MGT 300: Chapter 10
What is an example of political pressure creating an external force for change?
A tobacco tax
Jane is planning to implement the same work scheduling system in the accounting department that they use in the retail division. Which type of change is Jane going to use?
Adaptive change
Which type of change implementation makes employees feel the least threatened?
Adaptive change
How do organizational consultants carry out a diagnosis?
By consulting company records, By attending meetings and performing direct observation, and By using surveys and questionnaires
Which statement about human capital and innovation is true?
Certain employee characteristics, such as intrinsic motivation and creativity, are positively associated with innovation.
What are two factors that contribute to resistance to change?
Change agent characteristics and Employee characteristics
What is likely to result in employee resistance to change?
Changes that are introduced in an insensitive manner
During which phase of Lewin's model of change is it most important for managers to act as role models and mentors and provide benchmarking results?
Changing
Which statement about the need for faster speed-to-market is true?
Competitors may be in and out of the market within days.
Which of the following are among the seven methods of fostering innovation?
Create an innovation strategy, Get commitment from top managers, Institute the necessary human resource policies, practices, and procedures, and Establish the required structure and processes
Unfreezing
Creating the motivation to change
Factors such as the increasing number of women in the workforce and the growing number of older workers exemplify which force for change outside the organization?
Demographic characteristics
What is the first step in organizational development?
Diagnosis
Place the steps in the OD process in the correct order, with the first step listed at the top and the final step listed at the bottom.
Diagnosis, Intervention, Evaluation, and Feedback
During the past several months, Diah has lost trust in her manager, Casey, due to some of his decisions regarding his employees. He is now trying to change the way employees report their time and are paid. What is the most likely reaction Diah will have to this change?
Diah will be resistant to the changes Casey is implementing.
Which of the following is a demographic characteristic that is a force for change outside the organization?
Education
Which of the following is an internal force for change?
Employee problems
What are two practices managers can utilize in order to implement "refreezing," the third stage of Lewin's change model?
Encourage employees to exhibit the new change and Reinforce desired change in the employees
What is the third step in the organizational development process?
Evaluation
True or false: Management support has little effect on the success of organizational development.
False
True or false: Offshore suppliers have resulted in labor savings for companies, but they have only hurt U.S. jobs.
False
True or false: Reactive change is planned.
False
Ted's company has recently reorganized. He has been reassigned into a new role for which he feels unprepared, and he is not sure that he can handle his new responsibilities. Which of the following best describes the reason why Ted is resisting the change?
Fear of failure
What are common reasons that employees resist change?
Fear of the unknown, Loss of status or job security, and Peer pressure
What is the last step of the organizational development process?
Feedback
At Hudson Food Company, managers permit experimentation, risk taking, and tolerate failure. Which step of supporting innovation does this represent?
Fostering an innovative culture and climate
How ready an organization is for change depends in part on which of the following?
How much top managers support the change, How capable employees are of handling the change, and How employees regard the consequences of the change
Place the steps of force-field analysis in order, with the first step at the top.
Identify the thruster and counter thrusters remove the negtive forces increase the positive forces if necessary
What is the first step in force-field analysis?
Identifying the thrusters and counterthrusters
The desired goals of a change achieved through organizational development may occur at which levels?
Individual, Group, and Organizational
What are the three parts of a systems model of change?
Inputs, Target elements of change, and Outputs
Carol is in charge of a meeting to decide what the company should do about the new sales people who don't know how to follow-up with former clients. Which stage of the organizational development process is Carol participating in?
Intervention
Changing
Introducing new information, perspectives, and models of behavior
Which of the following are true about a self-affirmation?
It is a positive statement that helps you focus on goals and It is way of getting rid of negative thoughts
How is organizational development used in conjunction with mergers?
It is used to help integrate the varying cultures, procedures, and products of the two firms.
Which of these tasks is analytic and involves problem solving and abstract reasoning?
Knowledge work
What is achieved by integration of innovation activities into business strategies?
Management is encouraged to dedicate resources to innovation. and Employees feel committed to innovation in the organization.
Which is a purpose of organization development?
Managing conflict
What are matters that can be addressed by organizational development?
