mgt test 2

direction

efforts are channeled toward organizational goals

according to expectancy theory, if an employee's efforts to fail to result in a good performance review, what will happen?

employees ay perceive that favoritism is used in determining rewards

a process by which we shape and interpret sensory impression in order to five meaning to our environment is

influenced by the target and the context

an element of motivation that explains how hard a person tries is called

intensity

pay structure must balance between

internal equity and external equity

what is the difference between external and internal causation in perception

internal means you probably attribute the reasoning behind things for something that a person did rather than an external causation, that something happened TO them to make them act that way (being late to work, for example)

____ caused behaviors are those an observed believes to be under the personal behavioral control of another individuals

internally

what is true of fundamental attribution error?

it can cause people to underestimate the influence of external factors on others

one problem with maslow's hierarchy of needs is that

it lacks empirical validation

how is creativity useful to decision makers

it permits the generation of ideas that are novel and useful

the investment of an employee's emotional, physical, and cognitive energy into a job is known as

job engagement

what refers to the investment of your physical cognitive, an emotional energies into your job performance?

job engagement

what is a key factor that improves a person's job engagement

job meaningfulness

the perception process is influenced by which of these situation context factors - heat -attractiveness -location -attitude -past experience

location

based on equity theory, employees who perceive inequity will make any of these choices except - leaving the field - maintining perceptions of self -choosing a different referent -changing inputs -chanigng outcomes

maintaining perceptions of self

if you are making a choice from among two or more alternatives, you are

making a decision

cascading objectives are the focus of which motivational theory?

management by objectives

what refers to the processes that account for an employers' intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward accomplishing a goal?

motivation

according to mcclellan, which is the drive to excel, to achieve in relationship to a set of standards?

nAch

what describes mclelland's need to make others behave in a way they would not have otherwise

nPow

are ethics and creativity correlated?

no

self-serving bias

occurs when individuals overestimate their own (internal) influence on successes and overestimate the external influences on failures

profit sharing plans

organization wide programs distributing compensation based on some established formula around a company's profitability

according to an integrated motivational theory model, rewards play a part in

organizational justice

merit-based pay

pay is based on individual performance appraisal ratins

____ refers to a processe by which people organize and interpret sensory impressions for the purpose of understanding their environment.

perception

person perceptions

perceptions we form about each other

what is job rotation and what does it do

periodic shifting of an employee from one task to another...increases job satisfaction and organizational management

if jeb works hard toward a desired organizational goal, but gives up easily, it can be said that he lacks

persistence

which dimension of motivation measures the length of time a person can maintain effort

persistence

what, according to herzberg, is a hygiene factor?

physical working conditions

employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs)

plans in which employees acquire stock, often at below market prices

two cases of creative bahravior are ___ and ____

potential and environment

Susan strives to fulfill duties and obligations and avoid conditions that pull her away from desired goals. susan can be described as a manager with a ___ focus

prevention

we generally need to make decisions when we perceive there is a

problem

in rights approach, individuals make decisions based on which of the following

protecting the basic rights of others

raj has interviewed at 28 places for a job. he chooses the first acceptable job offer he encounters, rather than the optimal one. which best describes his choice?

satisficing

theory concerned with the possible benefits of intrinsic motivation vs the possible harmful effects of external motivation

self determination

according to maslow, which of these represents the highest level of needs?

self-actualization

what focuses on the strength of the consistency between employee goals and ore values or interests?

self-concordance

training programs that help employees learn and practice new skills help build

self-efficacy

what theory refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task?

self-efficacy

which term describes the tendency when people attribute vague information as relatively flattering, accept positive feedback, and reject negative feedback?

self-serving bias

what are the five core dimensions of job characteristics model

skill variety task identity task significance autonomy feedback

what contemporary theory of motivation proposes that people prefer to feel they have control over their actions

social learning theroy

what are the three domains of conflict management

strategy, function, worker

according to a gallup survey, more than two thirds of workers reported wasting time at work every day usually by

surfing the internet and chatting with coworkers

good reward systems are most likely to

sway managers toward certain choices that promise greater gains

informational justice

the degree to which employees are provided with truthful explanations for decisions

interpersonal justice

the degree to which employees are treated with dignity and respect

what are the three factors of organizational justice?

