizations rely on a. the employee using off-site locations. b. e-mail. c. All of these are correct. d. the Internet. e. technology.

c. All of these are correct.

Which of the following is the chief disadvantage of arbitration? a. There is a chance that the process will not end in a settlement. b. It's slower than mediation. c. At least one party is likely to be unhappy with the outcome. d. Most arbiters don't really know what they're doing. e. It's more expensive than mediation.

c. At least one party is likely to be unhappy with the outcome.

Which psychologist's work laid the foundation for the study of behavior modification? a. Abraham Maslow b. Douglas McGregor c. B.F. Skinner d. David McClelland e. Clay Alderfer

c. B.F. Skinner

Which of the following is a basic conclusion drawn from the current research about international management? a. None of these are correct. b. Behavior in organizational settings does not vary across cultures. c. Behavior in organizational settings varies across cultures. d. Organizational structures are typically different across cultures. e. Organizational structures dictate behavior across cultures.

c. Behavior in organizational settings varies across cultures.

According to research, the common attributes of creative individuals include which of the following? a. Living in a highly developed country b. Being forced to work at a very young age c. Being raised in an environment that nurtured creativity d. Having fewer brothers and sisters e. Changing basic personality attributes as a teenager

c. Being raised in an environment that nurtured creativity

What does "BATNA" stand for, as it relates to conflict resolution? a. Battered by Accelerating Tensions? Negotiate Away! b. By Afternoon, The Negotiator Adjourns c. Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement d. Before Arguing, Try Negotiating an Agreement e. Biggest Advantage To Negotiating Anything

c. Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement

Which of the "Big Five" personality dimensions is associated with being thorough and organized? a. Extroversion b. Neuroticism c. Conscientiousness d. Openness e. Agreeableness

c. Conscientiousness

__________ have a learning style that enables them to excel in technical tasks. a. Accommodators b. Investigators c. Convergers d. Divergers e. Assimilators

c. Convergers

Paul, a new hire in the traffic department of an advertising agency, has little confidence in his ability and believes he only got the job because his uncle is the owner of the firm. According to the path-goal theory of leadership, what type of leadership style is Paul most likely to prefer? a. Achievement-oriented b. Participative c. Directive d. Supportive e. Cooperative

c. Directive

__________ diversity refers to differences in the concentration of valuable social assets or resources such as rank, pay, decision-making authority, and status. a. Ethnocentrism b. Variety c. Disparity d. Separation e. Token

c. Disparity

Which of the following is advised to effectively resolve conflicts in the workplace? a. Meeting separately with people having conflict b. Demeaning the other party c. Expressing emotions honestly d. Winning at all costs e. Retaliating

c. Expressing emotions honestly

__________ is the portion of communication that enables a receiver to indicate receipt and understanding of a message. a. Decoding b. Encoding c. Feedback d. Symbolism e. Noise

c. Feedback

What typically fuels relationship conflict? a. Interpersonal similarities b. Organizational differences c. Interpersonal differences d. None of these are correct. e. Cultural similarities

c. Interpersonal differences

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of negotiation? a. Parties involved can be groups or individuals. b. It can involve more than two parties. c. It is fairly consistent across cultures. d. Parties involved typically have different preferences. e. It is primarily about compromise.

c. It is fairly consistent across cultures.

Which of the following statements does NOT describe individualistic cultures? a. People are more concerned with themselves than with their work groups. b. Promotion is based on skills and rules. c. It is important to fit in with the group. d. It is important to stand out in the crowd. e. Tasks are more important than relationships.

c. It is important to fit in with the group.

Which of the following types of noise occurs when overly technical language prevents the receiver from understanding the message? a. Semantics b. Loss of transmission c. Jargon d. Ambiguity e. None of these are correct.

c. Jargon

A company is open for business from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., five days a week, and it wants to hire two people to fill one forty-hour-per-week position at the company. Which of the following best describes an alternative work schedule that could suit this organization's circumstances? a. Extended work schedule b. Alternative workplaces c. Job sharing d. Compressed workweek e. Job characteristics approach

c. Job sharing

__________ workers are hired because of what they have learned through specialized training. a. Tiered b. Outsourced c. Knowledge d. Contingent e. Offshore

c. Knowledge

Which of the following is NOT an important leadership skill in a virtual project team or distance management situation? a. Building community among team members b. Establishing a clear and motivating shared vision c. Leading with directness and focusing on abstract results d. Communicating effectively and matching technology to the situation e. Coordinating and collaborating across organizational boundaries

c. Leading with directness and focusing on abstract results

Which concept refers to the degree to which a person generally considers herself responsible for the things that happen to her? a. Self-esteem b. Authoritarianism c. Locus of control d. Neuroticism e. Extroversion

c. Locus of control

Which of the following occurs when a message is not decoded by the receiver in the way the sender intended? a. None of these are correct. b. Information overload c. Misperception d. Selective perception e. Filtering

c. Misperception

The ____ indicator is among the most popular personality selection instruments used today in business. a. Anderson-Porter b. Jung-Freud c. Myers-Briggs d. Briggs-Jung e. Porter-Myers

c. Myers-Briggs

Which of the following is true about brainstorming? a. Implausible ideas should not be suggested. b. The number of ideas should be limited. c. None of these are correct. d. Ideas should be criticized and judged quickly. e. Ideas should not be written down.

c. None of these are correct.

A manager who groups jobs into units is performing which of the following functions of management? a. Leading b. Supervising c. Organizing d. Planning e. Controlling

c. Organizing

Which of the following refers to the perceived fairness of the way the outcome was generated? a. Managerial fairness b. Interactional fairness c. Procedural fairness d. Organizational fairness e. Distributive fairness

c. Procedural fairness

Which of the following types of task interdependence has the most communication requirements? a. Sequential interdependence b. Verbal interdependence c. Reciprocal interdependence d. Nonverbal interdependence e. Pooled interdependence

c. Reciprocal interdependence

Which of the following types of task interdependence requires constant communication and mutual adjustment for task completion? a. Sequential interdependence b. Nonverbal interdependence c. Reciprocal interdependence d. Pooled interdependence e. Verbal interdependence

c. Reciprocal interdependence

Which type of conflict arises due to interpersonal issues? a. Process conflict b. Task conflict c. Relationship conflict d. Values conflict e. Information conflict

