MGT 3200 - final practice questions
You are running for a political office and believe that projecting the right leadership image is the key to getting elected. As a result, you have hired an image consultant to help you craft a leadership image that will connect with voters. What leadership theory would suggest that your money be well spent? a) Reciprocal theory b) Implicit theory c) Trait theory d) None of the above e) Substitutes for leadership
b
One of your employees is in the habit of taking excessively long lunch breaks. The more you talk with him about the problem, the worse his behavior becomes. Even written reprimands and disciplinary layoffs fail to produce improvement. Based on this information only, what kind of reinforcement are you apparent using? a) Exteinction b) Avoidance c) Punishment d) Positive reinforcement e) Distortion
c
Out of the following group situations, which is the best case scenario for a manager in terms of the productivity that results? a) High cohesiveness with low productivity norm (worst case) b) Low cohesiveness with low productivity norm c) High cohesiveness with high productivity norm d) Low cohesiveness with high productivity norm e) Any group with a high productivity norm regardless of its cohesiveness
c
The leave-alone zap trap leads to ___________. a) the fundamental attribution error b) the self-serving bias c) CYA behavior d) actor-observer performance bias e) defiant obedience
c
When a manager rewards on assumed needs the reward given to the employee could be considered by the employee as all of the following EXCEPT: a. Positive reinforcement b. Extinction c. Negative reinforcement d. Punishment
c
When middle LPC leaders encounter a moderately favorable situation (i.e., good leader-member relations, low task structure, and weak position power), they will engage in a) Task-oriented leadership b) Relationship-oriented leadership c) Both task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership d) Democratic leadership e) Laissez-faire leadership
c
Which of the following decision-making methods would a Theory X manager utilize? a. Group b. Consultative I and II c. Autocratic I and II d. All of the above would be utilized by a Theory X manager given the situation
c
Which of the following factors would increase a group's cohesiveness? A. Disagreeable demands made by the group B. History of losing C. External threat to the group D. Large group size E. Little time spent together as a group
c
Which of the following is NOT true concerning equity theory? a. Individuals more readily notice unfavorable inequity than favorable inequity. b. When individuals are treated unfairly they can restore equity through their behavior through their perceptions. c. Favorable inequity creates more problems for management than does unfavorable inequity d. We determine if we're being treated fairly or not by our employers by comparing ourselves to others in similar positions e. Perceived equity is more important that actual equity.
c
Which of the following is hygiene factor in Herzberg's 2-factor theory? a) greater autonomy in decision making b) having a job high on skill variety c) pay d) performing a task that is significant e) feeling of achievement
c
Which of the following is not true, concerning Fiedler's contingency theory? a) Anyone can be a leader if they find the right situation b) If a work group is not performing well, the situation and not the leader is at fault c) High LPC leaders perform best in very favorable conditions d) Low LPC leaders perform best in very unfavorable conditions e) Middle LPC leaders perform well in all situations
c
When a manager presents a problem to individual subordinates one at a time, gets ideas and suggestions from each about how to solve it, and then makes the decision alone, the manager is using the ________ method of decision-making. a. Consultative II (CII) b. Autocratic II (AII) c. Autocratic I (AI) d. Group e. Consultative I (CI)
e
Which is an aspect of an effective goal setting program in all situations? a. Acceptance of the goals by the employee b. Rewards for goal attainment c. Periodic feedback sessions d. Specific, challenging goals e. All of the above
e
Which of the following bases of power would a manager typically use in "leading" his/her employees? a. Expert power b. Referent power c. Reward power d. All of the above e. Only A and B
e
Which of the following factors determines the feasible set in Vroom & Yetton's normative theory of leadership? a) Quality of decisions b) Time to make the decision c) Subordinate acceptance of the decisions d) All of the above e) Only A and C
e
Which of the following factors would increase a group's cohesiveness? a) History of winning b) External threat to the group c) Severe initiation d) All of the above e) Only A and B
e
