Micro Exam 2 (Chapter 4)

Of the suspected __(1)___ prokaryotic species, only about __(2)___ have been studied. -(1) 10 million (2) 5,000 -(1) 10 million (2) 1 million -(1) 1 million (2) 50,000 -(1) 1 million (2) 100,000

(1) 10 million (2) 5,000

What bacteria are mostly soil organisms?

Actinobacteria

Which of the following statements is incorrect? -The domain Archaea includes a few species that thrive in moderate conditions. -The domain Archaea contains two established phyla, the Euryarchaeota and Crenarcheota. -Archaea includes prokaryotic species that live in the deep sea where temperatures are often -3 C. -All extremophiles are placed in the Archaea domain.

All extremophiles are placed in the Archaea domain.

It is believed that archaea might -have produced the first fossils of cells on earth -be closely linked to life forms on earth three billion years ago -thrive in a witch's cauldron -All of the above.

All the above

Intracellular organization in bacterial and archaeal species is centered around -Compartmentation of metabolism -Growth and reproduction -Sensing and responding to environment -All the above (A-C) are correct

All the above (A-C) are correct

Which of the following is not an essential process that every cell must carry out? -compartmentation of metabolism -sensing and responding to the environment -growth and reproduction -All of the above are essential.

All the above are essential

Photosynthesizing prokaryotes called cyanobacteria belong to which domain? -Bacteria -Prokarya -Protozoa -Archaea

Bacteria

What are the 3 main domaines?

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

A community of bacteria cooperating to adhere to a surface is called a(an) -slime layer -genus -species -inclusion -biofilm

Biofilm

Color of Gram + cells? -Pink -Red -Blue-violet

Blue-violet

______________ have species that cause botulism & tetnas

Clostridium

Which of these is not a shape found in bacteria? -Spiral -Cube -Rod -Corkscrew -Spherical

Cube

The thick fluid that fills cells is known as -periplasm -cytoskeleton -cytoplasm -mucous -nucleoid

Cytoplasm

Which of these can be found in prokaryotes, but is absent in eukaryotes? -Ribosomes -Cell membrane -Cell wall -DNA -Cytoplasm -Flagella -Endoflagella

Endoflagella

The Crenarchaeota are often isolated from human tissues. TRUE FALSE

False

Hyperthermophiles grow at extremely low temperatures. TRUE FALSE

False *The hyperthermophiles grow at extremely high temperatures.

The evolution of the cyanobacteria was responsible for the "methane revolution" on Earth. TRUE FALSE

False *cyanobacteria were responsible for the "oxygen revolution"

In the phyla of Bacteria there are Gram + bacteria, what are they?

Firmicutes & Actinobacteria

A long hair-like structure that protrudes from the surface of a cell and that functions in movement of the cell is called a(an) -pilus -flagellum -monotrich -fimbria -cilium

Flagella

Type of cell that has teichoic acid as part of its cell wall -Gram + -Gram - -Gram neutral

Gram +

Type of cell with peptidoglycan cell walls (check all that apply) -Gram + bacteria -Gram - bacteria -Arachaebacteria -Fungi -Plants -Algae

Gram + bacteria Gram - bacteria

Bacillus, Clostridium, Staphylococcus & Streptococcus, & Mycobacteria fall under which branch in the phyla?

Gram + bacteria - *FIRMICUTES

Pili are most commonly found on -gram negative bacteria. -gram positive bacteria. -acid fast bacteria. -all of the above are equal in the possession of pili.

Gram negative bacteria

_______________________ includes causative agents of tuberculosis

Gran-non-reactive

How does the design of the cell membrane of thermophilic bacteria differ from others? -Includes teichoic acid -Has a lipid bilayer -Has a lipid monolayer -Lacks phosphate

Has a lipid monolayer

Which one of the following is NOT a genus with the gram-positive bacteria? -Staphylococcus -Methanogens -Mycoplasma -Bacillus and Clostridium

Methanogens

Which is these astonishing statements is incorrect? -Microbes have been found in ice, acidic hot springs, radioactive wastes, and outer space. -It is estimated that the biomass of the bacteria exceeds the biomass of all other forms of life combined. -Ten percent of the dry weight of a person is due to the microbiota, ie the microbes on the person. -In an adult human, about 1000 different species colonize the gut and perform critical functions such as producing enzymes and protecting the host from troublesome invaders.

Microbes have been found in ice, acidic hot springs, radioactive wastes, and outer space.

_______________________ lack a cell wall, stain Gram -, and some of its species are pathogenic

Mycoplasma

The domain Archaea includes all the following groups except the -Mycoplasmas -Extreme halophiles -Crenarchaeota -Euryachaeota

Mycoplasmas

is streptobacillus multicellular?

No, because it is single cellular microbes linked together

The phylum Cyanobacteria are unique because they -convert nitrogen to a useable form. -live in the ocean deeps. -photosynthesize. -require oxygen in order to survive.

