Micro Chapter 14 (Mult Choice + TF) matching + (SA) Full multiple choice questions
Describe the main cell types in agranulocytes and their function.
Agranulocytes: No cytoplasmic granules/ globular, non-lobed nuclei. i. Lymphocytes: Second most common WBC in the blood, 20-35% Exist in two functional types: 1) T-cells (thymus derived; cell-mediated immunity) 2) B-cells (bursa equivalent; antibody production; humoral immunity) ii. Monocytes:Largest of all WBCs. 3-7%. Kidney-shaped nuclei. Mature into macrophages. * Macrophages are responsible for: 1) phagocytosis 2) processing foreign molecules and presenting them to lymphocytes 3) secreting biologically active compounds that regulate immune cells and their reactions.
E
All of the following pertain to interferon except: A. protein B. produced by certain white blood cells and tissue cells C. includes alpha, beta, and gamma types D. inhibit viruses, tumors, and cancer gene expression E. increase capillary permeability and vasodilation
A
All of the following pertain to platelets except: A. contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide B. also called thrombocytes C. originate from giant multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes D. function in blood clotting and inflammation E. they are not whole cells but are pieces of cells
A
All the following are events of early inflammation except: A. macrophages appear first and begin phagocytosis B. chemical mediators and cytokines are released C. brief vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation D. exudate and pus can accumulate E. capillaries become more permeable resulting in edema
B
An example of a nonspecific chemical barrier to infection is: a. unbroken skin b. lysozyme in saliva c. cilia in respiratory tract d. all of these
D
An example of an exogenous pyrogen is: a. Interferon - 1 b. complement c. interferon d. endotoxin
Plasma cells
Antibody production
False
B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland.
Histamine
Chemical mediator
True
Communication between cells of the immune system is accomplished using chemical signals. T/F
False
Complement proteins are produced by the spleen.
E
Components of the first line of defense include all the following except: A. the tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin B. nasal hairs C. flushing action of tears and blinking D. flushing action of urine E. phagocytic white blood cells
D
Comprise 3-7% of circulating WBC's, are phagocytic, and can migrate out into body tissues to differentiate into macrophages: A. basophils B. eosinophils C. neutrophils D. monocytes E. lymphocytes
E
Diapedesis is the: A. loss of blood due to hemorrhaging B. production of only red blood cells C. production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets D. plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding E. migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues
Explain the processes of diapedesis and chemotaxis.
Diapedesis: Is the process by which the WBCs leave the blood vessels and enter tissue spaces. The factors that assist in diapedesis are: 1) WBCs are actively mobile and can change shape 2) endothelial cells lining the venules contain adhesive receptors to capture the WBC and transport it to extracellular space. Chemotaxis: Tendency of cells to migrate in response to a specific chemical stimulus. Through this means, cells migrate towards the site of infection and perform the immune function.
False
During phagocytosis, intracellular digestion begins as soon as the phagosome is formed.
B
Each of the following are benefits of fever except: A. it reduces the ability of temperature sensitive organisms to multiply B. it increases the availability of iron C. it increases phagocytosis D. it increases metabolism E. it stimulates hematopoiesis
C
Each of the following are granulocytes except: A. neutrophils B. eosinophils C. lymphocytes D. basophils E. all of the choices are correct
E
Each of the following are physical barriers to pathogens except: A. unbroken skin B. mucous C. hairs D. tears E. T-cells
E
Each of the following is involved in the migration of white blood cells except: A. chemotaxis B. diapedesis C. motility D. vasodilatation E. phagocytosis
True
Genetic differences among species, and within a species, can convey genetic immunity to certain diseases. T/F
C
Hemopoiesis is the: A. loss of blood due to hemorrhaging B. production of only red blood cells C. production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets D. plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding E. migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues
Briefly describe the three major types of IFN, their sources and biological functions.