Managing conflict, Adapting to mergers, and Revitalizing organizations
Demand for organic foods has increased dramatically as Americans become aware of the effects of pesticides and other harmful chemicals in food. This exemplifies which force for change outside the organization?
Market changes
What type of innovation focuses on creating breakthrough products or services that do not yet exist and are aimed at creating brand new markets and customers?
New-direction innovation
Which statements are true about how offshore suppliers impact how we work?
Offshore suppliers have enabled some U.S. jobs to become more productive. and Offshore suppliers have resulted in the loss of some U.S. jobs.
What type of structure is best suited to innovation?
Organic
What is a common cause of employee resistance to change?
Peer pressure OR Personality conflicts OR Disruption of group relationships
What are the four target elements of change?
People, Social factors, Methods, and Organizational arrangements
What are three things that can help you achieve more self-compassion?
Practice self-kindness., Engage in mindfulness meditation., and Remember you are not alone.
Which type of change is the most complex and costly and is the most threatening to employees and managers?
Radically innovative change
During which stage of Lewin's change model are new employee attitudes and behaviors integrated into their normal way of doing things?
Refreezing
During which stage of Lewin's change model should managers encourage employees to exhibit the new behaviors and then reinforce employees making the desired change?
Refreezing
Which of the following is an adaptive change in an organization?
Reintroduction of a practice familiar to the organization
Even though the entire team felt it was important to purchase all of the supplies immediately for the new product line, upper management was concerned about outlaying that much money so early in the development cycle. Which factor of innovation is this company failing to provide?
Resources
Which statements about rewards and innovation goals are true?
Reward systems should be aligned with innovation goals. and Extrinsic reward receipt needs to be tied to creativity and innovation.
Which of the following BEST describes "demassification"?
Segmenting customer groups into smaller, more specialized groups
Which statement about organizational development is true?
Successful organization development usually involves multiple interventions.
Refreezing
Supporting and reinforcing the new behavior
Tameka's company is introducing a new invoicing and billing system. As Tameka is presenting the new system to the accounting team, she is careful to explain why the changes are important. By the time she is done, the accounting team has shown their acceptance of the new procedures. This is likely because ______.
Tameka has used tact
What happens during the last step of the organizational development process?
The diagnosis and intervention are further refined if the problem was not solved.
What are likely to cause resistance to change?
The potential for loss of status and Fears about job security
What are supertrends that are currently affecting the future of business?
The way we work is being impacted by offshore suppliers. and Competitive advantage is coming increasingly from knowledge, not information.
What are characteristics of products or services regarded as new-direction innovations?
They did not previously exist. and They focus on creating new customers.
What are resources necessary for innovation?
Time, Money, and Focus
True or false: Multiple organizational development interventions have been found to work better than single interventions.
True
True or false: The pressure exerted by internal forces for change may be subtle or very dramatic.
True
Place the stages of Lewin's Change Model in the correct order, with the first stage listed at the top and the final stage listed at the bottom.
Unfreezing, Changing, and Refreezing
What are companies doing to respond effectively to increasing segmentation of the marketplace?
Using more narrowly targeted marketing messages
When is organizational development most likely to be successful?
When goals are tied to both short-term and long-term results
When is organizational development most likely to succeed?
When it is supported by top managers
Tonya sees her company eliminating jobs in order to reduce costs, but the CEO was recently given a bonus of several million dollars. The likely cause of her resistance to the current organizational change is ______.
a climate of mistrust
One of Raiza's coworkers recently quit. Instead of hiring someone new, the company has decided to reorganize Raiza's department and reassign tasks. The result is that Raiza and her coworkers will each have more work but will not receive any additional pay. Everyone in the department is resisting these changes, most likely as a result of ______.
a nonreinforcing reward system
Laila loves her immediate supervisor, her co-workers, and her job, but she does not like her supervisor's boss, Hamid. When he decides to institute some new policies that impact Laila, she is automatically resistant. This is most likely due to ______.
a personality conflict
An innovative culture is a place where failures are ______ the organization's culture.
an accepted part of
Managers can reduce mistrust and resistance to change by ______.