Which of the following is NOT an example of Initiating Structure leadership behavior? a. Providing coaching on new techniques to enhance job performance b. Determining the employee's work methods and procedures c. Checking the quality of a subordinates' work d. Scheduling the subordinate's work e. Providing emotional support and encouragement
e
Jane is an employee at a fast food restaurant where her only job is to take food orders. She is having trouble getting along with her coworkers. According to Herzberg's 2-factor theory, Jane will experience no job __________ and job _____________
satisfaction, dissatisfaction
Jane is an employee at a fast food restaurant where her only job is to take food orders. The only redeeming aspect of her specialized job is that she likes her coworkers and her manager. According to Herzberg's 2-factor theory, Jane will experience no job ____________ and no job ______________
satisfaction, dissatisfaction
Fiedler's contingency theory of leadership believes that leaders: should be trained to change the ________ to fit their leadership style
situation
A manager who holds a theory Y view likely to exhibit which type of leadership? a) High consideration and low initiating structure b) Low consideration and high initiating structure c) High consideration and high initiating structure d) Low consideration and low initiating structure
a
A middle LPC leader can be best characterized as a _________________. a. Behaviorally flexible leader b. Leader who tries to change the situation to fit her style c. Relationship oriented leader d. Task oriented leader e. None of the above
a
Although Fiedler's contingency theory of leadership has been heavily criticized, it has some interesting implications for leadership. Which of the following is not one of the implications from Fiedler's theory? a) Leadership training can be very beneficial to leaders, in that it will help them adapt better to different situations b) Work group performance can be enhanced by changing the situation to fit the leader c) Anyone can be a leader if you find the right situation that matches your leadership style d) There is no such thing as a perfect leader for all situations
a
At Pat's project team meeting, instead of achieving any progress towards completing the project, team members spent the whole time arguing about the overall approach to take and who should lead the project. This group is experience what stage of development? a) Storming b) Performing c) Adjourning d) Norming e) Forming
a
During this stage of group development the group develops unwritten rules to improve relationships and avoid conflict and becomes very cohesive. This stage is referred to as _________. A. Norming B. Storming C. Forming D. Performing E. Adjourning
a
Given the following situation and its accompanying feasible set which leadership style would you select if you were to use the minimum-man hours rule? Situation 1: AII, CI, CII, & G a) AI b) CII c) AII d) G e) CI
a
If a manager describes his/her least preferred co-worker mainly in negative terms, he/she obtains a ___ LPC score, which indicates a ___ leader. a. Low; task-oriented b. High; task-oriented c. High; relationship-oriented d. Low; relationship-oriented
a
In the beginning, the behavioral theory of leadership (Ohio State study) believed which combination of leadership behaviors to be best? a. High IS and High C b. Low IS and Low C c. High IS and Low C d. Low IS and High C
a
Maslow believed a) the lowest unsatisfied need in the hierarchy motivates your behavior b) satisfied needs can motivate your behavior c) the strength of a need is highest at the highest levels of the hierarcy d) all of the above e) A and B
a
Suppose that you do something the way your boss asks you to do it because you believe that your boss knows the best way to do it. What power base would your boss be relying on? a) Expert power b) Coercive power c) Reward power d) Referent power e) Legitimate power
a
The fact that groups allow us to verify our perceptions of our jobs, an organization's reward system, a supervisor' behavior, etc., reflects the facts that groups: a) Satisfy our reality needs b) Acts a leveling agent to keep us on an even plane c) Satisfy our social needs d) Socialize us e) Act as linking pins
a
The more a manager uses coercive power, the lower his/her ____ will be. a) Referent powers b) Expert powers c) Reward power d) Legitimate power
a
The overall research on the five power bases and their relationships to productivity revealed that this power base had no significant effect on productivity in the workplace. However, when this power base is used properly it does increase productivity. What power base is it? a) Reward power b) Referent power c) Expert power d) Legitimate power e) Coercive power
a
What was Vroom's (from Vroom and Yetton's normative theory of leadership) first name? a) Vic b) Northcote c) Kerry d) Nicholas e) Elvis
a
When a manager asks a group of subordinates for their ideas and suggestions about how best to solve problem and then makes the decision alone, the manager is using the _____ method of decision making. a) CII b) CI c) G d) AI e) AII
