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All of the following contribute to immunity, except? A. Muscles B. Bone marrow C. Lymph nodes D. Thymus gland E. Spleen

A. Muscles

Which type of immune response listed below is not inducible? A. Natural killer cells B. T-cells C. Antibodies D. B-cells E. All parts of the immune response are inducible

A. Natural killer cells

Most activated B-cells will differentiate into A. Plasma cells B. Cytotoxic T-cells C. Helper T-Cells D. Macrophages E. Monocytes

A. Plasma cells

Lymph nodes contain which of the following cells A. T-lymphocytes B. B-lymphocytes C. Dendritic cells D. Macrophages E. Neutrophiles

A. T-lymphocytes B. B-lymphocytes C. Dendritic cells D. Macrophages

How do cytotoxic T-cells recognize infected cells in order to kill them? A. Using MHC I molecule presented on infected cells B. Using MHC II molecule presented on infected cells C. Using the T-cell receptor presented on infected cells D. Using antibodies on infected cells E. Using complement bound to infected cells.

A. Using MHC I molecule presented on infected cells

The function of T lymphocytes (T Cells) is to A. have a large role in regulating the immune system B. become neutrophils C. become plasma cells D. make antibodies

A. have a large role in regulating the immune system

Which of the following is the correct order of steps that occur in the inflammation response? I. Capillaries leak releasing phagocytes and clotting factors II. Platelets move out of capillaries III. Histamines released IV. Phagocytes engulf bacteria and cellular debris A) I, IV, III, II B) III, I, IV, II C) I,II,III, IV D) II, I, IV, III E) none of the above

B) III, I, IV, II

Which of the following best explains how the complement system destroys foreign microbes? A. Antigen and pathogen recognition receptor bind to form a C1 complex, activating the complement cascade, eventually leading to microbial death. B. Antigen and IgG bind to form a C1 complex, activating the complement cascade, eventually leading to microbial death. C. Antigen and IgG bind to form C3 convertase, activating the complement cascade, eventually leading to cell death. D. Antigen and C1 complex bind, activating C3 convertase, eventually leading to microbial death. E. Complement does not destroy foreign microbes.

B. Antigen and IgG bind to form a C1 complex, activating the complement cascade, eventually leading to microbial death.

Which of the following is how neutrophils will react upon infections? A. Activate complement by binding to the C3 protein B. Be the first cells to get to the infection site from the bone marrow C. Kill the infected cells by releasing apoptosis factor D. Carry the main responsibilities activating CD4+ helper T cells E. Present antigens on both MHC1 and MHC2

B. Be the first cells to get to the infection site from the bone marrow

Where do phagocytes originate? A. Lymphatic System B. Bone Marrow C. Digestive System D. In the womb, from our mothers E. All of the Above

B. Bone Marrow

Which organ/tissue is NOT part of the secondary (peripheral) immune system? A. Spleen B. Bone Marrow C. Lymphatic System D. Lymph Nodes E. MALT

B. Bone Marrow

Which one of the following body systems are not involved in the immune response? A. Spleen B. Brain C. MALT D. Thymus E. Bone Marrow

B. Brain

Which of the following complement proteins enhances the phagocytosis of macrophages? A. C3a B. C3b C. C5a D. C5b E. C9

B. C3b

Which of the following is not correct about the complement system? A. C3a and c5a act as chemoattractants for macrophages B. C3b interferes with phagocytosis by use as an opsonin C. C8 and C9 form a phospholipase D. C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9 form a pore in the microbe membrane E. Activation of complement increases the inflammatory response

B. C3b interferes with phagocytosis by use as an opsonin

Which combination of molecules detected match the corresponding pattern of recognition (Microbe Associated Molecular Pattern - MAMP or Danger Associated Molecular Pattern - DAMP) in the innate immune response of humans? A. Peptidoglycan and DAMP B. Heat shock proteins and MAMP C. Viral envelope proteins and MAMP D. Fungal mannose and DAMP E. None of the above

C. Viral envelope proteins and MAMP

B-lymphocytes (B cells) A. can become neutrophils B. can become macrophages C. can become memory cells D. can become plasma cells D. regulate cytotoxic T cells

C. can become memory cells D. can become plasma cells

What is a function of CD-8+ T lymphocytes? A. Interact with MHC II molecules, which almost every cell in the human body has B. Help regulate antibody production of B-lymphocytes C. Respond to antigens and regulate antigen production D. Remove perforin and granzymes from cells to prevent apoptosis E. Attack cells infected with viruses and destroy them.