Photosynthesize

Can be used as a bridge to transfer genetic material -Chromosomes -Pili -Plasmid -Glycocalyx -Nucleoid -Vibrio

Pili

Short, thin, rigid fibers extending from gram - bacteria

Pili

_________________ form biofilms and microcolonies

Pili

Structures used for adherence (check all that apply) -Plasmid -Pili -Capsule -Glycocalyx -Nucleoid

Pili Capsule Glycocalyx

Which one of the following statements does NOT apply to pili? -Pili are made of proteins -Pili allow for attachment to surfaces -Pili facilitate nutrient transport -Pili contain adhesions

Pili facilitate nutrient transport

A(An) _____ is a hair-like structure that can be found on the surface of some bacterial cells and which can function in attachment or in the transfer of genetic material. -amphitrich -pilus -spirochete -cilia -flagellum

Pilus

Extrachromosomal DNA found in bacteria that does not contain life-essential genes -Chromosomes -Pili -Plasmid -Glycocalyx -Nucleoid -Vibria

Plasmid

In the endosymbiotic theory, it is said that mitochondria of the Eukarya came from an ancestor of this clade. Which one was it? -Chlamydiae -Proteobacteria -Firmicutes -Cyanobacteria

Proteobacteria

Largest most diverse group of Domain Bacteria -Proteobacteria -Firmicutes -Actinobacter -Cyanobacteria

Proteobacteria

What are the main phyla in bacteria?

Proteobacteria Gram + bacteria Chlamydia Spirochaetes Cyanobacteria

Proteobacteria include the _____ , which are obligate intracellular parasites (that is, they cannot survive without host cells). This group includes several human pathogens which are typically transmitted via arthropods, eg ticks and mosquitoes. -Escherichia -Shigella -Chlamydia -Rickettsia

Rickettsia

Which 2 bacteria are obligate intracellular parasites?

Rickettsiae & Chlamydia

A(An) _____ is a thin mucopolysaccharide layer found on the surface of a wide variety of cells that can serve in attachment or other functions. -outer membrane -cell wall -pellicle -slime layer -plasma membrane

Slime layer

Any coiled bacterial cell can be called a(an) -spirochete -vibrio -spirillum -lophotrich -amphitrich

Spirillum

An unusually thin, coiled bacterial cell with a sheath is called a(an) -spirillum -spirochete -vibrio -vegetative cell -lophotrich

Spirochete

Tightly-packed groups of round bacterial cells are called -staphylobacilli -streptococci -coccobacilli -vibrio -staphylococci

Staphylococci

_________________________ cause mild to life-threatening illnesses.

Staphylococcus & Streptococcus

Chains of round bacterial cells are called -streptobacilli -streptococci -staphylococci -coccobacilli -spirochetes

Streptococci

A student observes a bacterial smear and notes the chains of purple spherical cells. What is she looking at? -Vibrio -Spirillium -Staphylococcus -Streptobacillus -Streptococcus

Streptococcus

Spherical bacterial cells in chains would be referred to as a __________________ arrangement -Vibrio -Streptococcus -Staphylococcus -Tetrad

Streptococcus

Many Archaea are extremophiles. TRUE FALSE

True

The Proteobacteria contains many gram-negative genera such as Escherichia, Salmonella, and Shigella. TRUE FALSE

True

The bacterial group that forms branched filaments is the Actinobacteria. TRUE FALSE

True

The methanogens are a group of organisms within the Euryarchaeota. TRUE FALSE

True

The prokaryotes consist of the domains Bacteria and Archaea. TRUE FALSE

True

The Chlamydiae are organisms that can be cultured in an agar medium. TRUE FALSE

True *It can only be grown within a living host cell

A comma-shaped bacterial cell is called a(an) -spirochete -bacillus -vibrio -coccobacillus -diplobacillus

Vibrio

_____ are proteins located in pili that allow the pili to "sense" the environment and bond to specific other molecules, eg these proteins on the pili of Bordetella pertussis allow these pathogens to attach to the cells lining the trachea but not cells lining the intestines. -adhesins -ribozymes -flagellin -plasmids

adhesins

Pili specialize in ________________.

adhesion

Methanogens are: -killed by oxygen -a group of archaeans -responsible for producing a significant portion of the tons of methane gas ieleased into earth's atmosphere each year -All of the above.

all the above

The Rickettsias are transmitted to humans by _________. -arthropods -flies -mosquitoes -viruses

arthropods

A prokaryotic cell with a rod shape is known as ___________________.

bacillus

A rod-shaped bacterial cell is called a(an) -staff -bacillus -vibrio -streptobacillus -filament

bacillus

_______________ have species that cause antrax

bacillus

A thick, rigid layer located outside, and supporting, the cell membrane is called a(an) -capsule -outer membrane -cell wall -slime layer -spore coat

cell wall

The process of cells moving toward attractants and away from danger is called -run and tumble. -chemotaxis. -Brownian movement. -gliding.