c. Relationship conflict

Jim has the ability to balance anxiety, fear, and anger and still get the job done. Jim possesses which component of emotional intelligence? a. Locus of control b. Empathy c. Self-management d. Self-motivation e. Self-awareness

c. Self-management

Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions of emotional intelligence? a. Self-management b. Self-motivation c. Self-preservation d. Empathy e. Social skills

c. Self-preservation

Seline runs a small company that sells medical software. She has devised a process that enables her company to develop new versions of the software quickly and with almost no bugs. However, Seline believes that the success of this process hinges on her company's unique makeup and the type of product it produces; she does not believe that most software companies would be able to use her process to any great effect. Seline's views embody which of the following perspectives? a. Pessimistic b. Interactional c. Situational d. Universal e. Scientific

c. Situational

Which management perspective states that one leadership style will not always be effective in enhancing employee satisfaction and job performance in every circumstance? a. Behavioral perspective b. Interactional perspective c. Situational perspective d. Classical perspective e. Universal perspective

c. Situational perspective

Which dimension of self-efficacy refers to beliefs about how confident the person is that the task can be accomplished? a. Magnitude b. Corporality c. Strength d. Power e. Generality

c. Strength

What is the best reason to create teams in an organization? a. Teams are always well received by employees. b. Teams are increasing in popularity. c. Teams make sense for that organization. d. The competition is also implementing teams. e. They can increase productivity almost immediately.

c. Teams make sense for that organization.

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe technology? a. Technology has widespread effects on the behavior of people in the organization. b. Technology is causing a shift toward a service-based economy. c. Technology combines and transforms resources into outcomes. d. Technology provides a competitive advantage. e. Technology is a major driver for organizational change.

c. Technology combines and transforms resources into outcomes.

Which of the following statements describes the "Big Five" personality traits? a. The "Big Five" personality traits are not applicable in most workplace settings. b. The "Big Five" personality traits are identical to the Myers-Brigg indicators. c. The "Big Five" personality traits are dimensions that represent fundamental personality traits. d. The "Big Five" personality traits are considered poor predictors of employee behaviors. e. The "Big Five" personality traits are dimensions that reflect whether someone is considered to be Type A or Type B.

c. The "Big Five" personality traits are dimensions that represent fundamental personality traits.

Which of the following demonstrates deep-level diversity? a. The people who volunteer for the local animal shelter have a wide variety of expertise that they use to help fundraise for the organization. b. The marketing team has five members, but only Gary has a specific job title that he can put on his resume. c. The Chicago Bulls basketball team is made up of players with a variety of personal values. d. The Milwaukee Brewers baseball team has players with a variety of nationalities. e. The manufacturing team at Revlon responsible for making and packaging makeup is comprised of people of a variety of ages.

c. The Chicago Bulls basketball team is made up of players with a variety of personal values.

Susan is on the organization's hiring committee, but she did not recommend hiring any of the three candidates interviewed for the open management position, because none of them indicated they would be job-centered leaders. Which leadership approach is Susan most closely following? a. The trait approach to leadership b. The LPC theory of leadership c. The Michigan behavioral studies d. The focus approach to leadership e. Vroom's decision tree

c. The Michigan behavioral studies

Which method is being used when multiple groups discuss issues separately and then discuss them together, to better synthesize different viewpoints into a common framework? a. The diabolical method b. The diverse group technique c. The dialectical method d. The devil's advocate method e. The Delphi method

c. The dialectical method

What is the most important factor in maximizing the positive effects of a diverse workforce within an organization? a. Support from lower-level managers b. A clearly written policy manual c. Top management support d. Labor unions e. Affirmative action

c. Top management support

Age-based diversity is a. an issue organizations experienced in the past, but it is not impacting organizations today. b. difficult to achieve in the workplace, since older people rarely look for work. c. a major issue affecting organizations today, as there is a large increase in older workers. d. not beneficial to organizations, since different age groups do not work well together. e. not a goal for organizations today, since there is little value to seek this type of diversity.

c. a major issue affecting organizations today, as there is a large increase in older workers.

The choice of which behaviors to reward is a function of the __________ system. a. performance measurement b. managerial c. compensation d. total quality management e. performance management

c. compensation

A manager who recognizes how various tasks within an organization interrelate and contribute toward achieving broad corporate goals is demonstrating strong a. diagnostic skills. b. interpersonal skills. c. conceptual skills. d. technical skills. e. problem-solving skills.

c. conceptual skills.

All of the following are steps in an individual's formation of equity perceptions EXCEPT a. forming perceptions of how a comparison other is being treated. b. comparing their own circumstances with those of a comparison other. c. confronting the comparison other with any inequity. d. making a choice to pursue equity-restoring options. e. evaluating how they are being treated.

c. confronting the comparison other with any inequity.

One conclusion of the Ohio State studies was that a leader who focuses on subordinates' feelings and ideas is exhibiting a. task-oriented leader behavior. b. initiating-structure behavior. c. consideration behavior. d. employee-centered leader behavior. e. job-centered leader behavior.

c. consideration behavior.

According to Vroom, a manager who presents a problem to group members at a meeting, gets their suggestions, and then makes the decision is using a _________ style of subordinate participation. a. decide b. delegate c. consult (group) d. consult (individually) e. facilitate

c. consult (group)

According to Vroom, a manager who presents a program to group members individually, obtains their suggestions, and then makes the decision is using a _________ style of subordinate participation. a. delegate b. decide c. consult (individually) d. facilitate e. consult (group)

c. consult (individually)

A homogeneous group tends to be less productive than a heterogeneous group in situations where a. quick action is required. b. cooperation is needed. c. creativity is required. d. group tasks are simple. e. group tasks are sequential.

c. creativity is required.

According to Vroom, a manager who allows a group to define for itself the exact nature and parameters of a problem and then develop a solution is using a _________ style of subordinate participation. a. consult (individually) b. consult (group) c. delegate d. facilitate e. decide

c. delegate

A defining characteristic of a tiered workforce is __________. a. employees are paid the same wages for doing the same type of tasks b. employees who do the same type of tasks work different hours/shifts c. employees are paid different wages for doing the same types of tasks d. employees who do the same type of tasks work the same hours/shifts e. None of these are correct.

c. employees are paid different wages for doing the same types of tasks

The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) recently upheld a decision regarding pay secrecy that states that a. employers may openly discuss salary information but employees may not. b. discussion of salaries is not a right protected under the National Labor Relations Act. c. employers cannot enforce a rule that forbids employees from discussing their salaries. d. state governments may not publicize the salaries of their employees. e. employers must keep all salary information secret.

c. employers cannot enforce a rule that forbids employees from discussing their salaries.