-distributive justice "i got the pay raise i deserved" -procedural justice "i had input into the process used to give raises and was given a good explanation for my raise" -interactional justice "when telling me about my raise, my boss was nice"

negotiation process

1. Preparation and planning 2. Definition of ground rules 3. Clarification and justification 4. Bargaining and problem solving 5. Closure and implementation

conflict

A process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, something that the first party cares about.

fundamental attribution error

The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others

according to the text, thailand emphasizes

accepting situations as they are

what makes employees more engaged in their jobs

access to sufficient resources

mcclellands three needs

achievement (nAch), affiliation (nAff), power (nPow)

intensity

amount of effort put forth to meet the goal

which term refers to setting on initial info and not sufficiently altering for subsequent information?

anchoring bias

yolanda is a whistle-blower at Garden Tool International. Whistle-blowers

are protected by free speech when they reveal unethical practices

Jason, a shop level manager, believes his employees inherently dislike work and must be directed/coerced into it. accordion to mcgregor, jason can be described

as a THEORY X manager

which of these is an individuals personal trait that impacts what is being perceived? - heat -attractiveness -location -attitude -lighting effect

attitude

which of these characteristics of the target being perceived that impacts the perception process - heat -attractiveness -location -attitude -lighting effect

attractiveness

____ tries to explain the ways we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we assign to a behavior

attribution theory

rational decision making model -> ____ -> ___

bounded rationality model; intuition based model

at overly high level of engagement on the part of an employee most likely leads to

burnout

_____ theory says extrinsic rewards reduce intrinsic interest in a task

cognitive evaluation

what are conflict handling behaviors

competition, collaboration, avoidance, accommodation, finallyyyyy compromise

what might affect escalation of commitment?

conscientiousness

if jason, jamie, julie, and john face a similar situation and respond in the same way, we can say their behavior shows -conscientiousness -consensus -distinctiveness

consensus

consistency (Attribution theory)

does the person respond the same way over time

in goal setting theory, goals should be

difficult and specific, as long as the individual accepts of the challenge

quality of effort speaks to what component of motivation

direction

according to amber bandura, which method would increase self-efficacy?

vicarious modeling

what element of self-efficacy theory means to become more confident because you see someone else doing the task?

vicarious modeling

distinctiveness (attribution theory)

whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations

distinctiveness refers to

whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations

piece-rate pau

workers are paid a fixed sum for each unit of production completed

expectancy theory

- effort->performance - performance->reward - rewards->personal goals like "what do i get for this, personally, fiscally, overall)

what factors are likely to influence goals-performance relationship?

- feedback - national culture - goal commitment - task characteristics

organizations with highly engaged employees are likely to have

- lower employee turnover - fewer safely incidents - higher citizenship behavior - higher levels of productivity

what are the constraints of decision making that exist within organizations

- performance evaluation - reward systems - formal regulations - system-imposed time constraints - historical precedents - decision making during crisis

what are among the early theories of motivation?

- two factor theory - theory X and theory U hierarchy of needs - theory of needs

stages of conflict process

1. antecedent conditions 2. perceiving that there IS conflict (cognition and personalization) 3. intentions (trying to handle the issue) 4. behavior (overt conflict - behavior and reactions) 5. outcomes (inc/dec group outcome)

self-efficacy theory

An individual's belief of being capable of performing a task (increased by inactive mastery, vicarious modeling, verbal persuasion, arousal of energy)

