Micro Ch. 2

Who discovered the first antibiotic?

Alexander Fleming-Nobel Prize in Medicine 1945 Penicillium (fungus) made the antibiotic penicillin

Who is the father of Bacteriology?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Who created the first microscope to look at microorganisms?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1670s) magnified up to 300x

Who instituted hand washing?

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

Who created the vaccination?

Edward Jenner to protect children from smallpox

Who suggested the use of agar?

Fannie Hess-wife of Koch's assistant

Who the the pioneer of modern nursing?

Florence Nightingale documented unsanitary conditions and instituted antiseptic techniques

Who is the "Father of Antiseptic Surgery"?

Joseph Lister used Phenol

Who discovered oxygen in 1774?

Joseph Priestly

Who developed the petri dish?

Richard Petri allows air in but keeps contaminants out

Who proved that a bacterium causes a certain disease (anthrax)?

Robert Koch

Louis Pasteur's experiment:

Swan neck flasks, boiled solutions, left flasks exposed to air-no microbial grown DISPROVED SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

Koch's Postulates

The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals. The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture. The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host. The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host.

What bacteria is the cause of the Bubonic Plague?

Yersinia pestis infects various rodents and is transferred to new host via a blood meal by a flea

Germ Theory of Disease

a particular disease is caused by a particular microorganism

What is puerperal sepsis?

a streptococcus infection

What did we used to call microbes?

animalcules

Type II Chemotherapies

antibiotics

What did Hippocrates do?

associated certain symptoms with certain illnesses developed ethical standards for the practice of medicine

What are lymph nodes?

buboes

How was the smallpox vaccine administered?

by stabbing 10-15x with a bifurcated needle had to cause bleeding and scar to be protective

How was smallpox spread?

by the inhalation of droplets and scabs carrying the virus

Type I Chemotherapies

chemicals/dyes

What is treatment with chemicals?

chemotherapy

What virus did Jenner use to protect against smallpox (variola virus)?

cowpox (vaccinia virus)

Why was agar suggested as a media?

doesn't melt until it's over 80 degrees Celsius not digested by bacteria

Why were Koch's postulates significant?

established the criteria whereby the etiological agent of a disease could be determined

What did Koch propose to prove that a microbe causes a specific disease?

experimental steps-Koch's Postulates

What did Koch receive the Nobel Prize in 1905 for?

his studies of TB

biogenesis

hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life

What did Louis Pasteur do?

invented pasteurization kills spoilage bacteria, but not yeast or resistant bacteria

What is spontaneous generation (abiogenesis)?

life "springs" from non-living material a "vital force" forms life

Problem with gelatin as a media

many bacteria digests it

Problem with sliced potatoes as a media?

not everything grows

What did Koch's work lead to the discovery/development of?

nutrient broth and nutrient agar methods for isolating microorganisms agar petri dish

What vaccines did Louis Pasteur develop?

rabies, anthrax, and chicken cholera

What is the only disease to be fully eradicated?

smallpox-bioterrorism agent

What is immunology?

the study of host immune defenses

Why do we isolate pure cultures?

we need individual colonies

Problem with broth as a media?

won't isolate