A manager fulfills the primary role of a leader by a. choosing the best resources to most effectively and efficiently produce the organization's product or service. b. verifying the quality of resources that pass through the organization. c. encouraging workers to increase productivity. d. identifying the various suppliers the organization will utilize to acquire resources. e. determining how organizational resources will be released in the environment.

c. encouraging workers to increase productivity.

According to the job characteristics theory, the degree to which the job activities provide information about the effectiveness of performance is called a. task identity. b. skill identity. c. feedback. d. skill variety. e. task variety.

c. feedback.

A __________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced after a certain amount of time has passed. a. variable-ratio b. continuous c. fixed-interval d. variable-interval e. fixed-ratio

c. fixed-interval

Psychological consequences of stress include all of the following EXCEPT a. sleeping too much. b. family problems. c. headaches. d. not sleeping enough. e. depression.

c. headaches.

Goal setting can be motivating, especially if the individual employee a. has already accomplished similar goals. b. will receive a monetary reward for accomplishing the goals. c. helps to set the goals. d. None of these is correct. e. feels the goal is very easy to achieve.

c. helps to set the goals.

When cohesiveness is __________ and norms are highly compatible with organizational goals, productivity is the highest. a. moderate b. present c. high d. fluctuating e. low

c. high

All of the following are true of large groups EXCEPT a. large groups have formalized interactions. b. large groups set agendas. c. large do not set many rules or regulations. d. large groups offer more social interactions. e. large groups follow parliamentary procedures.

c. large do not set many rules or regulations.

All of the following are true about stereotypes EXCEPT that they a. are based on certain characteristics or traits. b. ignore the current situation. c. lead to an appreciation of individual differences. d. are generalizations. e. ignore the specific person.

c. lead to an appreciation of individual differences.

Emotional intelligence involves all of the following EXCEPT a. self-awareness. b. social skills. c. locus of control. d. emotion management. e. self-motivation.

c. locus of control.

Organizations typically conduct performance appraisals a. more frequently for older employees than for younger ones. b. when the manager asks for one. c. once a year. d. when the employee asks for one. e. quarterly.

c. once a year.

Employees who feel the need to protect their own career prospects by impeding the prospects of others are experiencing a. the "like me" bias. b. ethnocentrism. c. perceived threat of loss. d. unequal access to organizational networks. e. prejudices.

c. perceived threat of loss.

Sara tries to always be on time for work because she once saw her supervisor give someone an award for good attendance. Sara is exhibiting learning through a. punishment. b. extinction. c. positive reinforcement. d. a stimulus-response mechanism. e. avoidance.

c. positive reinforcement.

Leadership as a _________ refers to set of characteristics attributed to those who are perceived to use noncoercive influence successfully. a. possession b. privilege c. property d. process e. personality

c. property

All of the following are signs of burnout EXCEPT a. dreading going to work. b. putting in long hours, but getting little accomplished. c. strenuous exercise. d. mental exhaustion. e. physical exhaustion.

c. strenuous exercise.

All of the following are examples of an interpersonal demand stressor EXCEPT a. personalities. b. leadership style. c. strenuous labor. d. group norms. e. behavior expectations.

c. strenuous labor.

The definition of leadership includes all of the following EXCEPT a. a set of characteristics attributed to certain people. b. the ability to affect the perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes of others. c. the effective use of force and/or coercion. d. that it is both a process and a property. e. the use of noncoercive influence.

c. the effective use of force and/or coercion.

Which of the following is more closely associated with leadership than with management? a. Setting budgets b. Approving payroll c. Conducting performance reviews d. Building trust e. Organizing departments

d. Building trust

Which of the following is NOT a relaxation technique for coping with work stress? a. Taking a short rest break b. Taking a nap c. Taking a vacation d. Calmly making a "to-do" list e. Sitting quietly with eyes closed

d. Calmly making a "to-do" list

Gustav, an entry-level employee, feels his manager holds him to a much higher standard than others in the department. He sees Gladys, a manager in another department, in the hall, and he stops to ask her for advice about how to deal with what he perceives to be unfair treatment from his manager. This is an example of which of the following types of communication? a. Downward b. Horizontal c. None of these are correct. d. Diagonal e. Lateral

d. Diagonal

Why are flexible reward systems becoming an increasingly popular form of compensation systems? a. The flexible reward system allows the organization to trade off salary increases for benefit increases as ways of rewarding the employee. b. Organizations get fewer benefits for their dollar than with standard approaches, but their employees are more satisfied. c. Flexible systems require less administrative time to develop and maintain than conventional approaches. d. Employees value flexible reward systems and may develop strong loyalty and attachment to an employer who provides them. e. Flexible reward systems allow the organization to standardize the benefits package for all employees.

d. Employees value flexible reward systems and may develop strong loyalty and attachment to an employer who provides them.

Equity theory provides several insights for managerial applications to everyday situations in the workplace. Which of the following is NOT a principle of equity theory? a. The basis for organizational rewards should be clearly communicated to employees. b. Employees' perceptions may differ from the manager's perceptions. c. People tend to take a multifaceted view of the rewards they receive from the organization. d. Formal and informal organizational rewards are equally observable to individuals when formulating equity perceptions. e. People base their experience of equity on their perceptions, which don't necessarily match reality.

d. Formal and informal organizational rewards are equally observable to individuals when formulating equity perceptions.

Pam, a human resources manager, is frustrated that the company's slow computer network seems to be hurting overall productivity in the company. She schedules a meeting with Vladimir, a digital technology manager in the company, to discuss the problem and try to develop some solutions. This is an example of which of the following types of communication? a. Diagonal b. Downward c. Upward d. Horizontal e. None of these are correct.

d. Horizontal

Studies show that listening to employees and building trust with them does what? a. Increases the number of product lines b. Decreases the number of product lines c. Raises prices d. Improves organization's earnings e. Lowers prices

d. Improves organization's earnings

________ conflict occurs when people are misinformed or interpret things differently. a. Task b. Relationship c. Values d. Information e. Process

d. Information

Which of the following is true about intuition? a. It is largely arbitrary. b. All of these are correct. c. It's not based on rationality. d. It evolves over time. e. It's similar to guessing.

d. It evolves over time.

