mgt test 2
direction
efforts are channeled toward organizational goals
according to expectancy theory, if an employee's efforts to fail to result in a good performance review, what will happen?
employees ay perceive that favoritism is used in determining rewards
a process by which we shape and interpret sensory impression in order to five meaning to our environment is
influenced by the target and the context
an element of motivation that explains how hard a person tries is called
intensity
pay structure must balance between
internal equity and external equity
what is the difference between external and internal causation in perception
internal means you probably attribute the reasoning behind things for something that a person did rather than an external causation, that something happened TO them to make them act that way (being late to work, for example)
____ caused behaviors are those an observed believes to be under the personal behavioral control of another individuals
internally
what is true of fundamental attribution error?
it can cause people to underestimate the influence of external factors on others
one problem with maslow's hierarchy of needs is that
it lacks empirical validation
how is creativity useful to decision makers
it permits the generation of ideas that are novel and useful
the investment of an employee's emotional, physical, and cognitive energy into a job is known as
job engagement
what refers to the investment of your physical cognitive, an emotional energies into your job performance?
job engagement
what is a key factor that improves a person's job engagement
job meaningfulness
the perception process is influenced by which of these situation context factors - heat -attractiveness -location -attitude -past experience
location
based on equity theory, employees who perceive inequity will make any of these choices except - leaving the field - maintining perceptions of self -choosing a different referent -changing inputs -chanigng outcomes
maintaining perceptions of self
if you are making a choice from among two or more alternatives, you are
making a decision
cascading objectives are the focus of which motivational theory?
management by objectives
what refers to the processes that account for an employers' intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward accomplishing a goal?
motivation
according to mcclellan, which is the drive to excel, to achieve in relationship to a set of standards?
nAch
what describes mclelland's need to make others behave in a way they would not have otherwise
nPow
are ethics and creativity correlated?
no
self-serving bias
occurs when individuals overestimate their own (internal) influence on successes and overestimate the external influences on failures
profit sharing plans
organization wide programs distributing compensation based on some established formula around a company's profitability
according to an integrated motivational theory model, rewards play a part in
organizational justice
merit-based pay
pay is based on individual performance appraisal ratins
____ refers to a processe by which people organize and interpret sensory impressions for the purpose of understanding their environment.
perception
person perceptions
perceptions we form about each other
what is job rotation and what does it do
periodic shifting of an employee from one task to another...increases job satisfaction and organizational management
if jeb works hard toward a desired organizational goal, but gives up easily, it can be said that he lacks
persistence
which dimension of motivation measures the length of time a person can maintain effort
persistence
what, according to herzberg, is a hygiene factor?
physical working conditions
employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs)
plans in which employees acquire stock, often at below market prices
two cases of creative bahravior are ___ and ____
potential and environment
Susan strives to fulfill duties and obligations and avoid conditions that pull her away from desired goals. susan can be described as a manager with a ___ focus
prevention
we generally need to make decisions when we perceive there is a
problem
in rights approach, individuals make decisions based on which of the following
protecting the basic rights of others
raj has interviewed at 28 places for a job. he chooses the first acceptable job offer he encounters, rather than the optimal one. which best describes his choice?
satisficing
theory concerned with the possible benefits of intrinsic motivation vs the possible harmful effects of external motivation
self determination
according to maslow, which of these represents the highest level of needs?
self-actualization
what focuses on the strength of the consistency between employee goals and ore values or interests?
self-concordance
training programs that help employees learn and practice new skills help build
self-efficacy
what theory refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task?
self-efficacy
which term describes the tendency when people attribute vague information as relatively flattering, accept positive feedback, and reject negative feedback?
self-serving bias
what are the five core dimensions of job characteristics model
skill variety task identity task significance autonomy feedback
what contemporary theory of motivation proposes that people prefer to feel they have control over their actions
social learning theroy
what are the three domains of conflict management
strategy, function, worker
according to a gallup survey, more than two thirds of workers reported wasting time at work every day usually by
surfing the internet and chatting with coworkers
good reward systems are most likely to
sway managers toward certain choices that promise greater gains
informational justice
the degree to which employees are provided with truthful explanations for decisions
interpersonal justice
the degree to which employees are treated with dignity and respect
what are the three factors of organizational justice?
