Micro Exam #5 - Vaccination

Which of these is often used as a prophylactic measure to protect a person against future attack by a pathogen? A. artificial passive immunity B. none of these answers are correct C. vaccination D. antiserum injection

C. vaccination

Myth #2 - Vaccine preventable diseases have been virtually eliminated from the U.S., So there is no need to continue to vaccinate

Just an airplane away, look at COVID, and some diseases that are vaccinated against are still present in the US (Tetanus, chickenpox, measles, etc.)

Myth #1 - The majority of people who get disease have been vaccinated

Less than 1% of individuals vaccinated got the disease, they may not have developed immunity, but 100% of unvaccinated got the illness

Why are secondary or ʺboosterʺ reimmunizations given? Secondary reimmunizations produce a phagocytic immune response that is longer lasting than the primary immune response. Secondary immunizations are necessary for an innate immune response. Secondary reimmunizations produce a secondary immune response and boost antibody titers. Frequent secondary reimmunizations are needed because the immune system doesnʹt remember antigens for more than a few years

Secondary reimmunizations produce a secondary immune response and boost antibody titers.

Vaccination

Suspension of organism or fraction of an organism that induces immunity to that specific organism.

What is the drawback of live attenuated vaccines? They require more secondary reimmunizations than other vaccines. They do NOT provide a long-lasting secondary immune response. They can cause disease in some immunocompromised individuals. They are not effective in adults

They can cause disease in some immunocompromised individuals.

Toxoid Vaccine

inactivated toxins, used in tetanus and diphtheria.

Conjugated Vaccine

pathogen component combined with other proteins that cause more effective immune response. Example HIB vaccine

Common substances found in vaccines (CDC reported)

• Aluminum gel or salts - nontoxic levels, more is consumed in your diet than what is in the vaccine • Antibiotics - preservation against bacteria • Egg protein - some residual from vaccines grow in eggs. (Influenza only) • Even individuals allergic to eggs do not respond to the proteins (levels are too low) • Formaldehyde - used to inactivate pathogen - some residual nontoxic levels • Monosodium glutamate - preservative/stabilizes vaccine • Thimerosal (which is not in vaccines since 1999) - was ethylmercury (not methylmercury)

General reasons to delay or avoid vaccination:

- serious allergic reaction after previous vaccine - Allergy to vaccine component Moderate to severe disease with or without fever (mild colds and other minor illnesses should not prevent immunization).

Please select the characteristics exhibited by effective vaccines: Relatively long shelf life Protect against exposure to wild-type, natural pathogens Create memory innate immune cells Requires numerous doses or boosters Little or no adverse side effects Stimulate a B cell OR T cell response

-Protect against exposure to wild-type, natural pathogens -little or no adverse side effects -Stimulate a B cell OR T cell response -Create memory innate immune cells

Which of the following can be used in creating a vaccine? -attenuated bacteria, inactivated viruses, or recombinant proteins -recombinant proteins -attenuated bacteria -inactivated viruses

-attenuated bacteria, inactivated viruses, or recombinant proteins

Myth #7 - The COVID vaccine was developed too quickly, it's not safe

-vaccines take so long to develop most often due to funding, FDA clearance, Clinical trial (volunteers), phase 3 clinical trial for COVID is happening faster because the infection rate is currently high and allows for the phase 3 portion to occur faster. The vaccine was fast tracked to the top of the pile, with ample money to study COVID There are very few, if any, vaccines that have long term effects on health. There's always an unknown, and the long-term effects of covid may be worse. There's no guarantee.

Variolation

15th century china - 18th century Europe - inoculation of smallpox into skin or via nostrils, gives a weak disease for many (not all).

Explain the concept of herd immunity

A certain threshold of immunization is met to prevent spread of the disease to most unimmunized individuals

An example of artificial active immunity would be A. Chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox B. Giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease C. A fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta D. None of the choices are correct. E. Chickenpox infection is followed by lifelong immunity

A. Chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox

An attenuated strain of a pathogen A. has lost its virulence, but may be used to create a vaccine. B. is more virulent than the regular strains and may cause septic shock. C. is an extracellular pathogen that will be cleared by innate immunity. D. has changed its antigens to avoid an adaptive immune response.

A. has lost its virulence, but may be used to create a vaccine.

Natural Immunity

Active = Direct exposure to infection, develop specific memory cells, may suffer undesired consequences of disease. Passive = mother's IgG crosses the placenta in utero, IgA present in the colostrum, no immunological memory.

Artificial Immunity

Active = vaccination, exposure to antigen, creates specific memory response, Passive = Injecting immune serum from virus patient, attempt to neutralize the threat, Immunotherapy, no immunological memory.

