Micro concepts chapter 6

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List the correct order of viral life cycle phases, starting with the first at the top. Synthesis, Release, Adsorption, Penetration/Uncoating, Assembly

1. Adsorption 2.Penetration/Uncoating 3.Synthesis 4. Assembly 5.Release

Which is the correct term to describe viral adherence to a host cell receptor? Adsorption Absorption Penetration

Adsorption

Which viral stage occurs first? Multiple choice question. Release Uncoating Assembly Synthesis Adsorption Penetration

Adsorption

_____ is the viral process of attaching to the host cell receptor for the virus.

Adsorption

Identify any of the following which can be used as primary cell lines. Embryonic tissue Cancer cells Fetal cells Any of the answers listed here Adult tissue cells

Any of the answers listed here

What term is used to specifically describe the types of viruses that infect bacteria? Viroid Archaea Bacteriophage Prion Plasmid

Bacteriophage

In which way do enveloped viruses leave their host cell? Endocytosis Rupture Budding Fusion Lysis

Budding

Which is closest in physical proximity to the nucleic acid of a virus?

Capsid

Which structure immediately encloses viral nucleic acid?

Capsid

Identify all the components of the nucleoclapsid -Envelope -Polymerase -Capsid -Scaffolding proteins -Nucleic Acid

Capsid; Nucleic Acid

Which are the three main criteria used in classifying viruses into families? Chemical composition Cell type infected Geographic distribution Pathogenic potential Structure Genetic makeup

Chemical composition Structure Genetic makeup

Which term is used to describe the process when a virus is engulfed by a cell in a vacuole or vesicle? Exocytosis Budding Lysis Endocytosis

Endocytosis

Identify all the methods that a virus can use to gain entry into an animal cell. Engulfment/phagocytosis of the virus Fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane Injection of viral nucleic acids across the cell membrane

Engulfment/phagocytosis of the virus Fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane

Which term is used to describe the phospholipid bilayer found surrounding the capsid of some viruses?

Envelope

True or false: Chicken eggs have a monolayer of cells within them which offer a good place to propagate virus. True false question. True

False

What are the viral spikes typically composed of? Nucleic Acids Glycoproteins Lipoproteins

Glycoproteins

Identify the different environments in which some viruses can replicate

Human cells, bacterial cells, animal cells

Different viruses can infect which of the following?

Human, bacterial, or plant cells

Which of the following is a mass of viruses or damaged organelles due to the cytopathic effect of viral infection? Neoplasm Inclusion Body Syncytium

Inclusion body

Which term correctly refers to viral bursting of any host cell? Lysis Hemolysis Plasmolysis

Lysis

Which of the following best describe the relationship between viruses and their host cell? Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism

Parasitism

Bacteriophages can infect which of the following? Eukaryotes only Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes Prokaryotes only

Prokaryotes only

Which of the following best describes a prion? Obligate intracellular parasite Proteinaceous infectious agent RNA-based infectious agent Obligate aerobe

Proteinaceous infectious agent

Which factor enables certain laboratory animals to propagate viruses more readily than others? Whether or not a virus can infect the bacteria carried by particular animal hosts Immune status of particular animal hosts Receptor specificity between virus and particular animal hosts

Receptor specificity between virus and particular animal hosts

What are viruses called which are capable of converting their RNA genomes into DNA? RD viruses Reverse viruses (Rev-viruses) Autoviruses Retroviruses

Retroviruses

Most human viral infections are ______.

Self-limiting

What term is used to describe the viral proteins which protrude from the envelope and aid in attachment to host receptors? Nucleocapsid Capsomeres Spikes

Spikes

Which of the following is a multinucleated mass of cells due to the cytopathic effect of viral infection? Syncytium oncovirus inclusion

Syncytium

Which is NOT a reason that eggs provide an excellent in vivo viral cultivation system? The interior environment of the egg is sterile The egg contains a tissue monolayer The egg is self-supporting

The egg contains a tissue monolayer

Which term describes the integration of an oncogenic virus that changes mammalian host DNA? Lysogeny Transformation Transduction

Transformation

Which term describes the integration of an oncogenic virus that changes mammalian host DNA? Transduction Transformation Lysogeny

Transformation

True or false: Embryonic tissue can serve as a primary cell line for viral culture.

