Micro concepts chapter 6
List the correct order of viral life cycle phases, starting with the first at the top. Synthesis, Release, Adsorption, Penetration/Uncoating, Assembly
1. Adsorption 2.Penetration/Uncoating 3.Synthesis 4. Assembly 5.Release
Which is the correct term to describe viral adherence to a host cell receptor? Adsorption Absorption Penetration
Adsorption
Which viral stage occurs first? Multiple choice question. Release Uncoating Assembly Synthesis Adsorption Penetration
Adsorption
_____ is the viral process of attaching to the host cell receptor for the virus.
Adsorption
Identify any of the following which can be used as primary cell lines. Embryonic tissue Cancer cells Fetal cells Any of the answers listed here Adult tissue cells
Any of the answers listed here
What term is used to specifically describe the types of viruses that infect bacteria? Viroid Archaea Bacteriophage Prion Plasmid
Bacteriophage
In which way do enveloped viruses leave their host cell? Endocytosis Rupture Budding Fusion Lysis
Budding
Which is closest in physical proximity to the nucleic acid of a virus?
Capsid
Which structure immediately encloses viral nucleic acid?
Capsid
Identify all the components of the nucleoclapsid -Envelope -Polymerase -Capsid -Scaffolding proteins -Nucleic Acid
Capsid; Nucleic Acid
Which are the three main criteria used in classifying viruses into families? Chemical composition Cell type infected Geographic distribution Pathogenic potential Structure Genetic makeup
Chemical composition Structure Genetic makeup
Which term is used to describe the process when a virus is engulfed by a cell in a vacuole or vesicle? Exocytosis Budding Lysis Endocytosis
Endocytosis
Identify all the methods that a virus can use to gain entry into an animal cell. Engulfment/phagocytosis of the virus Fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane Injection of viral nucleic acids across the cell membrane
Engulfment/phagocytosis of the virus Fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane
Which term is used to describe the phospholipid bilayer found surrounding the capsid of some viruses?
Envelope
True or false: Chicken eggs have a monolayer of cells within them which offer a good place to propagate virus. True false question. True
False
What are the viral spikes typically composed of? Nucleic Acids Glycoproteins Lipoproteins
Glycoproteins
Identify the different environments in which some viruses can replicate
Human cells, bacterial cells, animal cells
Different viruses can infect which of the following?
Human, bacterial, or plant cells
Which of the following is a mass of viruses or damaged organelles due to the cytopathic effect of viral infection? Neoplasm Inclusion Body Syncytium
Inclusion body
Which term correctly refers to viral bursting of any host cell? Lysis Hemolysis Plasmolysis
Lysis
Which of the following best describe the relationship between viruses and their host cell? Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism
Parasitism
Bacteriophages can infect which of the following? Eukaryotes only Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes Prokaryotes only
Prokaryotes only
Which of the following best describes a prion? Obligate intracellular parasite Proteinaceous infectious agent RNA-based infectious agent Obligate aerobe
Proteinaceous infectious agent
Which factor enables certain laboratory animals to propagate viruses more readily than others? Whether or not a virus can infect the bacteria carried by particular animal hosts Immune status of particular animal hosts Receptor specificity between virus and particular animal hosts
Receptor specificity between virus and particular animal hosts
What are viruses called which are capable of converting their RNA genomes into DNA? RD viruses Reverse viruses (Rev-viruses) Autoviruses Retroviruses
Retroviruses
Most human viral infections are ______.
Self-limiting
What term is used to describe the viral proteins which protrude from the envelope and aid in attachment to host receptors? Nucleocapsid Capsomeres Spikes
Spikes
Which of the following is a multinucleated mass of cells due to the cytopathic effect of viral infection? Syncytium oncovirus inclusion
Syncytium
Which is NOT a reason that eggs provide an excellent in vivo viral cultivation system? The interior environment of the egg is sterile The egg contains a tissue monolayer The egg is self-supporting
The egg contains a tissue monolayer
Which term describes the integration of an oncogenic virus that changes mammalian host DNA? Lysogeny Transformation Transduction
Transformation
Which term describes the integration of an oncogenic virus that changes mammalian host DNA? Transduction Transformation Lysogeny
Transformation
True or false: Embryonic tissue can serve as a primary cell line for viral culture.