E. Attack cells infected with viruses and destroy them.

A bacterial pathogen, Bucky badgerii has infected a patient's body, how will immune cells react? A. Cytotoxic T-cells will directly kill the bacteria once activated B. Helper T-cells will activate B-cells to secrete antibodies C. B-cells will activate Helper T-cells through the MHC II molecule D. Granulocytes will turn into plasma cells to secrete antibodies E. B and C

E. B and C

The complement proteins are produced in all of the following EXCEPT: A. Macrophages B. Monocytes C. Neutrophil D. Epithelial cells in gastrointestinal mucosa E. B and C

E. B and C

Once present in the lymph node, antigen will be exposed to various cells and will activate ________ cells that will begin the process of mounting a response A. B-cells B. T-cells C. Neutrophils D. Macrophages E. Both A and B

E. Both A and B

What are some of the features and their roles of the skin that protect against microorganisms? A. Hair stops air borne pathogens B. Loosely packed cells C. Hydrophobic and dry D. Hydrophilic and wet E. Both A and C

E. Both A and C

You are in the process of being infected with Streptococcus pyogenes. Certain cells obtain pieces of the M protein from S. pyogenes and present it to lymphocytes. An example of cells that can present antigens to the immune system are A. Macrophages B. T-cells C. Neutrophils D. Dendritic cells E. Both A and D

E. Both A and D

Which of these processes is used when the immune system is fighting an extracellular pathogen and what does it do? A. Complement cascade, forms pores in microbe membrane B. Phagocytosis, forms pores in microbe membrane C. Complement cascade, detects pathogens and exhibits chemotaxis towards them D. Phagocytosis, detects pathogens and exhibits chemotaxis towards them E. Both A and D are correct

E. Both A and D are correct

If a virus, such as HIV, destroys the body's T-lymphocytes, to which type of diseases would the patient be most susceptible? A. Viral infections B. Bacterial infections C. Autoimmune diseases D. Immunoglobulin deficiencies E. Both Viral and Bacterial Infections

E. Both Viral and Bacterial Infections

Skin tissue has become swollen, red, hot, and painful. This is because: A. Clotting factors are fleeing the area. B. Histamines are fixing leaks in capillaries. C. Fluid and protein have entered the tissue. D. Inflammatory cells have entered the tissue. E. C and D are correct

E. C and D are correct

Which of the following immune processes is not involved in detecting the presence of a pathogen. A. Complement activation B. Antibodies C. MHCI and MHCII molecules D. TLR1 through TLR10 E. Cilia sweeping microbes out of the lungs

E. Cilia sweeping microbes out of the lungs

One of the reasons the skin is such a difficult system to penetrate is A. It is very hydrophobic B. It has loosely packed keratinized cells that recruit skin microbiota C. Hydrophilic oils attract water and dilute pathogens D. Antimicrobial sugars are made to inhibit pathogens E. It can continually stretch and move

A. It is very hydrophobic

Prior to the attack from a cytotoxic T cell, we need a signal that activates the T cell. Which of the following is responsible for activating T cell? A. A complex between the MHC I molecule and TCR B. A dendritic cell presenting an antigen on an MHCII molecule to a TCR C. CD4 recptor presenting an antigen to a B-cell D. IL-12, a cytokine, binding to a T-cell and activating it E. Low pH

A. A complex between the MHC I molecule and TCR

Which of the following is true regarding passive and active immunity? A. Active immunity requires weeks to build, whereas passive immunity is acquired immediately. B. Active immunity is short-lived, whereas passive immunity is long-lived. C. Active immunity may be acquired during pregnancy through the placenta. D. Passive immunity may be acquired through vaccination. E. Passive immunity is not beneficial, but active immunity is.