Which of the following does NOT describe a typical characteristic that occurs during the social process of communication? a. It involves two or more people. b. It takes place over time. c. It is not an instantaneous event. d. It requires face-to-face interaction. e. It allows information exchange.

d. It requires face-to-face interaction.

Which of the following is NOT a recommended way to restore feelings of equity in the workplace? a. Reduce one's own inputs b. Choose a different comparison-other who gives a better ratio c. Leave the situation d. Try to convince the comparison-other to reduce his or her inputs e. Increase one's own outcomes

d. Try to convince the comparison-other to reduce his or her inputs

Which of the following is considered to be a failure of the behavioral approach to studying leadership? a. The results of related studies were inconsistent. b. It only identified important leader behaviors. c. It did not move the field beyond the traditional trait theory approach. d. It tried to specify a set of leader behaviors that would be effective in all situations. e. It was too complicated for practical use.

d. It tried to specify a set of leader behaviors that would be effective in all situations.

Which of the following is an example of a job design technique? a. Job creation b. Job expectancy c. Job realization d. Job enlargement e. Job equity

d. Job enlargement

Which of the following describes 360-degree feedback? a. Using 360-degree feedback has several key advantages and virtually no disadvantages. b. Traditional evaluations are usually more effective than 360-degree systems. c. Evaluators in a 360-degree system tend to focus on objective performance. d. Managers are likely to hear some personal comments on sensitive topics. e. Very few companies have adopted 360-degree systems.

d. Managers are likely to hear some personal comments on sensitive topics.

In the study of groupthink, which of the following terms refers to self-appointed members who shield the group from conflicting information? a. Group poles b. Risky shifters c. Self-censors d. Mindguards e. Group rationalizers

d. Mindguards

Jane welcomes new ideas and change. Jane's supervisor tends to resist any kind of change. Jane and her supervisor differ in their level of which personality trait described in the Big Five personality framework? a. Neuroticism b. Locus of control c. Self-efficacy d. Openness e. Agreeableness

d. Openness

Organizations pursuing a strategy of keeping costs and prices low usually try to develop a competitive advantage using which of the following? a. Cost analysis b. Product innovation c. Employee training d. Operational excellence e. Differentiation

d. Operational excellence

Which of the following is NOT recommended as a guideline to give more effective presentations in the workplace? a. End with a bang. b. Rely on notes as little as possible. c. Spend some time establishing rapport with the audience. d. Pace back and forth while making eye contact with the audience. e. Channel nervous energy into enthusiasm.

d. Pace back and forth while making eye contact with the audience.

Which of the following statements describes performance measurement that has a developmental orientation? a. A developmental orientation entails a focus on past performance. b. Developmental performance measurement focuses on an employee's growth since the last appraisal. c. A developmental orientation helps managers punish undesirable behaviors and demote low-performing employees. d. Performance appraisals with a developmental orientation provide information for future performance improvement. e. Developmental performance appraisals are used to determine wages and pay raises.

d. Performance appraisals with a developmental orientation provide information for future performance improvement.

__________ is the extent to which a decision maker is willing to gamble when making a decision. a. Leadership style b. Individual stressors c. Organizational culture d. Risk propensity e. Individual ethics

d. Risk propensity

Which of the following is an example of a hypothesis? a. I wonder if there is a relationship between goal setting and productivity. b. A researcher found a 0.8 correlation between goal setting and productivity. c. Personally, I am more productive when I set goals. d. Setting a goal will be positively related to the number of products assembled. e. There is no way to determine whether goal setting is positively or negatively related to productivity.

d. Setting a goal will be positively related to the number of products assembled.

According to the rational decision-making approach, what is the first step of the decision-making process? a. Determine the decision type b. Evaluate alternatives c. Identify the problem d. State the situational goal e. Generate alternatives

d. State the situational goal

__________ refers to observable characteristics in people, such as race, age, ethnicity, physical abilities, and gender. a. Deep-level diversity b. Ethnocentrism c. All-level diversity d. Surface-level diversity e. Cultural competence

d. Surface-level diversity

Why do younger workers seem to benefit from team environments? a. Teams increase employees' respect for authority. b. Individuals receive more recognition in team environments. c. Supervision in teams is increased. d. Teams give them freedom to grow and manage themselves. e. Workers receive higher wages in team environments.

d. Teams give them freedom to grow and manage themselves.

Which of the following demonstrates surface-level diversity? a. The marketing team has five members, but only Gary has a specific job title that he can put on his resume. b. The Chicago Bulls basketball team is made up of players with a variety of personal values. c. The Milwaukee Brewers baseball team has players with a variety of personality traits. d. The manufacturing team at Revlon responsible for making and packaging makeup is comprised of people of a variety of ages, races, and nationalities. e. The people who volunteer for the local animal shelter have a wide variety of expertise they use to help fundraise for the organization.

d. The manufacturing team at Revlon responsible for making and packaging makeup is comprised of people of a variety of ages, races, and nationalities.

Which of the following communication media has the highest level of media richness? a. Email b. Telephone c. Instant messaging d. Videoconferencing e. Formal written correspondence

d. Videoconferencing

William is a member of a small group of employees from different work areas. They meet once each week in William's office, primarily to discuss and make suggestions to address workplace issues. This group is a. a global team. b. a venture team. c. a virtual team. d. a problem-solving team. e. None of these are correct.

d. a problem-solving team.

Norms are a. two or more people interacting with and influencing each other. b. a set of expected behaviors associated with a position. c. the sum of the activities of individuals. d. a standard against which the appropriateness of a behavior is judged. e. a tendency toward a particular set of behaviors.

d. a standard against which the appropriateness of a behavior is judged.

According to the framework presented by David McClelland, the desire to master complex tasks or to do things more efficiently is called a need for a. empowerment. b. status. c. power. d. achievement. e. affiliation.

d. achievement.

Research by Edwin Locke assumes that behavior is a result of a. the requirements established by the organization. b. the internal organizational forces to increase profits. c. None of these are correct. d. conscious goals and intentions. e. the organizational culture.

d. conscious goals and intentions.