True
True or false: Inoculation of laboratory animals is an in vivo method of viral cultivation.
True
Which two of the following mechanisms are found to result in cancer caused by a virus? Viruses carry genes from an existing tumor to other body sites to cause cancer. Bacteriophages from host microbiota infect host cells to cause cancer. Viral proteins cause changes in growth regulation, leading to cancer. The virus carries genes that can cause the cancer.
Viral proteins cause changes in growth regulation, leading to cancer. The virus carries genes that can cause the cancer.
Identify the smallest pathogenic agent
Virion
Which of the following statements regarding the membrane on an enveloped virus is true? The membrane gives the virus particle a distinct shape. Viruses insert their own proteins in the membrane. The membrane is identical to the host cell membrane. The viral envelope is not a lipid bilayer.
Viruses insert their own proteins in the membrane
Which of the following statements regarding the membrane on an enveloped virus is true? . The membrane gives the virus particle a distinct shape. The viral envelope is not a lipid bilayer. Viruses insert their own proteins in the membrane. The membrane is identical to the host cell membrane.
Viruses insert their own proteins in the membrane.
During the _____ step in viral multiplication, capsids and genetic material are packaged into virus particles.
assembly
Which of the following describes the various viral parts coming together to produce virions? Release Penetration Assembly Absorption
assembly
Any virus that specifically infects bacteria is called a(n)
bacteriophage
Which of the following viral release methods will not initially destroy the cell? Lysis Budding
budding
Two ways in which newly assembled viruses are released from host cells are through _____ (exocytosis) by enveloped viruses, and through _____ (rupture) by naked viruses.
budding; lysis
Some retroviruses carry oncogenes that may incorporate into the host cell DNA and ultimately result in ______.
cancer
The structure directly surrounding the viral nucleic acid is the _____, a coat of proteins.
capsid
Which is closest in physical proximity to the nucleic acid of the virus?
capsid
A(n) _____ is a protein subunit that forms the viral capsid. Listen to the complete question
capsomere
Which of the following is the monomeric unit for a viral capsid?
capsomere
Viruses _____ depend on a host cell for replication.
completely
dentify all the types of nucleic acid genomes which have been discovered carried by various bacteriophages. Both ss and ds DNA in a single phage Both ss and ds RNA in a single phage dsDNA ssRNA Both RNA and DNA in a single phage ssDNA
dsDNA, ssRNA, ssDNA
The 2 principle processes by which viruses penetrate host cells are _____ (engulfment) and direct fusion .
endocytosis
The process of ______ a type of penetration occurs when viruses are taken into the cell followed by engulfment in a vacuole or vesicle.
endocytosis or phagocytosis
A(n) _____ virus has a membranous layer external to the nucleocapsid.
enveloped
Budding is a type of ______ process where enveloped viruses are released from the host cell membrane. exocytic lysogenic cytolytic
exocytic
True or false: Bacteriophages infect eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms.
false
True or false: The viral envelope and capsid are the same thing.
false
True or false: Viruses which can lead to cancer are termed carcinoviruses.
false
The membrane receptors that viruses attach to during adsorption are typically composed of ______. glycoproteins nucleic acid lipids phospholipids
glycoproteins
What are the viral spikes typically composed of? Lipoproteins Nucleic acids Glycoproteins
glycoproteins
Viruses which have a series of capsomer proteins linked together forming a barrel is termed _____.
helical
Viruses which have a series of rod-shaped capsomer proteins linked together forming a series of interconnected hollow discs are termed ______.
helical
Two shapes of viral capsids are _____, which resembels a bracelet; or _____, which is a type of polyhedron
helical; icosahedral
The _____ range defines the limitations of the type of cell that a virus can invade.
host
Viral transformation implies ______ host dna is changed viral genome is changed viral capsid and/or spikes are changed virus brings exogenous DNA
host DNA is changed
Which of the following is a term used to describe the different host cells which a virus can infect? Spread Compatible range Virus range Host range
host range
_____ bodes are masses of viruses or damaged organelles of a cell due to a cytopathic effect of viral infection.
inclusion
_____ bodies are masses of viruses or damaged organelles of a cell due to a cytopathic effect of viral infection.
inclusion
Which of the following is a mass of viruses or damaged organelles due to the cytopathic effect of viral infection? Inclusion body Neoplasm Syncytium
inclusion body
Typically, naked helical viruses are _____ flexible than enveloped helical viruses. Less More
less
Hepatitis viruses have a tropism for cells of the ______. immune system skin liver bronchial tubes
liver
The term _____ is used to describe how some viruses burst cells during the release stage of viral multiplication.