A. Active immunity requires weeks to build, whereas passive immunity is acquired immediately.

An important difference between humoral immunity (B cells) and cell-mediated immunity (T cells) is... A. B cells create antibodies whereas T cells only respond to antigens when associated with another host cell B. T cells create antibodies whereas B cells only respond to antigens when associated with another host cell C. All B cells are the same so that they don't create memory cells whereas each T cell is unique D. All T cells are the same so that they don't create memory cells whereas each B cell is unique

A. B cells create antibodies whereas T cells only respond to antigens when associated with another host cell

Until complement proteins are activated they _________? A. Circulate through the bloodstream B. Are stored in the liver C. Are stored in lymph nodes D. They aren't synthesized until a pathogen is recognized E. They are stored in fat tissues

A. Circulate through the bloodstream

Which type of cell is the first to detect pathogens and activate the adaptive immune system? A. Dendritic cell B. B cells C. Macrophages D. Neutrophils

A. Dendritic cell

A unique electron carrier in methanogens is A. F420 B. NADH C. Methanopterin D. Chlorophyll

A. F420

Immature T-cells have the potential to react with self-antigens. What of the following mechanisms that stop these self-reactive T-cells is accurately described? A. T-cells are educated in the Bursa of Fabricius where self-reactive T-cells are allowed to go through apoptosis. B. Clonal Anergy - Cytotoxic T cells that escape the thymus are not stimulated by T-helper cells and thus never get activated C. T-suppressor cells are only able to turn up non-self reactive T-cells D. All of the above

B. Clonal Anergy - Cytotoxic T cells that escape the thymus are not stimulated by T-helper cells and thus never get activated

If something happened in the butyrate community, such that the methanogen only removed half the hydrogen, the rate of butyrate degradation would A. Increase B. Decrease C. Stay the same

B. Decrease

Which of the following is not one of the ways that the body detects the presence of a foreign antigen? A. Recognition of non-self proteins by T cell through the MHC II and TCR complex B. Direct recognition of antigens by CD4+ T cells in the lymph tissues C. Direct recognition of antigens by B cells in lymph tissues D. Recognition of non-self proteins by T cells through the MHC I and TCR complex E. Recognition of MAMPs by macrophages that then start an inflammatory response

B. Direct recognition of antigens by CD4+ T cells in the lymph tissues

During a primary response, B cells differentiate into plasma cells and secrete what antibody first? A. IgD B. IgM C. IgA D. IgG E. IgE

B. IgM

Where on the human body might you find methanogens, besides in the large intestines? A. On the skin B.in the mouth C.in the respiratory tract D.nowhere besides the large intestines

B. In the mouth

The initial respone to almost any outside invader is. A. Synthesis of antibodies by B-cells B. Inflammation C. Attack by T-cells D. Phagocytosis by macrophages

B. Inflammation

Which innate immune response do PRRs (Pattern Recognition Receptors) participate in? A. T-cell Maturation B. Inflammation C. Recognizing antigens D. Make antibodies

B. Inflammation

Which of the following components of the skin listed below is incorrectly defined in how it acts as a physical barrier? A. The skin has many hairs, that help stop airborne pathogens B. It contains epithelial cells which produce lipid antibiotics C. The skin is hydrophobic and dry, which aids in minimizing pathogen presence D. It has sebaceous glands which secrete hydrophobic oils E. The cells in the skin are tightly packed, and heavily keratinized, which makes them hard to penetrate.