Interferon: These care small proteins produced by certain WBCs and tissue cells and used as antiviral as well as anticancer agent. * Three major types: 1. IFN-alpha, product of lymphocytes and macrophages 2. IFN-beta, produced by fibroblasts and epithelial cells 3. IFN-gamma, a product of T cells. * IFN-alpha and beta stimulate phagocytosis * IFN-gamma regulates macrophages, T cells and B cells.
What is lymph? What are the different components of the lymphatic system?
Lymph = plasma like liquid carried by the lymphatic system. It is composed of water, salts and 2-5% proteins, mainly antibodies and albumin. It also transports WBCs, specifically lymphocytes, and fat, cellular debris and infectious agents. Lymphatic vessels: Lymphatic vessels are thin walled vessels that carry lymph and traverse along the blood vessels. Lymphatic capillaries accompany the blood capillaries and permeate all parts of the body except CNS, bone, placenta and thymus. High numbers of lymphatic vessels are found in the hands, feet and around the areola of the breast. Lymphoid organs and tissues: GALT, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils
True
Lysozyme is an enzyme found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls. T/F
Discuss the mechanism of fever? Benefits of fever? Why do chills accompany fever?
Mechanism and benefits: - pyrogens act on hypothalamus - muscles increase heat production - peripheral arterioles constrict, decrease heat loss A. it reduces the ability of temperature sensitive organisms to multiply B. it increases phagocytosis C. it increases metabolism D. it stimulates hematopoiesis Fever: 1. inhibits growth of temp sensitive microbes 2. cause us to hold on to iron more tightly, starving bacteria 3. speeding up reactions of metabolism and immune system Chills: When humans have a fever, macrophages stop producing iron, bacteria cannot grow without iron OR/And 1. raises temp above optimum pathogens --> inhibits their growth 2. Activates components of the immune system (increases metabolism/activity of WBC 3. Enhances inflammatory response, phagocytic killing, multiplication of leucocytes, production of interferons and antibiotics
Dendritic cells
Monocytes
C
Monocytes are _________ leukocytes that develop into _________. a. granular, phagocytes b. agranular, mast cells c. agranular, macrophages d. granular, T cells
Description for drawing of: granulocytes showing their nuclear and granular characteristics Neutrophil Basophil Eosinophil
Neutrophil: Multi-lobed nuclei Pale, lavender color granules Basophil: Pale, constricted nuclei Dark purple color granules Eosinophil: Bi-lobed nucleus Orange to red large granules
B
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are called _____ because they have prominent cytoplasmic inclusions that, in a stained blood smear, appear with identifying, characteristic colors. A. leukocytes B. granulocytes C. agranulocytes D. monocytes E. none of the choices are correct
What is the difference between non-specific host defenses and immune responses?
Non-specific host defenses: these are ways in which the body attempts to destroy all types of substances that are foreign to it, including pathogens. It includes 1) physical, chemical and genetic barriers to foreign matter and 2) cellular and chemical system, namely inflammatory response, IFN, complements and phagocytes which destroy the foreign matter that has somehow entered the body. Immune response = very specific; antibodies are produced by the body against the foreign invaders or 'antigens'. These antibodies are absolutely antigen specific.
E
Nonspecific chemical defenses include: A. lysozyme B. lactic acid and electrolytes of sweat C. skin's acidic pH and fatty acids D. stomach hydrochloric acid E. all of the choices are correct
D
Place the following in order of greatest to least phagocytic activity: neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages A. neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages B. neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils C. eosinophils, macrophages, neutrophils D. macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils E. macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils
D
Plasma cells: A. function in cell-mediated immunity B. are derived from T-lymphocytes C. function in blood clotting D. produce and secrete antibodies E. all of the choices are correct
False
Plasma is also called lymph. T/F
E
Plasma: A. is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended B. is mostly water C. contains albumin and globulins D. contains fibrinogen E. all of the choices are correct
Pyogenic
Pus-forming bacteria
False...it's actually pyrogenic bacteria that is associated with fever.