a
Which is NOT an aspect of an effective goal setting program in all situations? a) Subordinate participation in goal-setting. b) Rewards for goal attainment c) Periodic feedback sessions d) Specific, challenging goals e) All of the above are aspects of an effective goal setting program in all situations
a
Which leadership theory suggest that there may be situational factors that make it "unnecessary" for the leader to "lead"? a) substitutes for leadership b) fielder's contingency theory c) implicit theory d) trait theory e) reciprocal theory
a
Which of the following is a characteristic of a formal group? a) It has specialized roles and duties b) It may not support the organization's goals c) It develops naturally d) It helps to satisfy an employee's social needs e) It emphasizes personal and social relations
a
Which of the following is a hygiene factor is Herzberg's 2-factor theory? a. Leaders of a company b. Performing a task that is significant c. Feelings of achievement d. Greater autonomy in making decisions e. None of the above
a
Which of the following would an employee NOT do when faced with unfavorable inequity, according to equity theory predictions? a) be more likely to work harder so as to make more money b) be more likely to quit his/her job c) be more likely to steal d) be more likely to ask his/her boss for a raise e) be more likely to take longer work breaks
a
You and your co-worker work on assembly-line for Honda Motor Corporation making oil pans. You made 1,000 high quality oil pans last week and were paid $4,000 and your co-worker made 500 high quality oil pans and was paid $1,000. This situation represents __________________. A. Inequity and inequality B. Equity and equality C. Inequity and equality D. Equity and inequality
a
You are an assembly- line supervisor at a large automobile manufacturer. One of your assembly-line employees is unable to do his job and furthermore he is lazy and unwilling to put forth much effort. Which combination of leadership behaviors should you choose in leading this assembly- line worker? a. High IS and High C b. Low IS and Low C c. High IS and Low C d. Low IS and High C
a
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? a) An individual who increases her sales by 40% is given a brand new Lexus b) An individual who files his reports on time is no longer harassed by his manager c) An individual who make suggestions in meetings is ignored by his manager d) An individual who arrives late to work for the 10th time this month is fired by her boss
b
Which of the following is not a benefit of a highly cohesive work group? a) less turnover b) greater creativity c) higher member self-esteem d) better teamwork e) less absenteeism
b
Which power base best exemplifies leadership? a) Expert power b) Referent power c) Coercive power d) Reward power e) Legitimate power
b
You and your co-worker on the assembly-line for Honda Motor Corporation making oil pans. You made 1,000 high quality oil pans last week and were paid $2000 while your co-worker made 500 high quality oil pans and was also paid $2000. This situation represents ___. You made $2 per pan, while your co-worker made $4 per pan. a. Equity and equality b. Inequity and equality c. Inequity and inequality d. Equity and inequality
b
The lowest performance results from a group with ______ cohesiveness and _____ performance norms
high, low
A manager who holds a Theory X view is likely to exhibit which type of leadership? a) High consideration and low initiating structure b) Low consideration and high initiating structure c) High consideration and high initiating structure d) Low consideration and low initiating structure
b
According to Herzberg's 2-factor theory, which of the following is a motivator? a) Excellent benefits b) Feelings of achievement on the job c) Good leadership d) Comfortable working conditions e) All of the above are motivators in Herzberg's 2-factor theory
b
All of the following are true concerning the leave-alone zap trap except a) The leave-alone zap trap manager fails to use rewards to motivate employees b) Good performance is punished and poor performance is ignored c) It may increase high performance initially due to the extinction spikes d) It's overcome by delivering 4 positive consequences to every negative consequence e) It causes employees to fear and avoid the manager
b
Herzberg's 2-factor theory advocates __________ as the way to motivate employees. a. Leadership b. Job enrichment c. Excellent pay and benefits d. All of the above because the 2-factor theory advocates that what is motivational depends on the individual
b
Jelly-bean motivators create an atmosphere/culture that encourages the development of this type of individual? a. Equity sensitive b. Entitled c. Benevolent d. All of the above are encouraged given the jelly-bean motivators management style.