B. It contains epithelial cells which produce lipid antibiotics

Which of these macromolecules would be the weakest antigen? A. Lipopolysaccharides B. Lipids C. Sugars D. Proteins E. All are good antigens

B. Lipids

What usually must happen upon attachment and entry of a host cell by a pathogen? A. Once the pathogen has entered, nothing further must occur B. The pathogen population is too small and must grow and replicate C. The pathogen must obtain nutrients from locations outside of the cell D. The pathogen must cause cell death of the host cell E. Can never be determined

B. The pathogen population is too small and must grow and replicate

What does NOT describe B-lymphocytes? A. They are a part of the adaptive immune system B. They come from myeloid cells C. They make antibodies that react with antigens D. They mature in the bone marrow and MALT E. They can divide into plasma cells or memory cells

B. They come from myeloid cells

Neutrophils are best described as being: A. part of the adaptive immune system B. part of the innate immune system C. derivatives of natural killer cells D. part of immunological memory E. derivatives of B-cells

B. part of the innate immune system

Overweight and obese individuals who lose weight often struggle with weight regain. After weight loss, they will burn fewer calories. This in part has to do with... A. A return to their bad diet habits B. A change in their microbiome where the microbiome no longer consumes dietary flavonoids C. A change in their microbiome where the microbiome consumes dietary flavonoids D. A decrease in microbiome diversity and an increase in metabolism of complex carbohydrates.

C. A change in their microbiome where the microbiome consumes dietary flavonoids

Acetogens compete with methanogens for hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide. However, instead of making methane they make A. Methanol B. Ethanol C. Acetate D. Glucose

C. Acetate

Which of the following is NOT a way that the Complement System kills microbes? A. Phagocytosis B. Inflammation C. Acetogens D. Membrane attack

C. Acetogens

Which of the following is not an element of T cell activation and activity? A. Antigen/MHC I association in the infected cell and movement to the surface B. B7-2 interaction with the CD28 receptor C. An alert signal sent from the lymph nodes D. Release of perforins and granzymes to attack target cells E. Interaction of the antigen/MHC I complex with a TCR

C. An alert signal sent from the lymph nodes

What is the correct statement regarding the process and function of natural killer cells? A. Component of the innate immune system that produces cytokines to recruit leukocytes B. Component of the adaptive immune response that turns on and off immune cells C. Component of the innate immune system that contains viral infections by killing pathogenic cells D. Component of the adaptive immune response that removes our bodies own dead cells E. A macrophage in the immune system that destroys viral cells

C. Component of the innate immune system that contains viral infections by killing pathogenic cells

Which of the following is NOT a way in which the body is able to recognize and/or respond to a pathogen? A. Use of pattern recognition receptors to recognize foreign macromolecules B. The body uses inflammation to attract more cells to an area C. Cytokines diffuse into bacterial cells and disrupt regulation. D. Plasma cells produce antibodies which bind to antigens E. Opsonins from the immune system make it easier for phagocytes to engulf pathogens

C. Cytokines diffuse into bacterial cells and disrupt regulation.

What electron donors cannot pair with carbon dioxide as a terminal electron acceptor? A. H2S B. H2 C. Fe2+ (free iron) D. They all would work

C. Fe2+ (free iron)

1. Order the following steps of the innate immune response:I. Neutrophils migrate to the extravascular site by binding to endothelial adhesion molecules.II. Microbes are recognized and destroyed.III. Phagocytes: neutrophils and monocytes are initially recruited.IV. First responders and monocytes increase in number through stimulation by cytokines. A. I. II. III. IV. B. II. III. IV. I. C. III. IV. I. II. D. IV. III. II. I. E. I. II. IV. III.

