MICRO test one
describe anton van Leeuwenhoek observations
-1632-17223 -described and demonstrated live microbes -used lens to inspect fabrics and found little living things -single lens magnified x300, not first microscope but best optics -wouldn't share is info -eventually shared in English Royal Society 1676 writing over 500 papers -said microbes are animalcules that move with a purpose
describe redi's experiment... what did it prove?
-1668 -covers jar with net and leaves the other open covered has no maggots open has maggots appear -proved biogenesis since maggots are hatched fly eggs
describe Louis Jablot experiment and findings...
-1680's -heated nutrient broth on flasks to decontaminate then covered one but not the other, covered had no growth uncovered had growth -supports biogensis
Describe John Needham experiment and findings...
-1740 -briefly boiled nutrient broth then placed in sealed flask and microbial growth ocured -suggested abiogensis -possible problems: contaminated/ wasn't sealed properly, endospores, thermofils,
Describe Spallanzani's experiment and findings...
-1765 -boiled broth for 1 hr in flask then sealed no growth -proved biogensis
Describe Priestly findings...
-1774 -discovered oxygen -made it necessary to have air in all experiments to allow microbes to grow
Describe Pasteur experiment and findings...
-1860s -placed broth in flask with curved neck to catch mircobes as they came in from the air and boiled broth, no growth -proved biogenisis
spanish flu time? symptoms? death?
-1918 -lung hemorrhaging woudl kill people in hours since they were drowing in their own fluids -30-40 mill died
peripheral protein characteristic
-20-30% -easy to extract -associated with only one side or the other -sticks off of the membrane
O antigen characteristics...
-50-100 sugars -a lot variation in sugars -can change sugars rapidly- __helps evade____immune system -Any foreign substance that elicits a immune response
what is cytoplasm?
-70% of water -substance in plasma membrane -featureless
intergral protein characteristics
-70-80% -span the entire bilayer -hard to extract
euk vs prok flagella
-Bigger -Undulates -More complex -Membrane bd -No __hook_____ -No __runs or tumbles
functions of gram + cell wall
-Can serve as attachment sites for ___bactriaophages____ -Receptor for viruses that attack bacteria -Help stabilize & maintain CW structure -Help in cell enlargement during cell division
functions of LPS
-Creates a permeability barrier, extra protective layer -LPS confers overall negative charge -LPS stabilizes outermembrane = stabilizes CW -OM is more __porous/permemeable___than the CM but is an Extra layer of protection = overall gram neg bact:__more resistance to various enviromental factors, drugs, etc. _________
protein functions
-Enzymes -Part of ETC -Carriers -Channels -Receptors -sensors
FXNS of prok...
-Internal scaffolding- gives stability/support/shape -Helps in cell division -Helps in building CW -As a contractile element for swimming (in a few bacteria)
nucleolus
-It is a separate organelle even though it is__ NOT ____ -_ plays a major role in ____rRNA sythnesis______& ribosome subunit assembly and is a collection area for ribosomal subunits. -The ribosome subunits are transported through nuclear envelope pores into the cytoplasm for final assembly into ribosomes
Perti development...
-Koch assistant -developed petri dish that allowed isolation, allows air in but contaminants out, stimulated progress in bacteriology
cytoskeleton of prok...
-Long polymers of proteins similar to eukaryotic __actin___ -Arranged in helical ribbons around the cell just under the cytoplasmic membrane
Core polysaccharide characteistics...
-Many unusual sugars- carry a negative charge -The core polysaccharide is what carries the negative charge
Braun's Lipoproteins charcteristics...
-Most prominent protein in OM -Connects the OM to the PG layer =____stability_____to CW
periplasm characteristics
-Nutrients & H2O -CW components -Proteins & enzymes -These things can be used by the cell and help maintain the cell wall
what are the functions of of glycoccalyx?