being open and honest about change
Tom's company is very successful, even though they expect most new ideas to fail. This is likely due to an organizational culture that ______.
celebrates failure as vital toward fostering innovation
A consultant with a background in behavioral sciences who works as a catalyst in helping organizations deal with old problems in new ways is called a(n) ______.
change agent
The person who is a catalyst in helping an organization change is the ______.
change agent
Xenod Capital just enlisted the help of Alejandra, a consultant with a background in behavioral science. She is going to help them apply new methods to dealing with old problems. Alejandra is an example of a(n) ______.
change agent
Leadership style, personality, tactfulness, and sense of timing are all _____ characteristics that can contribute to employee resistance to change.
change-agent
Employees are introduced to new information, new perspectives, and new models of behavior during the ______ stage of Lewin's change model.
changing
To promote innovation, organizational structure and internal process should foster ______.
collaboration, cross-functional communication, and agility
Organizational development can be used to manage ______ within an organization.
conflict
One assumption of a systems approach to change is that change ______.
creates a ripple effect through an organization
In some parts of the United States, guns are sold at Walmart stores. Some people refuse to shop at those stores. At the extreme, everyone would refuse to shop at those stores. In that hypothetical situation, ______ are acting as an external force for change.
customers
Organizational _____ is a set of techniques for implementing planned change to make people and organizations more effective.
development
The common term used to describe the techniques for implementing planned change to make people and companies more effective is called organizational ______.
development
Managers use the four levers of targeting elements of change to ______.
diagnose problems
Inessa has worked as part of a four-person development team for several years. Recently, however, one of her coworkers transferred to a different office and a replacement was hired. Inessa and her other long-term teammates are having a hard time accepting the new employee. This is most likely due to ______.
disruption of the group relationship
The introduction of the DVD-by-mail business model by Netflix changed the video rental business and caused the demise of Blockbuster Video. This is an example of ______.
disruptive innovation
The process through which a product or service takes root initially in simple applications at the bottom of a market and then moves up, eventually displacing established companies, is referred to as ______.
disruptive innovation
Organizational development can be used to help ______.
ease the stress related to mergers and acquisitions
A manager would refer to results, such as data about absenteeism or grievances, during the ______ stage of the OD process.
evaluation
Sometimes changes on the job are intimidating and lead to self-doubt. In this case, employees are most likely to resist change due to _______.
fear of failure
The technique used to determine which forces could act for a proposed change and which forces could act against it is referred to as ______.
force-field analysis
Self-compassion is best described as ______.
gentleness with yourself
Miriam's mother was in the army, so as a child, Miriam moved a lot. It was rare for her to spend more than a year in any location, which meant she was always the new girl in school and had a hard time making friends. She was often lonely and unhappy as a result. Recently, Miriam's company decided to move into a new building and reorganize the different departments. Miriam is likely to be resistant to this change because ______.
her childhood predisposed her to dislike change
People's reaction to change depends largely on ______.
how they were taught to handle change as children
The productive potential of a company's employees' knowledge, experience, and actions is known as its ______ capital.
human
The process of creating something new that can be applied profitably is referred to as ______.
innovation
A plan for being innovative that requires a company to integrate its innovation activities and business strategies is a(n) ______.
innovation strategy
A set of interdependent processes and structures that dictate how a company seeks out problems and solutions, synthesizes ideas into a business concept and product design, and chooses projects for funding is a(n) ______.
innovation system
A technical support call center recently decided to extend its hours of operations to include weekends, requiring employees to work different shifts to accommodate the schedule. This change would likely be characterized as ______ change.
innovative
The introduction of a practice that is new to a group or organization and involves moderate complexity and cost is called a(n) ______.
innovative change
In the organizational development process, an attempt to correct a problem is called ______.
intervention
The second step in the organizational development process, ______, is the attempt to correct the diagnosed problems.
intervention
Andre's company is restructuring, and he is unhappy about it. As a result of the restructuring, Andre will be managing four employees instead of nine. He is most likely resistant to the change because it ______.
is resulting in a loss of status
Employees are more likely to resist change if ______.