C. III. IV. I. II.

What is the difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity? A. Innate immunity has a memory of pathogens while adaptive immunity does not B. Adaptive immunity involves general mechanisms while innate immunity is specific C. Innate immunity is always present while adaptive immunity are turned on in response to a pathogen D. Innate immunity gets stronger each time it is introduced to a pathogen while the strength of adaptive immunity does not change E. Innate immunity and adaptive immunity are similar, but just use different cells

C. Innate immunity is always present while adaptive immunity are turned on in response to a pathogen

Which of the following statement is incorrect? A. The immune system must differentiate self from non-self B. Immune system creates lymphocytes that respond to many macromolecules C. Lymphocytes collectively respond to non-self antigens D. Proteins are the strongest antigens

C. Lymphocytes collectively respond to non-self antigens

If a virus infects an epithelial cell in the human body, which of the following events is likely to occur? A. MHC II will present an antibody to a B cell, indicating the presence of a pathogen B. MHC II will present a viral antigen to a CD8+ T cell, indicating the presence of a pathogen C. MHC I will present an antigen to a CD8+ T cell, indicating the presence of a pathogen D. MHC I will present an antibody to a B cell, indicating the presence of a pathogen E. Both B and C will occur

C. MHC I will present an antigen to a CD8+ T cell, indicating the presence of a pathogen

Which of the following statements about phagocytes is incorrect? A. Neutrophils are the most common phagocytes B. All phagocytes originate from bone marrow C. Macrophages mature into monocytes D. Phagocytes fight pathogens by engulfing and degrading them E. Phagocytes remove debris (such as dead cells) as well as pathogens

C. Macrophages mature into monocytes

You are cutting an apple and all of a sudden the knife slips and you cut your finger. Pathogens begin to enter the body through the broken skin and release PAMPs. Then _____ cells detect these molecular patterns and release _______ which raise the alarm and causes blood vessels to open in the area. A. Neutrophils, chemokines B. Macrophages, cytokines C. Mast cells, mediators of inflammation D. Phagocytes, lysozymes E. None of the above

C. Mast cells, mediators of inflammation

Which of the following statements is incorrect in regards to microbe survival inside a phagocyte? A. Preventing the fusion of a phagosome to a lysosome, forming a phagolysosome, would increase microbial survival inside a phagocyte B. Suppressing the inflammatory response would increase microbial survival inside a phagocyte C. Microbial production of catalase to break down phagocytic chemicals would decrease microbial survival inside a phagocyte D. Releasing leukocidins will prevent phagocytosis E. None of the above are false, they are all true

C. Microbial production of catalase to break down phagocytic chemicals would decrease microbial survival inside a phagocyte

A characteristic of neutrophils that does not apply to macrophages is: A. They are involved in the innate immune response B. They are under the influence of cytokines C. Most circulate in the bloodstream after maturation D. They perform egestion and antigen presentation E. They undergo phagocytosis

C. Most circulate in the bloodstream after maturation

Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are recognized by A. T-cell receptors (also called Tol-Like Receptors) B. Antigens C. Pattern Recognition Receptors (also called Tol-Like Receptors) D. PAMPs (also called Tol-Like Receptors) E. B-cell receptors

C. Pattern Recognition Receptors (also called Tol-Like Receptors)

During infection, the role of neutrophils does not include A. Being the first phagocyte to enter the infected tissue B. Engulfing foreign particles into a phagosome C. Performing egestion and antigen presentation D. Rising to large numbers in the case of severe illness E. Detecting pathogens by their N-formylated bacterial peptides

C. Performing egestion and antigen presentation

What makes a natural killer T cell similar to a cytotoxic T cell? A. Activated by antigens presented on MHC I B. Activated by antigens presented on MHC II C. The same process of target cell destruction D. They are both phagocytes E. Activated by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

C. The same process of target cell destruction

Why do lipids make poor antigens? A. Their polar structure allows antibodies to bind too easily B. They have a repeating structure with a positive charge C. They have a repeating structure with no charge D. They contain a hydrophobic component E. They contain a protein component

C. They have a repeating structure with no charge

Microbes affect our health by helping in A. Nutrient and fluid uptake B. Tolerance to food allergens C. Protection against food pathogens D. All of the above