-Prevent phagocytosis: decrease in engulfment by white blood cells, avoids immune response -Protect against desiccation/ drying: Has a lot of water in it So it has own water source and increase persistence -Exclude bacteriophages/ viruses -Exclude hydrophobic toxic materials: Because of the water the bacteria is hydrophilic Protects from certain drugs or detergents -Aids in bacterial attachment to host -Overall= Virulence Factor (enhances pathogenicity/survival): Helps invasion and evasion
function of smooth ER...
-Synthesis -Processing -Transport -Storage -Production Of __nonprotein___molecules
extra genes in bacteria code for...
-Toxin= act as a virulence factor -Enzyme= give new metabolic properties -new proteins that can increase survival and virulence
why did vaccinations of small pox stop?
-Vaccine did not protect for life unlike actually getting the disease and surviving -Different vaccines have different lengths of protection, some vaccines are for life -Had brain side effects and about 1/1000000000 could die from vaccine -This vaccine can have really bad side effects, and not having reactions the first time doesn't mean you can't have bad reactions the second time
Schroder and Von Dusch filtration approach
-air passed through cotton plug before entering flask -no growth
what orgs are eukaryotes?
-algae -fungi -protozoans -helminths
endospores
-allow persistance of bacteria so they can grow in new environment -extremely resistant - not means of reproduction
prok ribosome
-attached to plasma membrane - made of rRNA and protein -70s -30S+50S
what orgs are prokaryotes?
-bacteria -archaea
periplasmic space gram - bacteria
-between cell membrane and PG and outermembrane -30-71 nm -20-40% of cell volume -is a gel called periplasm -active area of metabolism -transport proteins -
what does cytoplasm hold in prok?
-chromsome -ribosomes -inclusion bodies
different shapes of bacteria
-cocci -rods/ bacillus
what are spirochetes?
-curved rods -500 um in length -can barely see without microscope
functions of microbes
-decompose organic waste -carbon producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis -produce more bacteria -produce industrial chemicals like ethanol and acetone -produce fermented foods like vinegar, cheese, and bread
what did Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis do?
-discovered that since doctors would go from the autopsy room to delivery room it was infecting the mothers with Streptococcus - he instituted hand washing techniques w/ chlorinated lime solution to not transfer bacteria from one table to the next -reduced mortality rate to <1%
Nightingale developments...
-during Crimean war (1854-1856)she documented unsanitary conditions and then implemented antiseptic techniques -recorded stats proving that unclean conditions in hospitals was killing soldiers -implemented public health policies - formed first nursing school 1860 -1st female member of The Royal Statisticians Society
Lipid A characteristic
-endotoxin -highly conserved -Meaning other parts are variable -In all gram negative bacteria -Toxic portion of LPS -Embedded in OM and interacts with phospholipid layer =required for __cell viability____________
uses for biotechnology
-fermentation -industrial process -medical uses
what do bacteria/ fungi influence?
-flavor -odor -texture -acidity -color
properties of cytoskeleton...
-flexible scaffolding of actin microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules -amebiod motion/ extending arms
Porins charcteristics...
-form H2O filled channels through membrane -Allow very small molecules to pass through -Can also sense the environment to block toxins -Associate as trimers -Can change pore size to block toxin -Different bacteria have porins with different channel sizes
what contributed to the development of medical microbiology?
-germ theory of disease -sterile, aseptic techniques
what are inclusions?
-granules, vesicles, vacuoles -store compounds that are utilized when scarce
different cell arrangements
-individual -clumping -chains tetrads
Magnetisomes
-iron oxide: allows orientation in magnetic field -Act as a compass to help them find best living conditions -12-15 vesicles
nucleotide characteristics...
-irregular region lacks membrane -where chromosomes are found -contains 1 chromosome of bacteria
lipotechoic acid function
-links plasma membrane -associate with NAM -lipo and reg have same properties but link in different places but both through NAM
golgi appuratus...