To help prevent groupthink, leaders should assign the role of __________ to each group member to allow each member to freely voice objections and doubts. a. unquestioned believer b. warning dismisser c. risky shifter d. critical evaluator e. mindguard

d. critical evaluator

Ignoring issues related to diversity can be costly to organizations because it can lead to a. None of these are correct. b. increased tension among workers. c. lower productivity. d. decreased turnover. e. an increase in employee lawsuits.

d. decreased turnover.

One conclusion of the University of Michigan studies was that a leader who attempts to build effective work groups with high performance goals is exhibiting a. initiating-structure behavior. b. task-oriented leader behavior. c. consideration behavior. d. employee-centered leader behavior. e. job-centered leader behavior.

d. employee-centered leader behavior.

The scientific management view of motivation includes all of the following assumptions EXCEPT a. work is inherently unpleasant. b. incentive pay systems are recommended. c. the nature of the work is not important. d. employees want to feel useful and important. e. employees are motivated by money.

d. employees want to feel useful and important.

An organizational decision maker assesses conditions of certainty, uncertainty, and risk during the process of a. determining the decision type. b. identifying the problem. c. generating alternatives. d. evaluating alternatives. e. stating the situational goal.

d. evaluating alternatives.

In the ________ stage of Glasl's model of conflict escalation, the goal becomes destruction and dissolution of the system. a. together into the abyss b. threat as a strategy c. limited attempts to overthrow d. fragmentation of the enemy e. burn the unbelievers

d. fragmentation of the enemy

Research has shown that managers who have good conflict resolution skills __________ than managers who don't. a. fare no better b. quit less often c. get fewer promotions d. get more promotions e. None of these are correct.

d. get more promotions

Flextime is a work schedule arrangement that a. allows workers to miss more than their normally allotted sick days. b. gives employees a say in deciding which hours a company is open for business. c. allows workers to work a full forty-hour week in less than five days. d. gives employees more personal control over the hours they work each day. e. lets employees choose their days off in advance.

d. gives employees more personal control over the hours they work each day.

Expansions on goal-setting theory argue that goal-directed effort is a function of four goal attributes: goal acceptance, goal commitment, goal specificity and a. goal prevalence. b. goal clarity. c. goal attainability. d. goal difficulty. e. goal importance.

d. goal difficulty.

In a highly collectivist culture, performance appraisals should be focused on a. competitive analysis with coworkers. b. individual effort and results. c. accurate collection of information. d. group performance and feedback. e. 360-degree feedback.

d. group performance and feedback.

The collaborating strategy entails a _________ concern for one's own interests and a high concern for the interests of the other party. a. fluctuating b. low c. variable d. high e. moderate

d. high

When a large-scale layoff is announced at the company Bill works for, all of the workers, including Bill, begin to complain. According to attribution theory, Bill's behavior exhibits a. low consensus. b. high consistency. c. low consistency. d. high consensus. e. high distinctiveness.

d. high consensus.

After World War I, organizations shifted their attention away from scientific management to understanding the role of __________ . a. gender and sexual harassment b. law and politics c. religion and spirituality d. human factors and psychology e. managerial corruption

d. human factors and psychology

The __________ variable in an experiment is the predictor, which researchers expect is affecting another factor. a. interdependent b. codependent c. dependent d. independent e. measured

d. independent

An innate belief about something without conscious consideration is called a. groupthink. b. escalation of commitment. c. coalition. d. intuition. e. self-reaction.

d. intuition.

The path-goal theory and the LPC model both state that a. leadership effectiveness is based on a set of traits possessed by effective leaders. b. leadership effectiveness is based on a set of behaviors exhibited by a leader. c. leadership effectiveness can occur only with strong task-oriented approaches. d. leadership effectiveness depends on characteristics of the situation. e. leadership effectiveness is not based on the circumstances of the situation.

d. leadership effectiveness depends on characteristics of the situation.

In a _________ culture, if an employee asks a manager for a raise and the answer is no, the manager might explicitly say no. a. closed b. high-context c. collectivistic d. low-context e. None of these are correct.

d. low-context

The further a conflict escalates, the ___________ to reverse it. a. None of these are correct. b. less challenging it will be c. more opportunities there are d. more challenging it will be e. more likely you will be able

d. more challenging it will be

Teams differ from groups in that teams a. place little emphasis on common objectives. b. are usually temporary. c. pursue multiple goals. d. place more emphasis on concerted action than groups do. e. are usually larger than groups.

d. place more emphasis on concerted action than groups do.

Bullying costs employers through which of the following? a. Higher disability insurance rates b. A tarnished reputation c. Higher workers' compensation costs d. Higher turnover e. All of these are correct.

e. All of these are correct.

A key difference between the Ohio State studies and the University of Michigan studies on leadership is that the Michigan study a. identified only two categories of leadership behavior. b. saw the various defined dimensions as independent of one another. c. placed all defined dimensions of leadership behavior on the same side of a single continuum. d. placed the defined dimensions of leadership behavior on opposite ends of a single continuum. e. placed the defined dimensions of leadership behavior in a grid.

d. placed the defined dimensions of leadership behavior on opposite ends of a single continuum.

Mismanaging diversity is likely to result in all of the following EXCEPT a. reduced motivation. b. reduced innovation. c. costly lawsuits. d. reduced turnover. e. increased absenteeism.

d. reduced turnover.

In __________, the decision maker examines alternatives only until a solution that meets minimal requirements is found. a. compromising b. narrowing c. suboptimizing d. satisficing e. optimizing

d. satisficing

All of the following are examples of body language EXCEPT a. smiling. b. sitting back with arms folded. c. frowning. d. shouting. e. making eye contact.

d. shouting.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects a dramatic increase in workers between the ages of __________ in the United States during the next decade. a. forty and fifty b. sixteen and twenty c. twenty and thirty d. sixty-five and older e. thirty and forty

d. sixty-five and older

Job satisfaction tends to __________ over time. a. fluctuate randomly b. increase c. None of these are correct. d. stay constant e. decrease

d. stay constant

A moderate degree of workload-related stress can a. result in apathy. b. overload the nervous system. c. increase anxiety. d. stimulate energy and motivation. e. weaken the physical system.

d. stimulate energy and motivation.

When applying concepts of __________, the decision maker knowingly accepts less than the best possible outcome. a. compromising b. optimizing c. narrowing d. suboptimizing e. satisficing

d. suboptimizing

According to the path-goal theory, a __________ leader is friendly and shows concern for subordinates' well-being. a. cooperative b. participative c. directive d. supportive e. surface

d. supportive

A group of managers cannot agree on what next month's sales goals should be. The group is experiencing a. values conflict. b. process conflict. c. relationship conflict. d. task conflict. e. information conflict.

d. task conflict.