D. All of the above

In the activation of B lymphocytes, binding of the antigen immediately causes... A. A direct activation of a signaling cascade that activates various B cell genes B. An association with an MHC molecule, leading to transportation to the cell surface C. Antibodies to leave the membrane D. Antibody receptors to cluster in a small area E. The B cell to undergo clonal expansion

D. Antibody receptors to cluster in a small area

The enzymatic system is a part of the complement system, and has 9 proteins. Which of the following is NOT used in creation of a pore in a microbe membrane? A. C6 B. C5b C. C9 D. C4

D. C4

One major difference between CD4+ and CD8+ cells is... A. CD4+ cells are a type of T cell and CD8+ cells are a type of B cell B. CD4+ cells are cytotoxic T cells and CD8+ cells are helper T cells C. CD8+ cells recruit and regulate other cells as a part of the immune response D. CD8+ cells are cytotoxic T cells and CD4+ cells are helper T cells E. CD4+ cells attack after being activated by an antigen and CD8+ cells are suppressor T cells

D. CD8+ cells are cytotoxic T cells and CD4+ cells are helper T cells

Which of the following does not correctly match the body part and its movement to functionally protect against microbes? A. Blinking: Sweeps out microbes B. Urine: Prevents colonization of bladder C. Skin: Physical barrier D. Cilia: Prevents colonization of intestines E. Hair: Restricts microbial access to scalp

D. Cilia: Prevents colonization of intestines

Which of the following statements accurately depicts a form of the adaptive immune response? A. In the humoral response, T cells undergo colonal expansion and produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies to attack a specific pathogen B. T cells directly recognize a specific antigen and present the antigen so macrophages can eradicate the threat. C. Memory B cells allow for a rapid removal of foreign antigens by directly binding to and killing the antigen D. Cytotoxic T cells recognize an infected cell from an antigen displayed on a class I MHC molecule and kills the cell E. In cell mediated immunity, T cells release antibodies which bind to the antigen and destroy it.

D. Cytotoxic T cells recognize an infected cell from an antigen displayed on a class I MHC molecule and kills the cell

The cell that will respond to a virally infected cell and induce it to enter apoptosis is a A. B-cell B. Plasma cell C. Helper T-cell D. Cytotoxic T-cell E. Macrophage

D. Cytotoxic T-cell

At what stage would the highest amount of endotoxin be released? A. Subunit B attachment to the host cell B. Toxin being taken into the host cell by endocytosis C. During pathogen cell replication D. During pathogen cell death

D. During pathogen cell death

The TLR1:TLR2 heterodimer is usually present within host cells. Considering that this pattern recognition receptor responds to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, which of the following pathogen/ligand combination will it most likely respond to? A. Covid-19, Single stranded RNA B. Hepatitis C, lipopolysaccharide C. Staphylococcus aureus, double stranded RNA D. E.coli, lipopolysaccharide E. Plasmodium falciparum, peptidoglycan

D. E.coli, lipopolysaccharide

All of the following are virulence factors. Which one serves a purpose specifically different from the rest? A. Fimbriae B. Capsule C. Lipoteichoic Acid D. Exotoxin E. All of the above are analogous (perform the same function

D. Exotoxin

If you look at the above challenges to the immune system in which one does humoral immunity play the bigger role versus cell-mediated immunity? A. Fighting cancerous cells B. Viral infection C. Drives autoimmunity D. Extracellular pathogens E. Regulates the immune system

D. Extracellular pathogens

Which of the following factors could be used used by pathogens to avoid the innate immune system. I. Inhibition of fusion with lysosomes II. Evolve surface antigens similar to host III. Enzymes capable of reducing reactive oxygen species IV. Carry innate iron stores V. Cytotoxin resistance and evasion A. I, III B. I, II, III, IV, V C. I, III, IV, V D. I, III, IV E. II, IV

D. I, III, IV

Which of the following is not a process in T-cell maturation? A. Education of T-cells in thymus B. Dies if there is a malfunction in signaling receptors C. Needs to learn interactions with MHC receptors D. Initial education of T-cells in bone marrow E. All are a process in T-cell maturation

