Microbial Genetics
Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA? rRNA dRNA mRNA tRNA
dRNA
Proteins that remove incorrect bases and replace them with correct ones are termed ______ repair enzymes. excision deletion ligase light
excision
Two components of an operon include the _____ that acts as an on/off switch, and the _____gene sequences.
operator structural
Which are components of an operon in a sequence of DNA? operator structural genes inducer RNA polymerase repressor
operator structural genes
The site on a chromosome where DNA replication begins is called the _____ of replication.
origin
The place where DNA replication is initiated is called the ______. helicase binding site primer synthesis site origin of replication DNA unwinding site
origin of replication
The place where DNA replication is initiated is called the ______. primer synthesis site helicase binding site DNA unwinding site origin of replication
origin of replication
During semiconservative _____ the DNA is duplicated prior to binary fission.
replication
The _____ protein is capable of repressing an operon.
repressor
The protein product of a repressor gene is the _____which binds the operator to stop transcription.
repressor
During _____ DNA replication, the newly made double helices are composed of one parent template and one newly synthesized strand.
semiconservative
In bacterial conjugation, which term refers to a recipient cell that does not have a fertility plasmid? Hfr F- F+
F-
_____ in bacteria refers to horizontal gene transmission via pili.
Conjugation
True or false: Bacterial conjugation is a sexual process. True False
False
Which type of plasmids confer the ability of an organism to survive treatment by antibiotics? F factors V factors R factors Hfr factors
R factors
The main enzyme responsible for transcription is helicase. gyrase. RNA polymerase. ligase. DNA polymerase.
RNA polymerase.
______ refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms, where the recipient strain shows a change in genetic makeup at the end.
Recombination
_____ RNA may exert control on several levels in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Regulatory
True or false: R-factors or "resistance factors" can be shared between bacteria through conjugation to help them survive the effects of antibiotics. True False
True
The DNA of a chromosome is _____-stranded.
double
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) arise when, through genetic transfer, a MRSA strain acquires the _____ operon located within a _____.
vanA transposon
The enzymes responsible for building the DNA strand, proofreading newly produced DNA strands, and removing the RNA primer are DNA _____ I and III.
polymerase
What is the name of the specialized plasmid that directs conjugation in gram-negative cells? pilus factor F factor lambda lac operon
F factor
What is the name of the specialized plasmid that directs conjugation in gram-negative cells? Multiple choice question. F factor lambda lac operon pilus factor
F factor
In bacterial conjugation, which term refers to a donor cell with a fertility plasmid located in the cytoplasm? Hfr F- F+
F+
The flow of genetic information in a cell is a process starting with which encodes which encodes protein.
DNA RNA, mRNA
Genetic inheritance in microorganisms is best defined by which term? Heredity Phenotype Recombination Mutation
Heredity
What must occur prior to cell division to ensure that each new cell has a complete set of DNA chromosome(s)? Replication Translation Transformation Transcription
Replication
Which term, synonymous with codon, describes a trinucleotide sequence coding an amino acid in DNA? Anticodon Inversion Triplet
Triplet
Genetic transfer of ______ to a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain produces vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE).
a transposon containing the vanA operon
DNA polymerases are responsible for binding the nicks in DNA. unwinding the helix. building the DNA chain. supercoiling of DNA. proofreading/repair.
building the DNA chain. proofreading/repair.
True or false: In bacterial conjugation, all F+ donor cells are high frequency recombinant (Hfr) cells. True False
False
Which process repairs DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet radiation using visible light? Excision repair Photolysis Photoactivation
Photoactivation
What is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes? Mutation Plasmid Chromosome Transposon
Plasmid
The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism is referred to as the _____
genome
Which best describes the flow of genetic information in a cell? DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein Protein encodes RNA which encodes DNA RNA encodes DNA which encodes protein
DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein
DNA polymerase ____ is the main enzyme involved in the building of the new DNA chain, whereas DNA polymerase ____ is involved mostly with removing the primers and repairing damaged DNA. III/I I/III
III/I
Which is the correct order of events when a protein is made in the process of translation? Initiation, elongation, termination Initiation, termination, elongation Termination, elongation, initiation Elongation, termination, initiation
Initiation, elongation, termination
Genetic transfer of ______ to a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain produces vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE). a transposon containing the vanA operon a transposon containing the methR operon the operator region from lac operon the promoter region from the arg operon
a transposon containing the vanA operon
Uracil, the nitrogenous base unique to RNA molecules, pairs with the nitrogenous base _____ .