All of the following are features of group discussion that contribute to group polarization EXCEPT a. members will accept a more radical decision from their own. b. members may feel they are not individually responsible. c. group members could take an extreme view of an opinion. d. task uncertainty can be impacted by the decision. e. persuasive arguments can encourage polarization.

d. task uncertainty can be impacted by the decision.

People tend to associate beauty with other positive characteristics. This phenomenon is an example of a. stereotyping. b. the contrast effect. c. first impression bias. d. the halo effect. e. projection.

d. the halo effect.

General mental ability tests examine which of the following? a. Perceptual ability b. Verbal reasoning c. Mathematical reasoning d. Logic e. All of these are correct.

e. All of these are correct.

Individuals who are targeted by bullies sometimes suffer from which of the following? a. Post-traumatic stress b. Clinical depression c. Panic attacks d. Debilitating anxiety e. All of these are correct.

e. All of these are correct.

According to the acquired needs framework, high-need achievers are not effective top managers because a. top managers have a high need for human companionship, and high-need achievers do not. b. top managers are required to have too much formal education, which would not interest high-need achievers. c. top managers need to make risky decisions, and high-need achievers don't like to take any risks. d. top managers seldom receive immediate feedback, which high-need achievers seek. e. top managers are not able to delegate tasks, and high-need achievers prefer to delegate as much work to others as possible.

d. top managers seldom receive immediate feedback, which high-need achievers seek.

Interpersonal value conflict occurs when a. two different people hold parallel values. b. highly ranked instrumental and terminal values are parallel. c. None of these are correct. d. two different people hold contradictory values. e. highly ranked instrumental and terminal values contradict.

d. two different people hold contradictory values.

Extrinsic work values are defined as a. values related to the types of work you do. b. values related to your family. c. values that give you a lot of job responsibility. d. values related to the outcomes of the work. e. values that give you challenging opportunities at work.

d. values related to the outcomes of the work.

According to the LPC theory, a situation that has high position power, low task structure, and poor leader-member relations is a. moderately favorable. b. maximally favorable. c. very favorable. d. very unfavorable. e. maximally unfavorable.

d. very unfavorable.

Uncertainty avoidance refers to the extent to which a. aggressiveness is emphasized. b. acquisition of money and things is emphasized. c. authority is respected. d. workers prefer unambiguous situations. e. workers focus on the future.

d. workers prefer unambiguous situations.

Which of the following is more closely associated with management than with leadership? a. Coaching b. Presenting a vision c. Building culture d. Motivating e. Acquiring resources

e. Acquiring resources

Which of the following is a dimension of diversity? a. Gender b. Sexual orientation c. Mental abilities d. Age e. All of these are correct

e. All of these are correct

Being tolerant of ambiguity is related to which of the following? a. Creativity b. None of these are correct. c. Positive attitudes toward risk d. Orientation to diversity e. All of these are correct.

e. All of these are correct.

The rational decision-making approach assumes decision makers a. work in an organization that encourages logical choices. b. are systematic in their approach to decisions. c. have complete information. d. are objective. e. All of these are correct.

e. All of these are correct.

Which of the following is a component of cultural competence? a. Awareness of one's own cultural worldview b. Knowledge of different worldviews and cultural practices c. Attitude toward cultural differences d. Cross-cultural skills e. All of these are correct.

e. All of these are correct.

A researcher studying the relationship between age and diversity awareness finds a negative correlation. What do the researcher's results suggest? a. As age increases, diversity awareness increases. b. The study was inconclusive. c. As age decreases, diversity awareness decreases. d. A person's age doesn't affect his or her level of diversity awareness. e. As age increases, diversity awareness decreases.

e. As age increases, diversity awareness decreases.

Walmart is famous for exemplifying the cost leadership strategy. Which of the following is Walmart likely NOT to do? a. Keep expenses as low as possible b. Keep prices as low as possible c. Automate as many jobs as possible d. Rely heavily on low-wage employees e. Automate as few jobs as possible

e. Automate as few jobs as possible

Which of the following is NOT suggested as a guideline to more effectively use email as a channel of communication in the workplace? a. Avoid unprofessional email addresses. b. Avoid criticizing others via email. c. Avoid using "reply all" and "cc" unless absolutely necessary. d. Avoid using email for delivering personal news. e. Avoid concise subject lines

e. Avoid concise subject lines

Which of the following is typically NOT a difficult managerial decision? a. Opening a business b. Deciding which new product to launch c. Buying or selling a business d. Hiring and firing e. Creating work schedules

e. Creating work schedules

__________ refers to individual factors that cannot be seen directly, such as goals, values, personalities, decision-making styles, knowledge, skills, abilities, and attitudes. a. Cultural competence b. All-level diversity c. Surface-level diversity d. Ethnocentrism e. Deep-level diversity

e. Deep-level diversity

Formal communication does NOT include which of the following types of workplace communication? a. Downward b. Horizontal c. Upward d. Any of these can be formal communications. e. Diagonal

e. Diagonal

In which stage of the GAS do people typically experience feelings of no longer being able to cope with the stressor? a. Resistance b. Alarm c. Deflation d. Realization e. Exhaustion

e. Exhaustion

__________ theory assumes that people are motivated to work toward a goal when they want to achieve the outcome and also think they have the ability and means to achieve it. a. Perception b. Attribution c. Reinforcement d. Equity e. Expectancy

e. Expectancy

Which of the following is an example of a diagnostic skill? a. Designing a new logo for a major advertising client b. Providing negative feedback to an employee in a way that will correct her behavior without discouraging her c. Deciding whether or not to undertake a risky acquisition d. Writing software code for a new search engine e. Figuring out why the number of quality applicants to a five-star restaurant is decreasing

e. Figuring out why the number of quality applicants to a five-star restaurant is decreasing