chemotaxis

A single, large DNA molecule is a(an) -monotrich -unisome -chromosome -plasmid -R factor

chromosome

A round bacterial cell is called a(an) -plasmid -vibrio -coccus -bacillus -coccobacillus

coccus

a spherical bacterial cell is called a ______________

coccus

bacterial and archaeal cells demand on _______________________ and _____________________________ for growth and reproduction

complex metabolism and reproduction

Some bacterial cells have _____________________ pili that is used to transfer genetic material between cells.

conjugation

The process bacteria use to donate DNA to another cell is called -mitosis. -budding. -meiosis. -conjugation.

conjugation

Pairs of spherical bacteria are called -diplococci -coccobacilli -streptococci -staphylococci -diplobacilli

diplococci

A(An) _____ a layer found on the surface of a wide variety of cells, typically composed of polysaccharides and functioning in attachment, but also capable of other functions; sometime thick, and other times thin. -capsule -glycocalyx -periplasmic space -slime layer -outer membrane

glycocalyx

The phylum Firmicutes contains most of the -gram-positive Bacteria -gram-negative Bacteria -gram-positive Archaea -gram-negative Archaea

gram-positive Bacteria

The metabolism has to be separated from the outside world in bacterial and archaeal cells , but ______________________________

has to be able to transport material to and from it

A few species of extremophiles are in the domain Bacteria: these are located near the root of the Bacteria branch in the universal tree of life and they grow in -the upper layers of the earth's atmosphere -in sulfurous environments, eg volcanic vents -low temperatures, eg in snow -high temperatures, eg in hot springs

high temperatures, eg in hot springs

How many bacteria would fit in a spot the size of a period, the dot at the bottom of the question mark, or a punctiform colony? -hundreds of thousands -millions -tens of millions -tens of thousands

hundreds of thousands

Flagella are _________________ -made of carbohydrate and lipids -found on all bacterial cells -shorter than pili -important for chemotaxis

important for chemotaxis

Where might extreme halophiles be found? -at the bottom of a lake -in Antartica -in the Dead sea -in hot springs

in the Dead sea

How many Phyla are in bacteria?

more than 25

The phylum Spirochaetes are noteable because these organisms -move in a corkscrew pattern. -cause gonorrhea. -are gram-positive organisms. -A-C are all correct

move in a corkscrew pattern

The area in a prokaryotic cell where the chromosome is located is known as (the/a/an) -periplasmic space -nucleus -nucleoid region -ribosome -inclusion body

nucleoid region

A phospholipid bilayer located outside the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria is called the -slime layer -spore coat -outer membrane -glycocalyx -lipopolysaccharide layer

outer membrane

The compound used by bacteria to form cell walls is -phospholipid -lipopolysaccharide -peptidoglycan -chitin -teichoic acid

peptidoglycan

The area found between the cell and the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria and filled with materials secreted by the cell is known as the -spore coat -glycocalyx -peptidoglycan layer -slime layer -periplasmic space

periplasmic space

A small accessory DNA molecule is a(an) -plasmid -ribosome -R factor -vibrio -chromosome

plasmid

Which of the these terms does not apply to spiral-shaped bacterial cells? -spirochete -vibrio -pleiomorphic -spirillum

pleiomorphic

The cell wall is responsible for -growth and reproduction. -protection from osmotic pressure. -sensing and responding to the environment. -acquiring nutrients.

protection from osmotic pressure *The cell wall maintains the shape of the cell and reinforces the cell envelope against the high intracellular water (osmotic) pressure pushing against the cell membrane.

Extreme halophiles live in environments that have high -pressure -salt levels -temperature -pH

salt levels

What is a packet of 8 cocci called? -diplococcus -tetrad -sarcina -streptococcus

sarcina

The cell structure organizes cell function is centered on three specific processes that need to be carried out what are they?

sensing/ responding to the surrounding environment comparmentation of metabolism growth and reproduction

In bacterial and archaeal cells metabolism has to be ____________________ from the outside world

separated

Which of the following characteristics is shared by both Bacteria and Archaea? -membranes are lipid bilayers -chlorophyll-based photosynthesis -some species can grow at 80C or higher -the first amino acid in each protein is formylmethionine

some species can grow at 80C or higher

Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 basic shapes of bacteria? -bacillus -coccus -spirillum -square

square

Rod-shaped bacterial cells in chains that look like ropes are called -diplobacilli -streptobacilli -staphylobacilli -coccobacilli -spirilla

streptobacilli

The group Firmicutes means _______ skin. -soft -strong -hard -tough

strong

How does the cell wall help bacterial and archaeal cells ?

the cell wall blocks the cell from outside environment, but needs a system in the cell wall to sense and respond to the outside environment