-made of cisternae -modifies proteins like into glycoproteins or lipoproteins -packages and ships to correct place
agar properties..
-melted in boiling water -cooled to 40C before hardening so bacteria can easily grow -doesn't melt again till 80C -not degraded by bacteria
why is broth not a good media?
-no isolation -don't know how many microbes there are -don't know if it is one microbe or different ones
Plasmids characteristics
-not found in all bacteria -circular double stranded DNA not a chromosome -replicate independent of the chromosome -passed on from daughter cells -not required for host growth and reproduction -has advantages
Multicellular organisms
-parasitic flat worms/helminths -algae -protozoans -fungi
what happened in 1940?
-penicillin was tested clincally and mass produced -1945 fleming won nobel prize in medicine
what euk have cell wall?
-plants -algae -fungi
what were the major discoveries of the golden age of microbiology?
-relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs
where is cilia found in euk
-single group of porozoa -certain animal cells-human respiratory epithelia
properties of rough ER
-stems from outer part of nuclear envelope -extends in cytoplasm and can go all the way to cell wall -has ribosomes attached
symptoms of bubonic plague
-swelling of lymph nodes under arms and groin -blood clots in vessels causing lack of oxygen to tissue and for it to die
gram + cell wall peptidoglycan
-thick 20 to 80 nm -highly cross linked -very small periplasmic space
function of cytoskeleton...
-transport -cell shape -structural support -cell division
movement of axial filaments..
-twist around rod in periplasmic space rotation allows cell to move -can corkscrew into tissues
3 parts of flagella...
1)Filament- 20nm diameter,5-20um long -Outside cell wall -Made of chains of flagellin Single protein 2) Filament attached to a protein hook- _flexible coupling____ -Allows filament (flagella) rotation 3) Hook is anchored to the cell wall and cell membrane by the basal body -Gram negative bacteria have __4___rings -Gram positive bacteria have __2___rings
Kochs postulates...
1. the microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals 2. the suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture 3. the same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host 4. the same microorganism must be isolated again from the newly diseased host
germination takes.....
1.5 hrs
how big is euk typically?
10-100 um
length of euk flagella...
100-200 um
bacteria are ___ smaller than euk
10x
euk _____ thicker than prok flagella
10x
Who developed a vaccine for smallpox?
1798 Edward Jenner
when was the golden age of microbiolgy?
1857-1914
who developed gram stain
1884 christian gram
When was smallpox eradicated?
1979
gram - cell wall layers
2 layers PG and outer membrane -thin -less crosslinkages
nuclear envelope....
2 phospholipid bilayer with periplasmic space in-between
gram -: PG ___ + OM ____= _____ TOTAL nm
2-7 nm, 7-8 nm , 9-15 nm
prok flagella moves in what way?
360 rotation like propellor
how long does the small pox virus protect?
5 years
who thick is the phospholipid bilayer in prok and euk?
5-10 nm
length of cilia
5-20 um
how think is gram - outer membrane?
7-8 nm
basal body arrangement of euk flagella?
9+0 arrangement
microtubule arrangement in euk flagella
9+2
What % of microbes are pathogenic?