D. Initial education of T-cells in bone marrow

Which of the following describes the role of the secondary immune system? A. Bone marrow is involved in this immune system B. Its main role is creating immune cells C. Its main role is educating immune cells D. Its main role is looking after mature immune cells E. The thymus gland is involved in this immune system

D. Its main role is looking after mature immune cells

Which one of these cells types has roles in both the innate and adaptive immune response? A. Neutrophils B. T-lymphocytes C. B-lymphocytes D. Macrophages E. Plasma cells

D. Macrophages

You're walking through the Arboretum with a friend when an angry badger jumps out and bites your arm before running off. The surrounding tissue quickly becomes red, swells up and feels hot and painful to the touch. Your friend is worried you have been injected with badger poison, but you assure them it is a natural immune response to any tissue damage (though you should still go to the hospital), caused by your _____ cells releasing _____ to trigger inflammation. A. Mast cells, PAMP's and DAMP's B. Phagocytes, antigens C. Platelets, mediators of inflammation (Mol) D. Mast cells, mediators of inflammation (Mol) E. Microbes, antibodies

D. Mast cells, mediators of inflammation (Mol)

When considering phagocytes... A. Monocytes remove our own dead cells B. Neutrophils live much longer than monocytes C. Neutrophils circulate in the bloodstream and monocytes circulate in the lymph D. Neutrophils arrive at an infection before monocytes E. A and C

D. Neutrophils arrive at an infection before monocytes

The oral cavity and the lower GI tract both contain large microbial populations. What two shared properties allow the microbiota to be so large in these two places? A. Rapid shedding/transit and high pH B. Rapid shedding/transit and low pH C. Rapid shedding/transit and neutral pH D. Slow shedding/transit and neutral pH E. Slow shedding/transit and low pH

D. Slow shedding/transit and neutral pH

Neutrophils are A. A type of T-cell B. The last phagocytic cell to encounter an infection C. Phagocytes that have a longer life span than monocytes and macrophages D. Stored in bone marrow while they wait to fight an infection E. Settle in tissues and mature into macrophages

D. Stored in bone marrow while they wait to fight an infection

Which of the following cell types do NOT have MHC II molecules (are NOT antigen presenting cells)? A. Macrophages B. Dendritic cells C. B-cells D. T-cells E. None of the above (All of these cell types have MHC II molecules)

D. T-cells

How does the immune system distinguish between foreign cells and your body's own cells? A. It does not distinguish between the cells, and the immune system just suppresses self-reactions. B. T-cells and B-cells are educated in MALT to recognize non-self only C. T-cells are educated to recognize non-self only by MHCI class molecules, while B-cells learn with MHCII class modules D. T-cells are educated to recognize non-self only in the thymus, while B-cells do it in the bone marrow E. T-cells and B-cells are educated in the thymus to recognize non-self only

D. T-cells are educated to recognize non-self only in the thymus, while B-cells do it in the bone marrow

Endotoxins are found in Escherichia coli and... A. are found in all gram-positive bacteria B. are more potent (smaller amount of endotoxins would kill cells then exotoxins) C. are proteins D. elicit an immune response and activate the complement pathways E. have high specificity since they work enzymatically

D. elicit an immune response and activate the complement pathways

Which type of hydrogen utilizer do you think is present in the human colon? A. SRB B.Acetogens C.Methanogens D.Both B and C

D.Both B and C

Match the antimicrobial secretion with its activity Lysozyme Basic proteins and polypeptides Lactoferrin and transferrin Peroxidase Fibronectin

Degraded peptidoglycan and causes lysis Disrupts bacterial plasma membranes Inhibit microbial growth by binding (withholding) iron Act with peroxide to cause lethal oxidations in cells Bind to bacteria and assist in clearance (opsonization) by phagocytes

If you look carefully at the data you will notice that each individual has their own unique flora. This can be explained by A.Diet B.Lifestyle C.Genetics D.The microbe fairy