True

True or false: Inoculation of laboratory animals is an in vivo method of viral cultivation.

True

Which two of the following mechanisms are found to result in cancer caused by a virus? Viruses carry genes from an existing tumor to other body sites to cause cancer. Bacteriophages from host microbiota infect host cells to cause cancer. Viral proteins cause changes in growth regulation, leading to cancer. The virus carries genes that can cause the cancer.

Viral proteins cause changes in growth regulation, leading to cancer. The virus carries genes that can cause the cancer.

Identify the smallest pathogenic agent

Virion

Which of the following statements regarding the membrane on an enveloped virus is true? The membrane gives the virus particle a distinct shape. Viruses insert their own proteins in the membrane. The membrane is identical to the host cell membrane. The viral envelope is not a lipid bilayer.

Viruses insert their own proteins in the membrane

Which of the following statements regarding the membrane on an enveloped virus is true? . The membrane gives the virus particle a distinct shape. The viral envelope is not a lipid bilayer. Viruses insert their own proteins in the membrane. The membrane is identical to the host cell membrane.

Viruses insert their own proteins in the membrane.

During the _____ step in viral multiplication, capsids and genetic material are packaged into virus particles.

assembly

Which of the following describes the various viral parts coming together to produce virions? Release Penetration Assembly Absorption

assembly

Any virus that specifically infects bacteria is called a(n)

bacteriophage

Which of the following viral release methods will not initially destroy the cell? Lysis Budding

budding

Two ways in which newly assembled viruses are released from host cells are through _____ (exocytosis) by enveloped viruses, and through _____ (rupture) by naked viruses.

budding; lysis

Some retroviruses carry oncogenes that may incorporate into the host cell DNA and ultimately result in ______.

cancer

The structure directly surrounding the viral nucleic acid is the _____, a coat of proteins.

capsid

Which is closest in physical proximity to the nucleic acid of the virus?

capsid

A(n) _____ is a protein subunit that forms the viral capsid. Listen to the complete question

capsomere

Which of the following is the monomeric unit for a viral capsid?

capsomere

Viruses _____ depend on a host cell for replication.

completely

dentify all the types of nucleic acid genomes which have been discovered carried by various bacteriophages. Both ss and ds DNA in a single phage Both ss and ds RNA in a single phage dsDNA ssRNA Both RNA and DNA in a single phage ssDNA

dsDNA, ssRNA, ssDNA

The 2 principle processes by which viruses penetrate host cells are _____ (engulfment) and direct fusion .

endocytosis

The process of ______ a type of penetration occurs when viruses are taken into the cell followed by engulfment in a vacuole or vesicle.

endocytosis or phagocytosis

A(n) _____ virus has a membranous layer external to the nucleocapsid.

enveloped

Budding is a type of ______ process where enveloped viruses are released from the host cell membrane. exocytic lysogenic cytolytic

exocytic

True or false: Bacteriophages infect eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms.

false

True or false: The viral envelope and capsid are the same thing.

false

True or false: Viruses which can lead to cancer are termed carcinoviruses.

false

The membrane receptors that viruses attach to during adsorption are typically composed of ______. glycoproteins nucleic acid lipids phospholipids

glycoproteins

What are the viral spikes typically composed of? Lipoproteins Nucleic acids Glycoproteins

glycoproteins

Viruses which have a series of capsomer proteins linked together forming a barrel is termed _____.

helical

Viruses which have a series of rod-shaped capsomer proteins linked together forming a series of interconnected hollow discs are termed ______.

helical

Two shapes of viral capsids are _____, which resembels a bracelet; or _____, which is a type of polyhedron

helical; icosahedral

The _____ range defines the limitations of the type of cell that a virus can invade.

host

Viral transformation implies ______ host dna is changed viral genome is changed viral capsid and/or spikes are changed virus brings exogenous DNA

host DNA is changed

Which of the following is a term used to describe the different host cells which a virus can infect? Spread Compatible range Virus range Host range

host range

_____ bodes are masses of viruses or damaged organelles of a cell due to a cytopathic effect of viral infection.

inclusion

_____ bodies are masses of viruses or damaged organelles of a cell due to a cytopathic effect of viral infection.

inclusion

Which of the following is a mass of viruses or damaged organelles due to the cytopathic effect of viral infection? Inclusion body Neoplasm Syncytium

inclusion body

Typically, naked helical viruses are _____ flexible than enveloped helical viruses. Less More

less

Hepatitis viruses have a tropism for cells of the ______. immune system skin liver bronchial tubes

liver

The term _____ is used to describe how some viruses burst cells during the release stage of viral multiplication.