Receiving a $10 bonus for every fifth sale is an example of which schedule of reinforcement? a. Continuous b. Variable-ratio c. Fixed-ratio d. Variable-interval e. Fixed-interval

e. Fixed-interval

Which of the following is NOT a stage of group development? a. Motivation and productivity b. Communication and decision making c. Control and organization d. Mutual acceptance e. Friendship and social interaction

e. Friendship and social interaction

An internal locus of control is NOT positively related to which of the following? a. Greater job satisfaction b. More career success c. Better job performance d. Greater job commitment e. Higher work-family conflict

e. Higher work-family conflict

Vroom's decision tree approach to leadership focuses primarily on which of the following aspects of leader behavior? a. Streamlining communication patterns b. Clarifying the lines of authority for all employees c. Meeting subordinates' personal needs d. Balancing task and relationship activities equally e. Including subordinates in the decision-making process

e. Including subordinates in the decision-making process

What term refers to a website stored on a computer that is connected to other company computers by an internal network? a. Extranet b. World Wide Web c. Internet d. Collaboration software e. Intranet

e. Intranet

Which of the following statements is NOT true about continuous reinforcement? a. Extinction sets in quickly when reinforcement is removed. b. It is the process of reinforcing behavior every time it occurs. c. It is an effective means for increasing the frequency of desired behavior. d. It requires that managers monitor every behavior of an employee and provide effective reinforcement. e. It is not considered to be effective.

e. It is not considered to be effective.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of constructive conflict? a. It can promote healthy competition. b. It can result in higher-quality decisions. c. It can energize behavior. d. It can stimulate new ideas. e. It works best when people focus on emotions.

e. It works best when people focus on emotions.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of programmed decisions? a. Goals are clear and well-known. b. Specific methods for handling them exist. c. They are highly structured. d. Information is readily available. e. Judgment and creativity are the basis of solution.

e. Judgment and creativity are the basis of solution.

Which of the following types of noise refers to the total failure of the medium being used for communication, such as a dropped phone call or disconnected Internet connection? a. Jargon b. None of these are correct. c. Ambiguity d. Semantics e. Loss of transmission

e. Loss of transmission

Which of the following is an effective conflict resolution behavior? a. Demeaning the other party b. Avoiding the conflict c. Winning at all costs d. Displaying anger e. None of these are correct.

e. None of these are correct.

Which of the following describes the reverse mentoring technique? a. Pairing a senior employee with a junior employee to transfer the skills of the senior employee to the junior employee b. None of these are correct c. Pairing a senior employee with a junior employee so that each can learn about a different group in the workforce d. Pairing a senior employee with a junior employee so that both can learn skills from each other e. Pairing a senior employee with a junior employee to transfer the skills of the junior employee to the senior employee

e. Pairing a senior employee with a junior employee to transfer the skills of the junior employee to the senior employee

What term refers to the fit between an individual's abilities, values, and personality, and her profession? a. Person-group fit b. None of these are correct. c. Person-organization fit d. Person-job fit e. Person-vocation fit

e. Person-vocation fit

Which conflict resolution behavior entails attempting to put yourself in the other person's position and understand that person's point of view? a. Reaching out b. Smoothing c. Focusing on interests d. Documenting e. Perspective taking

e. Perspective taking

Which of the following is a cultural dimension identified by Hofstede? a. Workforce diversity b. Groupthink c. Ethical idealism d. Consumer behavior e. Power distance

e. Power distance

Which of the following occurs when we interpret what we see based on our interests, expectations, experience, and attitudes rather than on how things really are? a. Misperception b. Filtering c. Information overload d. None of these are correct. e. Selective perception

e. Selective perception

Which of the following type of noise is likely to disrupt the communication process when a sender and receiver seem to attach different meanings to the same word? a. Jargon b. Ambiguity c. None of these are correct. d. Loss of transmission e. Semantics

e. Semantics

In the LPC theory, which of the following is appropriate for very favorable as well as very unfavorable situations? a. Production-oriented behavior b. Employee-oriented behavior c. Leader-oriented behavior d. Person-oriented behavior e. Task-oriented behavior

e. Task-oriented behavior

Which of the following types of value reflects one's long-term life goals? a. Extrinsic b. Instrumental c. Primary d. Intrinsic e. Terminal

e. Terminal

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of nonprogrammed decisions? a. Goals are often vague. b. The consequences of decision making are far reaching. c. The problem situation is nonroutine. d. The decisions are poorly structured. e. The decisions are rarely a responsibility of top management.

e. The decisions are rarely a responsibility of top management.

According to the Leadership Grid, who would be the most effective leader? a. The manager who rarely takes time to get to know employees b. The manager who is always trying to improve worker production c. The manager who always takes time to chat with employees d. The Leadership Grid does not identify the most effective style. e. The manager who always chats with employees and constantly strives to improve worker production

e. The manager who always chats with employees and constantly strives to improve worker production

If a team does not receive support from top management, which of the following is likely to occur? a. The team will be diverse. b. The team will become self-managing. c. The team will adapt to a hierarchical structure. d. The team will perform well. e. The team is not likely to succeed.

e. The team is not likely to succeed.

What is the primary use of performance appraisal information? a. To provide human resource planning information b. To provide support for human resource decision making c. To allocate organizational rewards d. To develop training and development programs e. To provide job performance feedback

e. To provide job performance feedback

Which theory serves as the basis for job enrichment? a. Maslow's hierarchy of needs b. Expectancy theory c. Equity theory d. Need theory e. Two-factor theory

e. Two-factor theory

Marcia is a hard worker who is ambitious and competitive. She is showing a. Type C personality. b. locus of control. c. Type B personality. d. None of these are correct. e. Type A personality.

e. Type A personality.

________ conflict occurs due to perceived or actual incompatibilities in beliefs about what is right or wrong. a. Information b. Task c. Relationship d. Process e. Values

e. Values

Communication is defined as a. organizational memos. b. a technical process that involves the transmission of data. c. one person talking to another. d. gathering meaning to gain a strategic advantage. e. a social process that involves information exchange.

e. a social process that involves information exchange.

In the ________ stage of Glasl's model of conflict escalation, the idea that "talking no longer helps" emerges and the conflict begins to get destructive. a. loss of face b. images/coalitions c. hardening d. debate e. action over words

e. action over words

A typical characteristic of a knowledge worker's career path is a. less specialized training. b. more frequent training in management tasks. c. the chance to take on substantial management responsibilities. d. freedom from specialized technical work. e. compensation equivalent to that available to management.

e. compensation equivalent to that available to management.

When a third party builds a positive relationship between two parties, improves their communication, and facilitates their discussion, the process is called a. arbitration. b. integrative negotiation. c. mediation. d. distributive negotiation. e. conciliation.

e. conciliation.