-distributive justice "i got the pay raise i deserved" -procedural justice "i had input into the process used to give raises and was given a good explanation for my raise" -interactional justice "when telling me about my raise, my boss was nice"
negotiation process
1. Preparation and planning 2. Definition of ground rules 3. Clarification and justification 4. Bargaining and problem solving 5. Closure and implementation
conflict
A process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, something that the first party cares about.
fundamental attribution error
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others
according to the text, thailand emphasizes
accepting situations as they are
what makes employees more engaged in their jobs
access to sufficient resources
mcclellands three needs
achievement (nAch), affiliation (nAff), power (nPow)
intensity
amount of effort put forth to meet the goal
which term refers to setting on initial info and not sufficiently altering for subsequent information?
anchoring bias
yolanda is a whistle-blower at Garden Tool International. Whistle-blowers
are protected by free speech when they reveal unethical practices
Jason, a shop level manager, believes his employees inherently dislike work and must be directed/coerced into it. accordion to mcgregor, jason can be described
as a THEORY X manager
which of these is an individuals personal trait that impacts what is being perceived? - heat -attractiveness -location -attitude -lighting effect
attitude
which of these characteristics of the target being perceived that impacts the perception process - heat -attractiveness -location -attitude -lighting effect
attractiveness
____ tries to explain the ways we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we assign to a behavior
attribution theory
rational decision making model -> ____ -> ___
bounded rationality model; intuition based model
at overly high level of engagement on the part of an employee most likely leads to
burnout
_____ theory says extrinsic rewards reduce intrinsic interest in a task
cognitive evaluation
what are conflict handling behaviors
competition, collaboration, avoidance, accommodation, finallyyyyy compromise
what might affect escalation of commitment?
conscientiousness
if jason, jamie, julie, and john face a similar situation and respond in the same way, we can say their behavior shows -conscientiousness -consensus -distinctiveness
consensus
consistency (Attribution theory)
does the person respond the same way over time
in goal setting theory, goals should be
difficult and specific, as long as the individual accepts of the challenge
quality of effort speaks to what component of motivation
direction
according to amber bandura, which method would increase self-efficacy?
vicarious modeling
what element of self-efficacy theory means to become more confident because you see someone else doing the task?
vicarious modeling
distinctiveness (attribution theory)
whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations
distinctiveness refers to
whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations
piece-rate pau
workers are paid a fixed sum for each unit of production completed
expectancy theory
- effort->performance - performance->reward - rewards->personal goals like "what do i get for this, personally, fiscally, overall)
what factors are likely to influence goals-performance relationship?
- feedback - national culture - goal commitment - task characteristics
organizations with highly engaged employees are likely to have
- lower employee turnover - fewer safely incidents - higher citizenship behavior - higher levels of productivity
what are the constraints of decision making that exist within organizations
- performance evaluation - reward systems - formal regulations - system-imposed time constraints - historical precedents - decision making during crisis
what are among the early theories of motivation?
- two factor theory - theory X and theory U hierarchy of needs - theory of needs
stages of conflict process
1. antecedent conditions 2. perceiving that there IS conflict (cognition and personalization) 3. intentions (trying to handle the issue) 4. behavior (overt conflict - behavior and reactions) 5. outcomes (inc/dec group outcome)
self-efficacy theory
An individual's belief of being capable of performing a task (increased by inactive mastery, vicarious modeling, verbal persuasion, arousal of energy)
Distributive vs. Integrative Bargaining
Distributive: Win-Lose Integrative: Win-Win
consensus (attribution theory)
does everyone who faces a similar situation respond in the same way as the individual did
when you observe lexi, you see that she displays different behaviors in different situations. according to attribution theory, which of the following describes lexi's behavior?