Distributive vs. Integrative Bargaining

Distributive: Win-Lose Integrative: Win-Win

consensus (attribution theory)

does everyone who faces a similar situation respond in the same way as the individual did

when you observe lexi, you see that she displays different behaviors in different situations. according to attribution theory, which of the following describes lexi's behavior?

distinctiveness

the three facts of attribution theory are....

distinctiveness, consensus, consistency

what term is concerned with the fairness of the outcomes

distributive justice

Cremona graduated six months ago. she has been regularly applying for jobs since before she graduated. what best describers ramona's situation

a problem

if you are facing discrepancy between your current state of affairs and a different desired state, it describes

a problem

bounded rationality

a process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity (youre never going to assimilate and understand all the factors)

what is a decision making model that assumes that the decision maker has complete information, able to identity all the relevant options in an unbiased manner, and chooses the option with the highest utility?

a rational decision making model

what is an example of an externally caused bahavior

a student is late to class because he got a flat tire on the way to school

mcclelland's theory of needs requires

a time consuming process for managers to implement

management by objectives

converts overall organizational objectives into specific objectives for individuals (goal specificity with explicit period of time)

ideas considered to be both novel and useful by stakeholders are considered

creative outcomes

rica has to make a choice between taking a 6-month co op internship at marriott or a regular summer internship at under armor. rica is face with a

decision

what is the first step in the rational decision making model

defining the model

rational job esign

designing work so employees are motivated to promote the well being of the organization's beneficiaries (stories from customers)

performance evaluations can influence managers' decisions by

determining the criteria that matter most

in intuitive decision making, we typically

engage our emotions and previous experience

a football player on a 2 million dollar contract who refuses to show up to training camp because another similar football player has a contract for more money is an example of

equity theory

when we stay with a decision even if there is clear evidence its wrong, it refers to

escalation of commitment

____ serves as the basic foundation of the integrated model of contemporary motivation theories?

expectancy model

which theory argues that the strength of our tendency to act a certain way depends on the strength of our expectation of a given outcome and its attractiveness?

expectancy theory

according to the text, our perceptions are influenced by our

expectations

when discussing motivation, intensity refers to

how hard a person works towards an organizational goal

persistence

how long the effort is maintained

which of the following represents the final step of creative behavior

idea evaluation

the second step in the rational decision-making process is to

identify the decision criteria

in the three stage model of creativity, creative behavior occurs in how many steps

four

which theory is not among the early theories of motivation

goal setting theory

which theory reviewed the concepts of satisfaction and dissatisfaction?

herzberg's two factor theory

according to the attribution theory, is a behavior is ___, we tend to attribute it to internal causes

high on consistency

according to mcclelland's high achievers are strongly motivated when jobs have

high personal responsibility, high feedback, and intermediate risk

bianche is known for making consistent, value-maximizing choices within specified constraints. she can be described as

rational

minimize counterproductive conflict:

recognize when there really is a disagreement, encourage open discussion, have opposing groups pick important issues and work for satisfaction, emphasize shared interests

better decisions can be made by

recognizing potential perceptual biases during the decision process

in the integrated model of contemporary motivation, which theory suggests that n organization's rewards strengthen the individual's performance

reinforcement theory

a manager who is likely to make a conservative decision would be constrained by

reward systems

which nee in maslow's hierarchy refresh security and protection from physical and emotional harm?

safety

operant condititoning

the mouse thing -- consequences are associated with voluntary behavior

job engagement refers to

the physical, intellectual, and emotional energy an employee invests at work

what is motivation

the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal

the bargaining zone

the settlement range should be between part A and B's resistance points. NOT to their target points

people are more engaged in their jobs with

the work is meaningful

self determination theory

theory concerned with autonomy, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and the satisfaction of psychological work needs

reinforcement theory

theory that positive and negative reinforcers motivate a person to behave in certain ways

____ proposes making decisions based solely on basis of their outcomes -- ideally to provide the greatest good for the greatest number

utilitarianism

self-determination theory is based on the idea that people prefer

to willingly choose activities