b
Modeling behavior with the intention that others will observe the successful outcomes of the behavior is a primary component of which of the following motivation theories? a) reinforcement theory b) social learning theory c) equity theory d) goal-setting theory e) expectancy theory
b
When middle LPC leaders encounter very favorable situation (i.e., good leader-member relations, high task structure, and strong position power), they will engage in a) Task-oriented leadership b) Relationship-oriented leadership c) A blend of task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership d) Democratic leadership e) Laissez-faire leadership
b
Which of the following individuals is most dissatisfied when the manager is a jelly-bean motivator? a. Entitled b. Benevolent c. Equity sensitive d. Both the entitled and the benevolent
b
Which of the following is also known as avoidance learning? a)Positive reinforcement b) Negative reinforcement c) Extinction d) Punishment
b
Maslow believed a) The highest unsatisfied need in the hierarchy motivates your behavior b) The strength of a need is lowest at the lower levels of the hierarchy c) Satisfied needs cannot motivate your behavior d) The strength of a need is determined by genetics and environment e) All of the above
c
You manage the radiology group at the Baton Rouge General Hospital. One of your employees is a young x-ray technician who is well-trained and able to do his job, but suffers from a lack of confidence. Which combination of leadership behaviors would you choose in leading this young technician? a) High initiating structure and high consideration b) Low initiating structure and high consideration c) High initiating structure and low consideration d) Low initiation structure and low consideration
b
A company has to lay off employees. The offering of outplacement services to help them find another job is one way for the company to meet the employee's _____ needs. a) Social b) Esteem c) Safety d) Self-actualization e) None of the above
c
According to the textbook, leaders who inspire followers to transcend their own self-interest for the good of the organization and are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on followers are ______________ leaders. a. Visionary b. transactional c. transformational d. Democratic
c
All of the following are true concerning the jelly-bean motivation trap except a) it can cause the best performers to either "quit and stay" or "quit and leave" b) rewards are provided to employees regardless of their performance c) it causes poor performers to want to work harder d) it reduces the meaningfulness of rewards e) it fosters the development of more entitled
c
An employee performs poorly on his job so he won't get promoted to a new position. He doesn't desire the new position because he doesn't want the headache of the added responsibility that comes with the new position. This is an example of ______. a. Punishment b. Extinction c. Negative reinforcement d. Positive reinforcement
c
As a business owner, you deliberately under-reward your employees for the work they do to "motivate" them in the future. In this situation, benevolent employees will perceive _________, your equity sensitive employees will perceive ________, and your entitled employees will perceive ___________, out group members. a) Equity; equity; equity b) Unfavorable inequity; equity; favorable inequity c) Equity; unfavorable inequity; unfavorable inequity d) Equality; unfavorable inequity; favorable inequity e) Favorable inequity; equity; unfavorable inequity
c
If a manager describes his/her least preferred co-worker mainly in positive terms, he/she obtains a ___ LPC score, which indicates a ___ leader. a. Low; task-oriented b. High; task-oriented c. High; relationship-oriented d. Low; relationship-oriented
c
If a manager treats every employee she manages fairly in reality; the entitled employee will perceive ___, the benevolent employee will perceive ___, and the equity sensitive employee will perceive ___. a. Equity; unfavorable inequity; favorable inequity b. Unfavorable inequity; equity; favorable inequity c. Unfavorable inequity; favorable inequity; equity d. Equity; equity; equity e. Favorable inequity; unfavorable inequity; equity
c
According to substitutes for leadership theory, which of the following combinations of leadership behaviors would suggest that the leader had been substituted for the most? a. High IS and Low C b. High IS and High C c. Low IS and High C d. Low IS and Low C
d
All of the following are true concerning the autocratic tell and sell method of goal-setting except a) It's a better choice than participation in goal setting by subordinates in low trust environments, in terms of improving performance b) It is similar to the leadership combination of high initiaing structure and high consideration c) The manager sets the goals for the employee without any employee input d) It is, in general, inferior to participation in goal-setting by the subordinate in terms of improving performance e) It increases productivity by increasing acceptance of the goals by the employee