<1%
E.coli can rotate ________revolutions per minute
> 100,000
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek accomplishments A. Demonstrating microscopic living orgs. Or animalcules B. Production of the first microscope and lens magnification up to 300x (was not the first microscope) C.His findings immensely advanced the field of microbiology (didn't help advance science because he didn't share his findings)
A
Bacterial appendages A. include short, numerous appendages used for adhering to surfaces called fimbriae B.include tubular appendages called pili involved in the transfer of genes during bacterial conduction C. involved in attachment include in order from the shortest to longest : fimbriae, cilia, pili D. A,C E. A,B
A
Eukaryotic cells are unique in that A. white blood cells can use phagocytosis to extend pseudopods to engulf fluids.. Engulf particles B. the presence of sterols in the cell membrane give such strength that often a cell wall is not required C. rough endoplasmic reticulum can release proteins in secretory vesicles or shunt the proteins to the cell membrane... transitional vesicles D. A,B E. A,B,C
A
Peptidoglycan A. Is unique to bacteria and is more chemically complex than eukaryotic cell wall components B. Is resistant to attack by human enzymes except for lyzomzyme which attacks the tetra peptide cross links C. NAG and NAM joined within the polymer by peptide cross links D. A,C E. A,B,C
A
who is the known as the father of microbiology?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Bacteria can be beneficial in a number of ways including... A.Providing nitrogen gas for plants to use B.Aiding in the digestion of cellulose of grazing animals C.Serving as bioremediators in the air, soil, and water D. A,B,C
B
Eukaryotic cells are unique in that A. white blood cells can use phagocytosis to extend pseudopods to engulf fluids.. Engulf particles B. the presence of sterols in the cell membrane give such strength that often a cell wall is not required C. rough endoplasmic reticulum can release proteins in secretory vesicles or shunt the proteins to the cell membrane... transitional vesicles D. A,B E. A,B,C
B
Eukaryotic cells, have A.the following organelles that contain linear DNA: nucleus and mitochondria... mito is circular DNA B. an organelle, that contains cristae where the electron transport chain for ATP production, called the mitochondria C..an organelle that is a stack of flattened, membranous sacs and functions to receive, modify, and package proteins for secretion called the smooth endoplasmic reticulum... golgi apparatus D. B,C E. A,B,C
B
Inclusion bodies/structures A. Include lipid inclusions which aid in bacterial buoyancy to orient in the environment B. Help reduce the osmotic stress caused by the hypertonic environment C. Include magnetosomes which are vesicles of iron oxide which allow orientation in a magnetic field D. A,B,C E. B,C F. A,C
C
You have found a mutant of Streptococcus pneumoniae that has lost the ability to produce a capsule. If you inject this strain into a population of healthy mice, what prediction can you make about the consequences? A.The mice will get a severe case of pneumonia and recover. B. The infection will respond to antiviral medication. C.The mice will remain healthy. D. The mice will die of pneumonia.
C
The bacteria glycocalyx A. In an extracellular layer of lipopolysaccharide (CW) outside of the cell wall B. Is required for pathogenicity of streptococcus pneumonia but not for its survival C. Protects from dessication thus allowing the bacteria to persist in the environment D. B,C E. A,B,C F. A,C
D
Lipopolysaccharide A. Confers a negative charge due to negatively charged sugars of polysaccharide antigen... core polysaccharide is where negative charge is from B. Has lipid A embedded in the outer membrane and is the toxic component C. Stabilizes the gram negative bacterial cell wall structure D. A,B,C E. B,C
E
Louis Pasteur demonstrated... A. Using crooked neck flask that microbes are present in air B. That microbes must be present to give rise to more microbes- that is abiogenesis C. That fermentation reactions resulting in good wine were due to the actions of yeast D. A,b,c E. A, c F. b,c
E
Robert Koch and his lab A. Promoted the germ theory of disease by proving that the bacteria Bacillus anthracis caused anthrax B. Utilized postulates that required isolated, pure cultures of the suspected disease pathogens C. Developed the use of agar as a degradable solid media which allowed isolation of pure bacterial colonies D. A,B,C E. A,B
E
When looking at bacteria A. gram positive cell walls are mainly peptidoglycan that is interspersed with teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acids B. gram negative cell walls are more complex with the 2 layers linked by Braun's lipoproteins C. gram negative cell walls are generally more susceptible to antibiotics than gram positive cell walls D. A,B,C E. A,B
E
Glycocalyx is found in all bactera T/F? is sticky T/F?
F, T
who is the pioneer of modern nursing?
Florence Nightingale
who is the father of antiseptic surgery?
Joseph Lister
what is reponsible for overall negative charge of gram - cell wall?
LPS
Is pasteurization sterilization?