Differentiate between different types of immunity

Active immunity versus Passive immunity

Which of the following is a special binding substance that enhances immunogenicity and prolongs antigen retention at the injection site? Antibodies to toxin "Trojan horse" recombinant vaccine Booster Adjuvant Gamma globulin

Adjuvant

Adjuvants typically affect what part of the immune system to enhance vaccine efficacy? B cells Antigen Presenting Cells T cells NK cells Neutrophils

Antigen Presenting Cells

Which of the following could cause the disease it was intended to prevent? Dead Rickettsia prowazekii Purified polysaccharides from Streptococcus pyogenes Hepatitis B antigen produced in yeast cells Vibrio cholerae toxoid Attenuated polio virus

Attenuated polio virus

Myth #4 - Vaccines cause autism

Autism is actually linked to an abnormal microbiota, this information was proven to be fabricated, as lawyers needed a source in court to win the defense. But this information is used as antivaccination conspiracies today. Andrew Wakefield

Describe the difference between a primary immune response and secondary immune response.

Both are part of the adaptive immunity (not innate immunity), the primary response is slower, it takes about 4-7 days, but the secondary response is much faster because memory cells have been developed

Myth #3 - Giving a child multiple vaccinations for different diseases at the same time increases the risk of harmful side effects and can overload the immune system

Children and adults are exposed to ~10,000 foreign antigens daily, scientific data shows that simultaneous vaccination with multiple vaccines has no adverse effect on the normal childhood immune system, the opposite is true. The vaccines schedules are well thought out and carefully made

Herd Immunity

Collective immunity through mass immunization confers indirect protection on the non-immune members, important force in preventing epidemics

Acellular vaccines and subunit vaccines Utilize DNA strands that will produce the antigen Contain modified bacterial exotoxin molecules Are always genetically engineered Confer passive immunity Contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses

Contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses

An example of natural passive immunity would be A. Chickenpox infection is followed by lifelong immunity B. Giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease C. None of the choices are correct D. A fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta E. Chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox

D. A fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta

Hepatitis B virus surface antigen can be used in a(n) A. inactivated whole-agent vaccine. B. attenuated whole-agent vaccine. C. conjugated vaccine. D. subunit vaccine. E. toxoid vaccine.

D. subunit vaccine.

New vaccine strategies resulting from progress in biochemistry and molecular biology include the production of DNA vaccines. recombinant vector vaccines. DNA, recombinant vector, and synthetic peptide vaccines. synthetic peptide vaccines.

DNA, recombinant vector, and synthetic peptide vaccines.

A recombinant-vector virus would still be effective if the vaccinia virus is unable to express the cloned gene as an antigenic protein. True False

False

A toxoid is an attenuated form of a toxin that retains both its antigenicity and toxicity.

False

Describe the most effect way to persuade individuals on the safety and necessity of vaccines.

First hand experience, person stories/survivors of vaccine preventable diseases.

Inactivated Vaccine

Fully virulent pathogen only it is dead or inactivated via formalin or heat inactivation. To risk of mutations, but may require multiple boosters, only induce humoral immunity, generally no lifelong immunity. Example: rabies, polio, influenza

Myth #6 - Everyone else's kids are vaccinated, I don't need to vaccinate my children

Herd immunity only works if those that can get the vaccine DO get the vaccine, there is a minimum threshold of immunization that is required to maintain herd immunity.

Myth #5 - Vaccine ingredients are toxic

Levels in vaccine are extremely low and extensive research has shown no adverse side effects caused by these concentrations Also several are found in our diet or in processed foods

Describe how a vaccine can cause protection to a disease, yet not cause the disease (compare and contrast the immunological response to an attenuated versus inactivated vaccine).

Live attenuated vaccines closely mimic the actual infection, and induce cellular and humoral immunity. Inactivated involved dead pathogen/inactivated pathogen. There is no risk of mutation, they only induce humoral immunity and often require boosters. They don't actually cause the disease because they are inactivated, but they still induce a part of the immune response to get that immunity

Please select all the statements that pertain to the principle of herd immunity Mass immunization confers indirect protection of nonimmunized members Encounter with a pathogen is more likely in a largely immunized population Herd immunity is only maintained through the occurrence of natural disease Low herd immunity means there are greater numbers of susceptible individuals Immune individuals will not have the corresponding communicable disease

Mass immunization confers indirect protection of nonimmunized members Low herd immunity means there are greater numbers of susceptible individuals Immune individuals will not have the corresponding communicable disease

Combination Vaccine

Multiple immunogenic components from different pathogens in one vaccine. Can have no effect on immunity of others (for convenience), or can have positive effect and enhance immunity development. Example: DTaP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, and aP combined.