d
Fielder's cognitive resource model predicts that a) in high stress situation, intelligent.... b) In low stress situations, intelligent.... c) Blah d) Both A and B
d
Given the following situation and its accompanying feasible set which leadership style would you select if you were to use the minimum-man hours rule? Situation 4: AII, CI, CII, & G a) G b) CI c) CII d) AII
d
Hygiene factors are equivalent to what needs in Maslow's hierarchy? a) Safety needs b) Physiological needs c) social needs d) all of the above e) both A and B
d
Money could satisfy which of the following needs in Maslow's hierarchy? a. Physiological b. Safety c. Esteem d. All of the above e. Physiological and safety
d
Out of the following group situations, which is the worst case scenario for a manger in terms of the productivity that results? a. Low cohesiveness with low productivity norm b. Low cohesiveness with high productivity norm c. High cohesiveness with high productivity norm d. High cohesiveness with low productivity norm e. Both A and D
d
Steve found that when his employees are very competent, there is little need for him to exercise much task-oriented leadership. He thinks, "I really don't have much influence over what's being accomplished here." What leadership theory would account for this situation? a. Implicit Theory b. Trait Theory c. Fielder's Contingency Theory d. Substitutes for Leadership e. Behavioral Theory
d
Suppose that you comply with your boss' request because you admire the boss' personal qualities and desire her approval. What power base would your boss be relying on? a) Expert power b) Coercive power c) Reward power d) Referent power e) Legitimate power
d
The president of the U.S. has his teleprompter placed above eye level so he can look upward during his speeches. This is done specifically to craft an image that is more presidential ("looking forward to the future"). What theory of leadership deals directly with this phenomenon? a. Behavioral theory of leadership b. Substitutes of leadership c. Trait theory of leadership d. Implicit theory for leadership
d
When a manager falls into the rewarding on assumed needs trap, the manager reward could be considered by the employee as? a) Punishment b) Extinction c) Positive reinforcement d) All of the above e) Only A and B
d
When a manager treats a worker as replaceable, lacking intelligence and skills, the worker is likely to end up behaving that way, the mangaer is experiencing _____. a) selective perception b) the expectancy to performance outcome c) the frame of reference effect. d) The pygamalion effect e) The fundamental attribution error
d
Which of the following bases of power would a manager typically use in "supervising" his/her employees? a) Coercive power b) Legitimate power c) Reward power d) All of the above e) Only A and B
d
Which of the following combinations of leadership behaviors would suggest that the leader had been "substituted for" the most? a) High-initiating structure and high consideration b) Low initiating structure and high consideration c) High initiating structure and low consideration d) Low initiating structure and low consideration
d
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Herberg's 2-factor theory? a. It has been shown that hygiene factors can motivate people b. It's contingency theory of motivation c. The interview data suffered from the self-serving bias d. It assumes everyone has an expressive motivation e. The sample of which it's based is not representative of the entire work force
d
Which of the following is NOT true concerning self-actualization? a) Self-actualization is the need to maximize your potential as a human being b) Self-actualization is the highest level of personal motivation according to Maslow c) Many people reach self actualization momentarily d) Self-actualization can be fully satisfied e) Momentary self-actualization is called a peak experience
d
Which of the following is not a hygiene factor? a) Pay b) Supervision c) Working conditions d) Autonomy e) Co-workers
d
Which of the following is not true concerning Fielder's contingency theory of leadership? a. Task-oriented leaders perform well under very favorable or very unfavorable conditions b. Middle LPC leaders perform well in all situations c. Work group performance depends on the match between leadership style and the favorableness of the situation d. There are only effective and ineffective leaders not effective and ineffective situations e. Relationship-oriented leaders perform well under moderately favorable conditions
d
Which of the following is true concerning reciprocal theory of leadership? a) In-group members are lead whereas out-group members are supervised b) When both groups are lead the performance differences between the in-group and out-group disappear c) Performance of the subordinates at times may have no impact on determining in-group or out-group membership d) All of the above are true e) Only A and B are true
d