NO
who solidified that microbes are in the air?
Pasteur in 1861
what type of cells are bacteria and archaea?
Prokaryotic
Recombination DNA technology
adding genes from DNA into microbe chromosomes to allow them to produce certain proteins
Schultz filtration approach
air passed through flame heated tube before entering flask
schwann filtration approach
air passed through flame-heated tube before entering flask flame=schwann
purpose of Phenol?
aka. carbolic acid used to prevent odor and decay in sewage... don't use anymore because it is toxic
who discovered the first antibiotics?
alexander fleming 1928
eukaryotes
all other cells beside bacteria and archaea
how does recombination DNA tech help crops?
allow crops to produce proteins that can help them survive in extreme weather or pest issues
What is peptidoglycan made of?
alternating NAG and NAM of B1--> 4 linkages
what is pasteruization?
application of a high heat for a short time
flagella needs what environment
aqueous, bacteria always in water
what did hippocrates?
associated certain symptoms with certain illnesses in 400 BC, he also helped develop ethical standards for practice of medicine and hygine
some mutant bacteria that don't have capsules are....
avirulent
what bacteria is responsible for anthrax?
bacillus anthracis
Porins and Brauns are only found in _________
bacteria
microbes are the ____ of food chains
basis, serve as food source
gram __neg.__ bacteria are more resistant to environmental factors
because less permeable cause it has an extra layer of protection
why do euk not need cell walls?
because sterols provide enough support
How old is biotechnology?
been around for centuries
how to bacteria reproduce?
binary fission
collagenases
break down collagen part of tissue structure
hyaluronidases
break down hylorionic acid=cell glue
proteases
break down proteins in tissues and host defense factors
Penicillinase
breakdown various antibiotics and increase drug resistance
euk is basically a ______ of prok flagella
bundle
How was small pox transmitted?
by inilation of droplets and scabs carrying virus
how was small pox administered?
by stabbing __10-15x with bifurcated needle - must cause bleeding & scar to be protective
why is the dye +
cause if it was - it would repeal CW
where is the electron transport chain found in bacteria?
cell membrane
Why is bioremediation important?
chemical dispersants can be toxic and a carcinogen and hurt the endocrine systems of wild life
what are antibiotics?
chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes= natural metabolic products of bacteria & fungi
what is the main protein in plasma membrane in EUK?
cholestrol
what has a similar structure to euk flagella?
cilia
flattened sacs are...
cisternae
smooth ER is a ______ network
closed
what bacteria typically do not have flagella?
cocci
purpose of bacteria in periplasmic space
collagenases, hyaluronidases, proteases -Invade tissues and break down structure -Release nutrients -Evade host defenses
sporogenisis is very _____ takes _______
complex, 6-8 hrs
lysosomes...
condensing vesicle full of proteins that act as enzyme
how does cytoskeleton in prok move?
contractile movement like inch worm
what did jenner use to protect from small pox?
cowpox
where does the ETC occur in euk? pro?
cristae, plasma membrane
what is the outcome of bioremediation?
detoxify or reduce toxicity of pollutants, enzymes break down the pollutant
why were Koch's postulates important?
developed methods for identifying which microbe causes specific disease
alcohol...
dissolves the lipids in the outer membrane in the gram - and removes dye in gam -, shrink PG in gram +
what type of DNA does mitochondria have?
ds cirular
Do viruses have DNA or RNA?
either
LPS is an...
endotoxin
Polysaccharide granules, Lipid inclusions, Sulfur granules—
energy reserves bacteria usually in a _hypotonic___ environment
what kinda cell can do endocytosis?
euk
what is agar?
extract of red algae
who suggested agar?
fannie hess wife of kochs assitant, rober hess.
appendages use for attachment..
fimbriae, pili
smallest to largest attachment...
fimbriae...pili... flagella
aseptic
finding techniques to prevent infection of the blood
appendages used motility..