it is a surprise
Unlike middle-skill jobs, ______-work jobs are rapidly growing.
knowledge
An organizational development intervention that works in one country ______.
may not work in another country
Innovations must be ______.
novel
Organizational development (OD) can help organizations to revitalize themselves by assisting them with:
opening communication fostering innovation dealing with stress
The desired goals of a change in a company are referred to as ______.
outputs
Min's company is implementing a new product approval system that is far more complex and restrictive than the old system. This will not affect Min directly because she is in the marketing department, but it will affect her friend Tyler, who is in the Research and Design department. As a result, Min speaks out against the new system. This is an example of resistance to change due to ______.
peer pressure
In anticipation of the upcoming holiday sales season, Sarah ordered the production manager to increase the supply of teddy bears and dolls in the warehouse. Sarah is demonstrating ______ change.
proactive
Rather than worry about introducing a new sports recovery product, Gabriel told his staff that they should repackage the existing products and promote them to professional basketball teams throughout the country. Gabriel is demonstrating ______ innovation.
process
When a company alters the way a product is manufactured, conceived, or distributed it is referred to as ______ innovation.
process
Changing the appearance or the performance of a product or a service, or the creation of a new one, is called ______ innovation.
product
When a change is made to a product or service that changes its appearance or performance, this is known as a(n) ______ innovation.
product
Change involving a practice that is new to the industry is referred to as ______ innovative change.
radically
Implementing a practice that is completely new to an entire industry, not just to one organization, is called ______ change.
radically innovative
Carson always feels like he is "putting out fires" at work and does not get an opportunity to figure out where problems might arise before they occur. Carson is dealing with ______ change.
reactive
The beliefs, attitudes, and intentions of an organization's staff regarding the extent of the changes needed and how willing and able they are to implement them is called ______.
readiness for change
For organizational development efforts to succeed, human resource policies, procedures, and packages should ______ the other six parts of the innovation system.
reinforce
To reduce employee resistance, rewards systems should ______ proposed changes.
reinforce
If employees feel fairly treated by their managers during an organizational change, they are less likely to _______ the change.
resist
An emotional/behavioral response to real or imagined threats to an established work routine is known as ______.
resistance to change
Reactive change is change that ______.
responds to problems or opportunities as they arise
Carlos's company has been making and selling the same products for years. Recently, though, sales have fallen, so the company has decided to focus on creating an environment that promotes communication and fosters innovation in the hopes that this will inspire new ideas for products. Carlos's company is using organization to ______.
revitalize the company
Positive statements that help you focus on goals, program your subconscious mind, and eliminate negative beliefs are referred to as ______.
self-affirmations
Although commitment from all members of an organization is important, if ______ in particular are not committed to achievement of the organization's innovation goals, the goals are unlikely to be achieved.
senior leaders
B-corporations (benefit corporations) are an example of one way ___________ have begun to be more active in pressing for organizational change.
shareholders
Organizational development is more successful when it involves ______.
short-term goals. and long-term goals.
Concerns about the environment and pressure to reduce the amount of waste produced has led several cities to enact laws banning plastic bags, which has in turn promoted a rise in the production and availability of reusable canvas bags. This is an example of ______ acting as an external force for change.
social and political pressures
As more and more companies become proficient at bringing products and services to market, ______ is emerging as a necessary and powerful competitive weapon.
speed
Increasing segmentation of the marketplace and the need to get products to market faster in light of competitors' specialized solutions are examples of ______ currently influencing the future of business.
supertrends
Manufacturing automation and office automation are examples of ______ that are forces for change outside the organization.
technological advancements
Any machine or process that enables an organization to gain a competitive advantage in changing materials used to produce a finished product qualifies as ______.
technology
Achievement of strategic goals through organization development is likely to fail if ______.
top managers are not committed
In order to overcome employee resistance to innovative change, change agents must first have a ______.
trusting relationship
According to Lewin's Change Model, during the first stage, referred to as the ______ stage, managers need to instill in employees the motivation to change by encouraging them to let go of attitudes and behaviors that are resistant to motivation.
unfreezing
Organizational development efforts are more likely to fail if they ______.
use the same intervention across cultures