Which power base best exemplifies supervision? a. Expert power b. Coercive power c. Referent power d. Legitimate power e. Reward power
d
Which power base exemplifies supervision? a) Expert power b) Coercive power c) Referent power d) Legitimate power e) Reward power
d
You and your co-worker work as waiters at a local restaurant. You worked thirty hours last week and were paid $150 where your co-worker worked 20 hours and was also paid $150. This situation represents ___________. a) Equity and inequity b) Inequity and inequity c) Equity and equity d) Inequity and equality e) None of the above
d
According the Fielder's contingency theory of leadership, leadership training ________. a. For the most part is a waste of time b. Should focus on training leaders to be more democratic in their leadership styles c. Should focus on training leaders to change the situation to fit their style d. Should focus on training leaders to be more flexible e. A and C
e
In the end, the behavioral theory of leadership (the Ohio States Studies) believed which combination of leadership behaviors to be the best? a. Low Initiating Structure and Low Consideration b. Low Initiating Structure and High Consideration c. High Initiating Structure and High Consideration d. High Initiating Structure and Low Consideration e. All of the above could be the "best" given the appropriate situation
e
Leaders who use coercive power to gain compliance with their requests are using what type of consequence to gain compliance? a) Punishment b) Negative reinforcement c) Positive reinforcement d) All of the above e) Both A and B
e
Vic Ferrari enjoys many good friendships with his co-workers but feels a real need to achieve great things on his job. He tries everything he can think of to get his boss to give him meaningful projects to work on, so he can get some recognition for what he does. However, his efforts are fruitless. Finally he concludes that he is wasting his time and reverts to nourishing his friendships with his co-workers. What concept from ERG theory would explain Vic's renewed interest in his friendships with co-workers? A. Inequity reduction cycle B. Expectancy decline cycle C. Fulfillment-progression cycle D. Apathy cycle E. Frustration-regression cycle
e
Which of the following is NOT true concerning equity theory? a) People desire fairness in the distribution of rewards at work b) When we're treated unfairly, it creates tension that we are motivated to reduce or eliminate c) We determine if we're being treated fairly or not by our employers by comparing ourselves to others in similar positions d) Individuals more readily notice unfavorable inequity then favorable inequity e) If you give individuals the rewards they deserve based on their performance, then these individuals will certainly perceive fairness
e
Which of the following is an example of Consideration leadership behavior? a) listening to subordinates b) showing respect for the subordinates' ideas c) providing emotional support and encourgamnet to subordinates d) showing concern for subordinates' feelings e) all of the above
e
Which of the following is an example of initiating structure leadership behavior? a) Providing emotional support and encouragement to subordinates b) Showing respect for the subordinates' ideas c) Showing concern for subordinates's feelings d) Listening to subordinates e) None of the above
e
Which of the following is false with respect to punishment? a) It tells employees what they need to do in order to do the job right b) It can lead to lowered self-confidence in the punishee c) It can lead to one bad behavior replacing another bad behavior d) It can lead to aggression against the punisher e) It replaces bad behavior with good behavior
e
Which of the following is not a valid criticism of Herzberg's 2-factor theory? a) Everyone isn't motivated by the job enrichment b) The same on which it's bases is not representative of the entire work force c) Hygiene factors can motivate people d) The interview data suffered from self-serving bias e) What causes individuals to be satisfied is different from what causes them to be dissatisfied f) Its assumption that everyone has an instrumental motivation is incorrect.
e
Which of the following scenarios would lead to average productivity in the group? a. High cohesiveness with a low productivity norm b. High cohesiveness with a high productivity norm c. Low cohesiveness with a high productivity norm d. Low cohesiveness with a low productivity norm e. Both C and D
e
Which of the following types is least likely to voluntary quit their jobs? a) Entitled b) Equity Sensitive c) Benevolent d) all of the above e) Both A and C
e
Woody has an electrical engineering degree and has worked with automated control systems for over ten years. As a result, his co-workers tend to be influenced by his suggestions. This is an example of ___ power. a. Coercive b. Legitimate c. Referent d. Reward e. Expert
e
Which of the following is not a method of communicating a group norm? _________ organizational policy
formal