adenine
Mutations that involve the addition, deletion or substitution of one or a few bases are referred to as _______ mutations. point wild-type frameshift back
point
The nitrogenous base thymine is only found in DNA, while _____ is only found in RNA.
uracil
Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex pilus during _____
conjugation
A _____binds to an inactive repressor to make an active repressor.
corepressor
A _____ binds to an inactive repressor to make an active repressor.
corepressor
What binds with an inactive repressor to make an active repressor? Repressor Corepressor Promoter Inducer
Corepressor
Which best describes the flow of genetic information in a cell? Protein encodes RNA which encodes DNA DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein RNA encodes DNA which encodes protein
DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein
_____ are DNA sequences found within a gene that do not encode the protein corresponding to the gene.
Intron
Which DNA sequences are found within a gene but do not encode the protein specified by that gene? Exons Introns
Introns
The main enzyme responsible for transcription is helicase. ligase. DNA polymerase. RNA polymerase. gyrase.
RNA polymerase.
The _____ test is used to determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical.
Ames
______ in bacteria refers to horizontal gene transmission via pili.
Conjugation
Which pentose sugar is found in DNA? Glucose D-galactose Ribose Deoxyribose
Deoxyribose
Which is true regarding DNA replication? Each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand More than one answer is true. The new strand is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction on the leading strand, and in the 3' to 5' direction on the lagging strand. The lagging strand is synthesized continuously
Each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand
Which is true regarding DNA replication? More than one answer is true. Each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand The lagging strand is synthesized continuously The new strand is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction on the leading strand, and in the 3' to 5' direction on the lagging strand.
Each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand
Which term represents all of the genetic information within a cell? Chromosome Genome Gene
Genome
_____ is another term for genetics--the study of inheritance in living things.
Heredity
In bacterial conjugation, which type of donor has the fertility factor integrated into the chromosome? Hfr F+ F-
Hfr
The enzyme involved in replicating a new DNA strand is DNA polymerase _____, and DNA polymerase _____ is involved in removing the RNA primer, closing gaps, and repairing mismatched bases. III, IV I, III IV, II IV, I III, I II, IV
III, I
_____ mutations in DNA are caused by random mistakes in replication and not known to be influenced by any mutagenic agent.
Spontaneous
Which type of mutation is due to random mistakes in replication? Induced mutation Spontaneous mutation Nonspontaneous mutation
Spontaneous mutation
Which of the following are functions of RNA polymerase? Seals the fragmented pieces of RNA together after synthesis Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template Terminates the transcription process Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place
Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place
What is the purpose of the Ames test? To demonstrate the effects of transformation on a bacterial species To determine if an operon is turned on or off To determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical To verify the DNA template sequence used in transcription
To determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical
Which term, synonymous with codon, describes a trinucleotide sequence coding an amino acid in DNA? Anticodon Triplet Inversion
Triplet
In eukaryotic cells, gene expression is regulated in response to _____ stimuli such as nutrient and toxin levels, and also during growth and ______ .
environmental development
A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell is a(n) _____.
mutation
A small number of _____ are considered beneficial in that they provide the cell with a useful change in structure or physiology.
mutations
Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex _____ during conjugation.
pilus or pili
In bacterial conjugation, a donor cell with a F (fertility) _____ located in the cytoplasm is considered F+.
plasmid or factor
In bacterial conjugation, a recipient cell having no F (fertility) ______ DNA is considered F-.
plasmid or factor
Mutations that involve the addition, deletion or substitution of one or a few bases are referred to as _______ mutations. wild-type frameshift point back
point
The term _____ , or codon, is a sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA that encodes an amino acid.
triplet