Micro Ch. 2
Who discovered the first antibiotic?
Alexander Fleming-Nobel Prize in Medicine 1945 Penicillium (fungus) made the antibiotic penicillin
Who is the father of Bacteriology?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Who created the first microscope to look at microorganisms?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1670s) magnified up to 300x
Who instituted hand washing?
Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis
Who created the vaccination?
Edward Jenner to protect children from smallpox
Who suggested the use of agar?
Fannie Hess-wife of Koch's assistant
Who the the pioneer of modern nursing?
Florence Nightingale documented unsanitary conditions and instituted antiseptic techniques
Who is the "Father of Antiseptic Surgery"?
Joseph Lister used Phenol
Who discovered oxygen in 1774?
Joseph Priestly
Who developed the petri dish?
Richard Petri allows air in but keeps contaminants out
Who proved that a bacterium causes a certain disease (anthrax)?
Robert Koch
Louis Pasteur's experiment:
Swan neck flasks, boiled solutions, left flasks exposed to air-no microbial grown DISPROVED SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
Koch's Postulates
The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals. The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture. The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host. The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host.
What bacteria is the cause of the Bubonic Plague?
Yersinia pestis infects various rodents and is transferred to new host via a blood meal by a flea
Germ Theory of Disease
a particular disease is caused by a particular microorganism
What is puerperal sepsis?
a streptococcus infection
What did we used to call microbes?
animalcules
Type II Chemotherapies
antibiotics
What did Hippocrates do?
associated certain symptoms with certain illnesses developed ethical standards for the practice of medicine
What are lymph nodes?
buboes
How was the smallpox vaccine administered?
by stabbing 10-15x with a bifurcated needle had to cause bleeding and scar to be protective
How was smallpox spread?
by the inhalation of droplets and scabs carrying the virus
Type I Chemotherapies
chemicals/dyes
What is treatment with chemicals?
chemotherapy
What virus did Jenner use to protect against smallpox (variola virus)?
cowpox (vaccinia virus)
Why was agar suggested as a media?
doesn't melt until it's over 80 degrees Celsius not digested by bacteria
Why were Koch's postulates significant?
established the criteria whereby the etiological agent of a disease could be determined
What did Koch propose to prove that a microbe causes a specific disease?
experimental steps-Koch's Postulates
What did Koch receive the Nobel Prize in 1905 for?
his studies of TB
biogenesis
hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life
What did Louis Pasteur do?
invented pasteurization kills spoilage bacteria, but not yeast or resistant bacteria
What is spontaneous generation (abiogenesis)?
life "springs" from non-living material a "vital force" forms life
Problem with gelatin as a media
many bacteria digests it
Problem with sliced potatoes as a media?
not everything grows
What did Koch's work lead to the discovery/development of?
nutrient broth and nutrient agar methods for isolating microorganisms agar petri dish
What vaccines did Louis Pasteur develop?
rabies, anthrax, and chicken cholera
What is the only disease to be fully eradicated?
smallpox-bioterrorism agent
What is immunology?
the study of host immune defenses
Why do we isolate pure cultures?
we need individual colonies
Problem with broth as a media?
won't isolate