Side effects of vaccines

Pain at injection site, mild fever, seizures, high fever, death (from very minor to severe)

Attenuated

Reduced. Live attenuated vaccines closely mimic actual infection and induce cellular and humoral immunity, and often leads to lifelong immunity. The weakened form could be fully virulent for certain people, or could mutate to be fully virulent (very rare). Examples : measles, polio, yellow fever vaccines.

Explain the principles (what, why, how, when, etc.) of immunizations HOW

Through vaccines, there are many forms of vaccines: subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intradermal injection, oral vaccines, nasal mists, also dissolvable needles, and nucleic acid vaccines. Live attenuated, live recombinant, inactivated, subunit, toxoids, conjugated vaccines, combination vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines, adjuvants

Killed or inactivated vaccines are prepared by All of the choices are correct Removal of virulence genes from the microbe Passage of the pathogen through unnatural hosts or tissue culture Treatment with formalin, heat or radiation Long-term subculturing of the microbe

Treatment with formalin, heat or radiation

DNA vaccines are bacterial plasmids that contain cloned DNA with an antigen of interest are unlike attenuated vaccines because there is no chance of causing disease.

True

The use of antivenom to treat snakebite is an example of artificial passive immunity. True False

True

Vaccines can be developed from synthetic peptides. True False

True

Vaccines have a higher safety requirement than drug treatments True False

True

Recombinant Vaccine

Utilized a live vehicle (non-infectious) that expreses the recombinant proteins/polysaccharides. It closely mimics actual infection and induced cellular and humoral immunity. Immunity develops to particular antigen component. It typically leads to lifelong immunity and has no risk of mutation to virulent form. Example: Dengue vaccine

Explain how a vaccine can be used to elicit a long-term protective immune response

Vaccination induces immunity, which is the process of generating an artificial active immune response by exposure to an antigen. It initiated the creation of antibodies against the desired disease so if the individual is on contact with the disease it is up to the adaptive immunity rather than the innate immunity, and the response can be much quicker

All of the following are generally used in vaccines EXCEPT antibodies. inactivated viruses. live, attenuated bacteria. toxoids. parts of bacterial cells.

antibodies

Natural active immunity

direct exposure due to infection, develop specific memory cells, may differ undesired consequences of disease

An injection of "naked" DNA into muscle cells to induce an immune response against the proteins encoded by the DNA is an example of a subunit vaccine. True False

false

Dead Bordetella pertussis can be used in a(n) inactivated whole-agent vaccine. attenuated whole-agent vaccine. conjugated vaccine. subunit vaccine. toxoid vaccine.

inactivated whole-agent vaccine.

Artificial Passive Immunity

injecting immune serum from virus patient, attempt to neutralize the threat, 'immunotherapy', no immunological memory

Nucleic Acid Vaccine

injection of nucleic acid, then the host produces proteins encoded by nucleic acid, then it initiatses an immune response to those proteins. They are extremely effective, no refrigeration needed, and needles cost less to manufacture, an example is the West Nile vaccine for horses.

Which of the following immunogens is most effective as a vaccine? toxoid live virus dead virus chemically inactivated bacteria

live virus

Natural Passive Immunity

mother's IgG crosses the placenta in utero, IgA present in the colostrum, no immunological memory

Active Immunity

natural or artificial, antigen activates B and T cells, produces memory cells, provides long-term protection.

Passive Immunity

natural or artificial, receive antibodies from another individual or animal, no production of memory cells, no antibody production, short-term protection

After the first exposure to an antigen, a ________ stimulates growth and multiplication of antigen-reaction cells. secondary innate immune response phagocytic immune response primary adaptive immune response hyperactive cytotoxic response

primary adaptive immune response

Explain the principles (what, why, how, when, etc.) of immunizations WHY

protects the individual and public health, (collective/herd immunity). Prevents disease, Reduce long lasting effects of the disease, reduce costs of medical bills from disease, reduce economic cost (missing from school), antibiotics are becoming less effective, some infections have no cure and vaccine is only option

Therapeutic Index

risk-versus-benefit calculation

Adjuvant

substances enhancing the immunogenicity of antigens, makes the immune system response better to the antigen. They act on APC's, this limits the need for boosting, and can also help immunocompromised, young, and old. There are risks: induction of anflammatory diseases, too much immune response.

Explain the principles (what, why, how, when, etc.) of immunizations WHAT

the process of generating an artificial active immune response by exposure to an antigen

Immunization

the process of generating an artificial active immune response by exposure to an antigen, without the inconvenience of being sick/nearly dying. Is considered a manipulation of the immune system.

Explain the principles (what, why, how, when, etc.) of immunizations WHEN

there is a guideline for vaccines that is generally followed, it was created to maximize the benefits of the vaccinations to maximize immunity

Subunit Vaccine

uses a fragment of the pathogen (recombinant, or toxoids)

Artificial active immunity

vaccination, exposure to antigen; creates specific memory response