flagella, axial filaments
the cell membrane is ____________ to take in nutrients and let out waster
flexible and semipermiable
what are enzymes?
for ATP production
what do microtubules do
form network throughout cytoplams
which way does water flow?
from low to high concentration
why was gelatin a bad media?
good for isolation but some bacteria could digest it and then it would no longer be isolated
which CW has more cross links?
gram +
which cell wall is more complex gram + or -?
gram - cause it has two layers
axial filaments are only on....aka...
gram - rod, endoflagella
what can not be killed by pasteurization?
heat resistance bacteria, yeast, spoilage bacteria
function lipoTA
helps associate with CM
mortality rate of small pox?
high 40%
why is small pox good for bioterrorism?
highly infectious and low infectious dose
what did Koch win the nobel prize in medicine for?
his studies in tuberculosis in 1905
what is pili?
hollow tubes that facilitate DNA transfer from one cell to the next (conjugation)
what are the sterol like structures in bacteria?
hopanoids
in phospholipid bilayer head is _____ tail is ______
hydrophilic, hydrophobic
what would happen if you survived small pox?
immunity for life
where are prok ribosomes located?
in plasma membrane
why is cilia important?
in respiratory to catch bad stuff
where is bacteria typically found?
in water environments
How is the bubonic plague transmitted?
infects various rodents and transferred to new host via a blood meal by a flea
what is gram - outer membrane composed of?
inner phospholipid and out LPS layer
iodine....
intensifies color, MORDANT= stabilizer causes dye to form large cross linkages in the peptidoglycan meshwork
what did pastuer discover about yeast and fermentation and food spoilage?
it could grow without air and microbes are responsible for fermentation and food spoilage
where can bioremediation be helpful?
landfill, ground water, waste managment
photoreceptors respond to ______
light
cocci shape
little balls
rod shaped
looks like log can be curved or spiraled, ends can be rounded or bifurcated
thermophiles
love high heat conditions
halophiles
love salt conditions
what cuts B1-->4 linkages?
lysosyme
What can peptidoglycan be destroyed by?
lysozyme
why is mitochondria powerhouse?
makes ATP
what is recombination DNA tech. used for?
making vaccines or replacing a gene to make insulin
pinocytosis...
membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances into the cell
how to microbes help waste management?
microbes break down or remove toxic waste in water and soil
what does successful bioremediation need?
microbes... H2O... O2
Fermentation process
milk is coagulated and ripening bacteria is added for flavor and acidity
nutrient rich environment... run or tumble?
more run
toxic environment... run or tumble?
more tumbling
what are antibiotics?
natural metabolic products produced by fungi and bacteria that inhibit or kill other microbes by fighting for space and resources
capsule...
neatly organized
why is solid media important?
needed to isolate pure cultures and individual colonies
what was the argument disputing spallanzani's idea?
needham said he treated it way to harshly, so spallanzani responded by doing the same thing and exposing it to air and had growth occur
what charge is cell wall?
negative
what makes up endoplasmic reticulum?
network of tubules and cisternae
atrichous
no flagella
is glycocalyx required for survival?
no just helps
Do archea have peptidoglycan?
no they only have cell membrane
are viruses living?
no... they are just infectious particles
can a euk have both glycocalyx and cell wall?
nooooooooo
why was a potato a bad media?
not everything could grow but they could isolate colonies
what is the most prominate organelle of euk?
nucleus
where is cytoplasm not in euk?
nucleus
chemoreceptors respond to _____
nutrients, chemicals, and toxins
how did fleming discover the antibiotic penicillium?
observed that Penicillium (fungus/mold) made an the antibiotic penicillin that killed Staphylococcus aureus (bacteria) -Penicillium was growing on plates that he was testing and he realized that no bacteria was growing around it, so he figured the mold was growing that released chemicals or something that killed bacteria
when can a viruses be replicated?
only when in a living cell, they are obligate intracellular pathogen/parasite
What are microorganisms?
organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
where is glycocalyx?
outside CW
how many people did the bubonic plague kill?
over 25 mill in europe 1/3 of population
who kicked off the golden age of microbiology?
pasteur
what cuts cross linkages?
penicillin
what is one mechanism for the transfer of antibiotic resistance?
pili attachement
nucleoplasm
plasm that holds DNA
what does gylcocalyx do?
polysaccharide allows cell to attach to the environment or the host
germination
process of 1 endospore to 1 bacterai
What is bioremediation?
process that uses naturally occurring or genetically engineered microorganisms
how are microbes used as biopesticides?
produce endospores and crystals. when crystals are ingested by larvae and insect they activate and break down and assemble into a pore in the gut
all ___ are microbes not all ___ are microbes
prok, euk
What is the core of a virus surrounded by?
protein coat of capsid
gas vacuoles
protein-covered cylinders= orients in the environment to look for light, oxygen, nutrients, different temps. etc..
how to microbes help within the body?
provide enzymes to aid in digestive process like breaking down cellulose
phagocytosis
pseudopods (arms) extend and engulf particles (human WBCs can engulf microbes)
What vaccines did Pasteur develop?
rabies, anthrax, and chicken cholera
gene therapy
replacing or inserting missing or damaged genes in cells to deliver working gene by delivering a weakend (attenuated) virus
function of rough ER
ribosomes on ER produce proteins and then ER transports them to golgi
counterclockwise=
run
ER associated ribosomes
sites of synthesis for __nonsecretory___and ___nonmembrane_____ proteins
free ribosomes
sites of synthesis for __nonsecretory___and ___nonmembrane_____ proteins
what is the first and only disease eradicated?
small pox
what did pasteur discover with wine?
sour wine had bacteria that produced lactic acid and good wine had yeast that produced alchol
crystal violet...
stains cells purple
safrin....
stains gram - while purple in + still covers it up
motile cells move towards or away from ______
stimuli
what acids are in gram + CW?
teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids
what allows cross links to occur?
tetrapeptides hanging off NAM
what did Koch prove in 1884?
that bacterium causes a certain disease
what did abiogensis people argue about filtration?
that vital forces are still being treated to harshly
what is spontaneous generation or abiogenesis?
the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter
What is biogensis?
the hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life
who was persecuted during the plague?
the jewish because they were not getting infected because they were following sanitation laws like keeping spaces clean and throwing out bad food so infected rats wouldn't come
what helps archaea survive in extreme conditions?
the lipids in cell membrane have different chemical linkages that provide stability and resistance
what is immunology?
the study of immunity, vaccines and cell products are being investigated to prevent, treat, and cure microbial disease.
what is the job of carrier proteins?
to open the cell membrane and let some molecules in and out of cell
What is chemotherapy?
treatment with chemicals
what disease did Koch study?
tuberculosis, anthrax, cholera, malaria, african sleeping sickness
clockwise
tumble
microbes are what?
ubiquitous
Slime layer...
unorganized and loose
what are archaea?
unusual bacteria that live in extreme conditions
methanogens
use methane as food
Biotechonology
use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals
Lister developments....
used chemical disinfectant and heated instruments to prevent surgical wound infections
transition vesicle...
vesicles from the RER contain proteins = undergo modification in golgi
condensing/secretory vesicles....
vesicles transport modified proteins to organelles (such as lysosomes) or as secretory proteins to the cell membrane (used or secreted)
what are viruses called when extracellular?
virus particle or virion
what was the purpose of Koch's postulates?
was to decide what organism causes what disease
how do cilia move?
wavelike
what has changed with epidemiology from then to now?
we know what causes disease, how they spread, and how to fight them
motility of flagella in euk....
whiplike/ udulating
what bacteria cause bubonic plague?
yersinia pestis
is flagella membrane bound in euk?
yesss
is pili on all gram - bacteria?
yesssss