lysis

______ active viral infections lead to cell death. Only some No (none) Most

most

A _____ virus does not have an envelope surrounding its capsid.

naked

A nonenveloped virus is also called a(n) _____ virus.

naked

Capsids of _______ helical viruses are rigid and tight, while capsids of _______ helical viruses are flexible and loose

naked; enveloped

Identify all the components of the nucleocapsid.

nucleic acid and capsid

At minimum, all viruses are composed of:

nucleic acids and proteins

The _____ refers to the capsid and nucleic acid of a nonenveloped virus.

nucleocapsid

The _______ refers to the capsid and nucleic acid of a noneveloped virus.

nucleocapsid

Viruses that are ______ lead to cancer in infected hosts

oncogenic

_____ infections are those which cells are infected yet show no cytopathic effects.

persistent

A cell harboring a virus that is not causing cytopathic effects is characteristic of which type of infection? Persistent infection Acute infection Active infection

persistent infection

Virus is latin for ______.

poison

A(n) _____ is a proteinaceous infectious agent associated with spongiform encephalopathies. Listen to the complete question

prion

At minimum, viruses are composed of nucleic acid covered by a coating comprised of

protein

Capsomeres are composed of

proteins

Which macromolecule composes capsomeres?

proteins

A _____ is the stage of an animal virus life cycle which is integrated into the host cell's genome.

provirus

Which of the following describe an animal virus that has integrated its genome into the host cell's genome? Indirect virus Prophage Provirus Latent virus

provirus

Which of the following describe an animal virus that has integrated its genome into the host cell's genome? Latent virus Indirect virus Provirus Prophage

provirus

Which of the following viral structures typically make enveloped viruses very species-specific for the host cell they infect? Capsomeres Receptors in the envelope Nucleocapsid Lipids in the envelope

receptors in the envelope

When it comes to virus multiplication, viral exocytosis refers to _____.

release

When it comes to virus multiplication, viral exocytosis refers to ______. uncoating release penetration absorption

release

HIV is described as a(n) _____ because it synthesizes DNA from RNA using reverse transcription.

retrovirus

An enzyme capable of taking an RNA genome and generating a DNA copy is called ______.

reverse transcriptase

In some viruses, including HIV, the enzyme __________ __________ transcribes RNA into DNA

reverse transcriptase

Most human viral infections are ______. chronic for life lethal self-limiting

self-limiting

When an enveloped virus buds off the cell membrane, the membrane differs _____ from the host cell's membrane.

significantly

When an enveloped virus buds off the cell membrane, the membrane differs ______ from the host cell's membrane. not at all significantly modestly

significantly

Viral glycoproteins that protrude from the viral envelope and attach to host cell receptors are termed

spikes

Viruses are classified into families based on genetic makeup, chemical composition, and ______

structure

Viruses are classified into families based on genetic makeup, chemical composition, and ______. Structure pathogenic potential geographic distribution

structure

A _____ occurs when a virus induces multiple cells to fuse making a large multinucleated cell.

syncytium

A virus that only infects cells of a specific tissue in the body is described as having a ______.

tropism

True or false: Bacteriophages can contain double-stranded or single-stranded DNA or RNA.

true

True or false: Budding viruses do not lyse the host cell during release.

true

True or false: Most active viral infections lead to cell death regardless of the type of release process.

true

True or false: Viruses are among the smallest infective agents

true

The process of _____ occurs when viruses lose their envelope during penetration into a host cell or when the envelope/capsid is are dissolved within a vacuole.

uncoating

Which term describes the process of a virus losing its capsid and exposing viral nucleic acids to the immediate environment? Release Uncoating Absorption Shedding

uncoating

A fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell is often called a

virion

A single virus particle is known as a(n)

virion

The term "in _____" implies that a virus is being propagated in a living animal.

vivo


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