Pyogenic bacteria are commonly associated with fever. T/F
What are the main components of the reticuloendothelial system?
RES: 1. Reticular Fibers 2. Macrophages 3. Dendritic Cells 4. Monocytes
Review the anatomical locations of hemopoisis at various stages of development.
Sites for hemopoiesis: 5 Wk Embryo - Yolk Sac 8 Wk Embryo - Liver 4 Month Fetus - Extensive Bone Marrow sites By Age 4 - Red bone marrow (ribs, sternum, pelvic girdle, flat bones of the skull and spinal column and proximal portions of the humerus and femur.
Outline the major phases of phagocytosis
Stages of phagocytosis: 1) chemotaxis 2) Formation of phagosome 3) Formation of phagolysosome 4) Killing & digestion of the microbe 5) release of debris
Thymus
T cells
Hypothalamus
Temperature regulation center
C
The _____ system of blood proteins act to lyse foreign cells and viruses. A. humoral immunity B. cell mediated C. complement D. lymphoid E. none of the choices are correct
B
The blood cells that function in allergic reactions and inflammation, contain peroxidase and lysozyme, and particularly target parasitic worms and fungi are: A. basophils B. eosinophils C. neutrophils D. monocytes E. lymphocytes
C
The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is: A. lactic acid B. hydrochloric acid C. lysozyme D. histamine E. bile
D
The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are: A. complement B. interferons C. leukotrines D. pyrogens E. lysozymes
False
The immune system uses DNA content to distinguish self from nonself.
False
The liquid component of clotted blood is called plasma. T/F
D
The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as: A. lymph nodes B. thymus C. spleen D. GALT E. tonsils
C
The most numerous WBC's, that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are: A. basophils B. eosinophils C. neutrophils D. monocytes E. lymphocytes
E
The reticuloendothelial system: A. is a support network of connective tissue fibers B. originates in the cellular basal lamina C. provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs D. is heavily populated with macrophages E. all of the choices are correct
C
The term _____ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response. A. antibody B. allergen C. antigen D. foreign body E. none of the choices are correct
A
This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal flora: A. skin B. respiratory tract C. digestive tract D. urinary tract E. eyes
B
This gland shrinks in size during adulthood, and has hormones that function in maturation of T-lymphocytes: A. lymph nodes B. thymus C. spleen D. GALT E. tonsils
B
What is included in GALT? a. thymus b. Peyer's patches c. tonsils d. breast lymph nodes
E
When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into _____. A. primary phagocytes B. neutrophils C. killer T cells D. cytotoxic T cells E. macrophages
B
Which is incorrect about complement? A. composed of at least 20 blood proteins B. only appear in the blood during a response to a pathogen C. act in a cascade reaction D. involves a classical pathway E. involves an alternate pathway
B
Which nonspecific host defense is associated with the trachea? a. lacrimation b. ciliary lining c. desquamation d. lactic acid
D
Which of the following blood cells function primarily in phagocytes? a. eosinophils b. basophils c. lymphocytes d. neutrophils
A
Which of the following is an antimicrobial protein that has a much greater role in the third line of defense than in the second line of defense? a. antibody b. complement c. protegrin d. interferon
B
Which of the following is not a lymphoid tissue? a. spleen b. thyroid gland c. lymph nodes d. GALT
C
Which of the following is the end product of the complement system? a. properdin b. cascade reaction c. membrane attack complex d. complement factor C9
C
Which of the following lymphoid organs and tissues has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood? A. lymph nodes B. thymus C. spleen D. GALT E. tonsils
D
Which of the following substances is not produced by phagocytes to destroy engulfed microorganisms? a. hydroxyl radicals b. superoxide anion c. hydrogen peroxide d. bradykinin
A
_____ function in humoral immunity, while _____ function in cell-mediated immunity. A. B cells, T cells B. T cells, B cells C. Monocytes, Basophils D. Basophils, T cells E. B cells, neutrophils
Interferon
synthesis of antiviral proteins