distinctiveness
the three facts of attribution theory are....
distinctiveness, consensus, consistency
what term is concerned with the fairness of the outcomes
distributive justice
Cremona graduated six months ago. she has been regularly applying for jobs since before she graduated. what best describers ramona's situation
a problem
if you are facing discrepancy between your current state of affairs and a different desired state, it describes
a problem
bounded rationality
a process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity (youre never going to assimilate and understand all the factors)
what is a decision making model that assumes that the decision maker has complete information, able to identity all the relevant options in an unbiased manner, and chooses the option with the highest utility?
a rational decision making model
what is an example of an externally caused bahavior
a student is late to class because he got a flat tire on the way to school
mcclelland's theory of needs requires
a time consuming process for managers to implement
management by objectives
converts overall organizational objectives into specific objectives for individuals (goal specificity with explicit period of time)
ideas considered to be both novel and useful by stakeholders are considered
creative outcomes
rica has to make a choice between taking a 6-month co op internship at marriott or a regular summer internship at under armor. rica is face with a
decision
what is the first step in the rational decision making model
defining the model
rational job esign
designing work so employees are motivated to promote the well being of the organization's beneficiaries (stories from customers)
performance evaluations can influence managers' decisions by
determining the criteria that matter most
in intuitive decision making, we typically
engage our emotions and previous experience
a football player on a 2 million dollar contract who refuses to show up to training camp because another similar football player has a contract for more money is an example of
equity theory
when we stay with a decision even if there is clear evidence its wrong, it refers to
escalation of commitment
____ serves as the basic foundation of the integrated model of contemporary motivation theories?
expectancy model
which theory argues that the strength of our tendency to act a certain way depends on the strength of our expectation of a given outcome and its attractiveness?
expectancy theory
according to the text, our perceptions are influenced by our
expectations
when discussing motivation, intensity refers to
how hard a person works towards an organizational goal
persistence
how long the effort is maintained
which of the following represents the final step of creative behavior
idea evaluation
the second step in the rational decision-making process is to
identify the decision criteria
in the three stage model of creativity, creative behavior occurs in how many steps
four
which theory is not among the early theories of motivation
goal setting theory
which theory reviewed the concepts of satisfaction and dissatisfaction?
herzberg's two factor theory
according to the attribution theory, is a behavior is ___, we tend to attribute it to internal causes
high on consistency
according to mcclelland's high achievers are strongly motivated when jobs have
high personal responsibility, high feedback, and intermediate risk
bianche is known for making consistent, value-maximizing choices within specified constraints. she can be described as
rational
minimize counterproductive conflict:
recognize when there really is a disagreement, encourage open discussion, have opposing groups pick important issues and work for satisfaction, emphasize shared interests
better decisions can be made by
recognizing potential perceptual biases during the decision process
in the integrated model of contemporary motivation, which theory suggests that n organization's rewards strengthen the individual's performance
reinforcement theory
a manager who is likely to make a conservative decision would be constrained by
reward systems
which nee in maslow's hierarchy refresh security and protection from physical and emotional harm?
safety
operant condititoning
the mouse thing -- consequences are associated with voluntary behavior
job engagement refers to
the physical, intellectual, and emotional energy an employee invests at work
what is motivation
the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal
the bargaining zone
the settlement range should be between part A and B's resistance points. NOT to their target points
people are more engaged in their jobs with
the work is meaningful
self determination theory
theory concerned with autonomy, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and the satisfaction of psychological work needs
reinforcement theory
theory that positive and negative reinforcers motivate a person to behave in certain ways
____ proposes making decisions based solely on basis of their outcomes -- ideally to provide the greatest good for the greatest number
utilitarianism
self-determination theory is based on the idea that people prefer
to willingly choose activities