A __________ worker is not employed by the company full-time. a. direct b. knowledge c. flex-time d. tiered e. contingent

e. contingent

A __________ reinforcement schedule is one in which the desired behavior is reinforced each time it occurs. a. variable-ratio b. fixed-interval c. fixed-ratio d. variable-interval e. continuous

e. continuous

People with a high need for power can be successful managers if they a. lessen alienation with other employees. b. strive to get along with others. c. seek power to increase their standing in the organization. d. have a high need for affiliation. e. curb desires that interfere with organizational relationships.

e. curb desires that interfere with organizational relationships.

All of the following are inputs an organization receives from its environment EXCEPT a. people. b. information. c. materials. d. money. e. employee behaviors.

e. employee behaviors.

Quality circles are an example of organizational attempts at a. applying reinforcement theory. b. behavior modification. c. motivational training. d. OB modification. e. empowerment.

e. empowerment.

Performance is a function of motivation, ability, and a. power. b. nothing else. c. goals. d. management. e. environment.

e. environment.

The belief that one's culture is superior to all others is called a. the "like me" bias. b. stereotyping. c. perceived threat of loss. d. bigotry. e. ethnocentrism.

e. ethnocentrism.

The competing strategy entails a _________ concern for one's own interests and a low concern for the interests of the other party. a. fluctuating b. low c. variable d. moderate e. high

e. high

According to Herzberg, __________ satisfaction includes things such as pay, status, and working conditions, which produce an acceptable work environment when present and whose absence leads to dissatisfaction. a. engagement b. motivation c. responsibility d. acceptability e. hygiene

e. hygiene

A researcher hypothesizes that the age of employees influences their awareness of diversity. In this example, age is the __________ and diversity awareness is the __________. a. dependent variable, independent variable b. correlation, theory c. theory, correlation d. factor, control e. independent variable, dependent variable

e. independent variable, dependent variable

One conclusion of the Ohio State studies was that a leader who clearly defines the leader-subordinate roles so that subordinates know what is expected of them is exhibiting a. consideration behavior. b. task-oriented leader behavior. c. job-centered leader behavior. d. employee-centered leader behavior. e. initiating-structure behavior.

e. initiating-structure behavior.

Organizations pursuing a differentiation strategy often try to develop a competitive advantage based on product a. intervention. b. initiation. c. integration. d. integrity. e. innovation.

e. innovation.

Burnout a. is more common among women than men. b. is found more often in Type B personalities. c. occurs when a worker puts too little of himself or herself into the job. d. occurs when the worker enrolls in stress management programs. e. is most frequently found among high achievers.

e. is most frequently found among high achievers.

The problems encountered when implementing job rotation in the workplace include all of the following EXCEPT a. it reduces efficiency. b. its increases in workers' interest are short-lived. c. it doesn't increase workers' motivation. d. it maintains narrowly defined and routine work. e. it is ineffective for training purposes.

e. it is ineffective for training purposes.

A person who feels equitably treated is motivated to a. change the way things are. b. work less hard. c. work harder. d. look harder for signs of inequity. e. keep things the way they are.

e. keep things the way they are.

An understanding of organizational behavior (OB) is likely to help organizations prevent all of the following EXCEPT a. unhappy employees. b. weak leadership. c. lack of direction. d. stagnating profits. e. loss of market share.

e. loss of market share.

According to the LPC theory, a situation that has low position power, low task structure, and good leader-member relations is a. very favorable. b. maximally unfavorable. c. very unfavorable. d. maximally favorable. e. moderately favorable.

e. moderately favorable.

Removal of current or future unpleasant consequences to increase the likelihood that someone will repeat a behavior is called a. classical conditioning. b. extinction. c. positive reinforcement. d. punishment. e. negative reinforcement.

e. negative reinforcement.

A leader who relies solely on force and formal authority to direct the behavior of subordinates is a. exhibiting poor leadership. b. exhibiting moderate leadership. c. exhibiting excellent leadership. d. exhibiting minimal leadership. e. not exhibiting leadership at all.

e. not exhibiting leadership at all.

All of the following statements are true about the traditional work schedule, EXCEPT a. people tend to feel powerless when they have traditional work schedules. b. it includes long days that start at 8:00 or 9:00 in the morning. c. it is hard for employees to take care of personal business when they work a traditional schedule. d. managers following a traditional schedule work many additional hours. e. people can take off work when they need to when they follow a traditional work schedule.

e. people can take off work when they need to when they follow a traditional work schedule.

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, __________ needs are people's most basic requirements. a. security b. esteem c. growth d. self-actualization e. physiological

e. physiological

When a conflict begins to escalate, one of the best ways to prevent further escalation is to a. intimidate the other party by acting more aggressively than they were expecting. b. use hostile body language to indicate that you're not willing to be pushed around. c. rally other people to your side. d. instigate a shouting match but only if you're pretty sure you will win. e. react equivalently to the other party, and try not to overact.

e. react equivalently to the other party, and try not to overact.

During the __________ phase of team implementation, managers should provide encouragement, monitor performance, and sometimes protect teams from those who want to see the team fail. a. leader-centered teams b. start-up c. tightly formed teams d. self-managing teams e. reality and unrest

e. reality and unrest

A supervisor who is comfortable taking a gamble on new products has high a. self-monitoring. b. self-esteem. c. locus of control. d. competencies. e. risk propensity.

e. risk propensity.

Satisficing refers to making a __________ rather than an optimal decision. a. short-term b. long-term c. correct d. rational e. satisfactory

e. satisfactory

According to the human resource approach to motivation, offering employees __________ is the best way to enhance motivation in the workplace. a. the illusion of self-direction b. longer vacations c. opportunities for advancement d. increased compensation e. self-direction

e. self-direction

All of the following are examples of oral communication in organizations EXCEPT a. reading a manual out loud to coworkers. b. discussing a task. c. a conversation on cell phones. d. a telephone call. e. sending a memo to colleagues.

e. sending a memo to colleagues

The basic expectancy framework suggests that for motivated behavior to occur, a. the sum of all the valences for the relevant potential outcomes must be negative. b. the performance-to-outcome expectancies should approach zero. c. the effort-to-performance ratio should be well above 10. d. none of the valences for the relevant potential outcomes should be negative. e. the positive valences should outweigh the negative valences of potential outcomes.

e. the positive valences should outweigh the negative valences of potential outcomes.