lysis
______ active viral infections lead to cell death. Only some No (none) Most
most
A _____ virus does not have an envelope surrounding its capsid.
naked
A nonenveloped virus is also called a(n) _____ virus.
naked
Capsids of _______ helical viruses are rigid and tight, while capsids of _______ helical viruses are flexible and loose
naked; enveloped
Identify all the components of the nucleocapsid.
nucleic acid and capsid
At minimum, all viruses are composed of:
nucleic acids and proteins
The _____ refers to the capsid and nucleic acid of a nonenveloped virus.
nucleocapsid
The _______ refers to the capsid and nucleic acid of a noneveloped virus.
nucleocapsid
Viruses that are ______ lead to cancer in infected hosts
oncogenic
_____ infections are those which cells are infected yet show no cytopathic effects.
persistent
A cell harboring a virus that is not causing cytopathic effects is characteristic of which type of infection? Persistent infection Acute infection Active infection
persistent infection
Virus is latin for ______.
poison
A(n) _____ is a proteinaceous infectious agent associated with spongiform encephalopathies. Listen to the complete question
prion
At minimum, viruses are composed of nucleic acid covered by a coating comprised of
protein
Capsomeres are composed of
proteins
Which macromolecule composes capsomeres?
proteins
A _____ is the stage of an animal virus life cycle which is integrated into the host cell's genome.
provirus
Which of the following describe an animal virus that has integrated its genome into the host cell's genome? Indirect virus Prophage Provirus Latent virus
provirus
Which of the following describe an animal virus that has integrated its genome into the host cell's genome? Latent virus Indirect virus Provirus Prophage
provirus
Which of the following viral structures typically make enveloped viruses very species-specific for the host cell they infect? Capsomeres Receptors in the envelope Nucleocapsid Lipids in the envelope
receptors in the envelope
When it comes to virus multiplication, viral exocytosis refers to _____.
release
When it comes to virus multiplication, viral exocytosis refers to ______. uncoating release penetration absorption
release
HIV is described as a(n) _____ because it synthesizes DNA from RNA using reverse transcription.
retrovirus
An enzyme capable of taking an RNA genome and generating a DNA copy is called ______.
reverse transcriptase
In some viruses, including HIV, the enzyme __________ __________ transcribes RNA into DNA
reverse transcriptase
Most human viral infections are ______. chronic for life lethal self-limiting
self-limiting
When an enveloped virus buds off the cell membrane, the membrane differs _____ from the host cell's membrane.
significantly
When an enveloped virus buds off the cell membrane, the membrane differs ______ from the host cell's membrane. not at all significantly modestly
significantly
Viral glycoproteins that protrude from the viral envelope and attach to host cell receptors are termed
spikes
Viruses are classified into families based on genetic makeup, chemical composition, and ______
structure
Viruses are classified into families based on genetic makeup, chemical composition, and ______. Structure pathogenic potential geographic distribution
structure
A _____ occurs when a virus induces multiple cells to fuse making a large multinucleated cell.
syncytium
A virus that only infects cells of a specific tissue in the body is described as having a ______.
tropism
True or false: Bacteriophages can contain double-stranded or single-stranded DNA or RNA.
true
True or false: Budding viruses do not lyse the host cell during release.
true
True or false: Most active viral infections lead to cell death regardless of the type of release process.
true
True or false: Viruses are among the smallest infective agents
true
The process of _____ occurs when viruses lose their envelope during penetration into a host cell or when the envelope/capsid is are dissolved within a vacuole.
uncoating
Which term describes the process of a virus losing its capsid and exposing viral nucleic acids to the immediate environment? Release Uncoating Absorption Shedding
uncoating
A fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell is often called a
virion
A single virus particle is known as a(n)
virion
The term "in _____" implies that a virus is being propagated in a living animal.
vivo