Diet and genetics

Which of the following are reactions leading to the killing of a target cell/pathogen can be mediated by antibodies? A. Complement activation B. Opsonization C. Recruitment of CD8+ T-cells D. The oxidative burst of phagocytosis E. A and B can be mediated by antibodies

E. A and B can be mediated by antibodies

Which of the following mechanisms are not used by T-cells or Antibodies to kill? A. Opsonization B. Release of Perforin C. Compliment Activation D. Release of Granzymes E. All of the above are used by either T-cells or antibodies

E. All of the above are used by either T-cells or antibodies

The immune system is able to react to and destroy foreign microorganisms that enter the body, but does not (except in rare cases of autoimmune diseases) destroy endogenous human cells because: A. Foreign organisms that enter the body have antigens that are recognized by antibody structures present on lymphocytes, while human cells do not display antigens and thus cannot be recognized by lymphocytes B. Antibodies of lymphocytes bind with a greater affinity to antigens of foreign cells than to antigens of human cells, allowing them to destroy foreign cells more easily than human cells C. The antigens present on human cells send an inhibitory signal to lymphocytes when the antibody binds, immediately shutting down the immune response D. When antigens present on foreign cells are bound by antibodies specific to them, the immune response is activated E. Endogenous human cells do have antigens, but immune cells created with antibodies specific for these human cell antigens are normally destroyed during development, thus there are no lymphocytes capable of binding to the self-antigen

E. Endogenous human cells do have antigens, but immune cells created with antibodies specific for these human cell antigens are normally destroyed during development, thus there are no lymphocytes capable of binding to the self-antigen

Which of the following about complement is false? A. It is part of the innate immune system B. Enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism C. Promotes inflammation D. Attacks the pathogen's plasma membrane E. It consists of a three proteins that is able to bind to many different microbes

E. It consists of a three proteins that is able to bind to many different microbes

Which of the following is true regarding the activity of MAMPs and DAMPs during the immune response? A. MAMPS are derived from the host cell and initiate the adaptive immune response B. MAMPS are released from dying host cells due to damage, trauma and infection C. The recognition of DAMPs by PRRs trigger activation of several signaling cascades in the host immune cells D. MAMPs and DAMPs are released and signal immune systems to promote and enhance the inflammatory response E. MAMPs, previously called PAMPs, are derived from microorganisms and drive inflammation in response to infection F. Both MAMPs and DAMPs are derived from a microorganism

E. MAMPs, previously called PAMPs, are derived from microorganisms and drive inflammation in response to infection

Which of the following is not part of T cell activation and killing? A. APC cell presents antigenic B. 1st signal between the MHC II molecule and the TCR C. 2nd signal between B7-2 and the CD28 receptor D. T cell recognizes infected cell via MHC I display and kills it E. None of the above (all are a part of it)

E. None of the above (all are a part of it)

Which of the following cell types is NOT recruited in the inflammatory response? A. Platelets B. Macrophages C. Lymphocytes D. Neutrophils E. None; all participate in response

E. None; all participate in response

What systems or organs in the body do not contribute to the immune system? A. Mucous Membrane B. Thymus C. Tonsils D. Lymphatic System E. Pancreas

E. Pancreas

Which step must occur for the body to kill host cells infected with Chlamydia? A. Presentation of antigens in MHCI molecules to B cells B. Attack by macrophages C. Complement attack on Chlamydia D. Presentation of antigens in MHCII molecules to dendritic cells E. Presentation of antigens in MHCI molecules to T cells

E. Presentation of antigens in MHCI molecules to T cells

Leukocidin is: A. Lethal to phagocytes B. Produced in Staphylococcus aureus C. Secreted by phagocytes D. Strengthens phagocytic membranes E. both A & B

E. both A & B

A phagogocyte that can present antigens includes _____. In addition one of the most important antigen presenting cells are _______ cells

Macrophage, dendritic