Microbial Genetics

Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA? rRNA dRNA mRNA tRNA

dRNA

Proteins that remove incorrect bases and replace them with correct ones are termed ______ repair enzymes. excision deletion ligase light

excision

Two components of an operon include the _____ that acts as an on/off switch, and the _____gene sequences.

operator structural

Which are components of an operon in a sequence of DNA? operator structural genes inducer RNA polymerase repressor

operator structural genes

The site on a chromosome where DNA replication begins is called the _____ of replication.

origin

The place where DNA replication is initiated is called the ______. helicase binding site primer synthesis site origin of replication DNA unwinding site

origin of replication

The place where DNA replication is initiated is called the ______. primer synthesis site helicase binding site DNA unwinding site origin of replication

origin of replication

During semiconservative _____ the DNA is duplicated prior to binary fission.

replication

The _____ protein is capable of repressing an operon.

repressor

The protein product of a repressor gene is the _____which binds the operator to stop transcription.

repressor

During _____ DNA replication, the newly made double helices are composed of one parent template and one newly synthesized strand.

semiconservative

In bacterial conjugation, which term refers to a recipient cell that does not have a fertility plasmid? Hfr F- F+

F-

_____ in bacteria refers to horizontal gene transmission via pili.

Conjugation

True or false: Bacterial conjugation is a sexual process. True False

False

Which type of plasmids confer the ability of an organism to survive treatment by antibiotics? F factors V factors R factors Hfr factors

R factors

The main enzyme responsible for transcription is helicase. gyrase. RNA polymerase. ligase. DNA polymerase.

RNA polymerase.

______ refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms, where the recipient strain shows a change in genetic makeup at the end.

Recombination

_____ RNA may exert control on several levels in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Regulatory

True or false: R-factors or "resistance factors" can be shared between bacteria through conjugation to help them survive the effects of antibiotics. True False

True

The DNA of a chromosome is _____-stranded.

double

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) arise when, through genetic transfer, a MRSA strain acquires the _____ operon located within a _____.

vanA transposon

The enzymes responsible for building the DNA strand, proofreading newly produced DNA strands, and removing the RNA primer are DNA _____ I and III.

polymerase

What is the name of the specialized plasmid that directs conjugation in gram-negative cells? pilus factor F factor lambda lac operon

F factor

What is the name of the specialized plasmid that directs conjugation in gram-negative cells? Multiple choice question. F factor lambda lac operon pilus factor

F factor

In bacterial conjugation, which term refers to a donor cell with a fertility plasmid located in the cytoplasm? Hfr F- F+

F+

The flow of genetic information in a cell is a process starting with which encodes which encodes protein.

DNA RNA, mRNA

Genetic inheritance in microorganisms is best defined by which term? Heredity Phenotype Recombination Mutation

Heredity

What must occur prior to cell division to ensure that each new cell has a complete set of DNA chromosome(s)? Replication Translation Transformation Transcription

Replication

Which term, synonymous with codon, describes a trinucleotide sequence coding an amino acid in DNA? Anticodon Inversion Triplet

Triplet

Genetic transfer of ______ to a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain produces vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE).

a transposon containing the vanA operon

DNA polymerases are responsible for binding the nicks in DNA. unwinding the helix. building the DNA chain. supercoiling of DNA. proofreading/repair.

building the DNA chain. proofreading/repair.

True or false: In bacterial conjugation, all F+ donor cells are high frequency recombinant (Hfr) cells. True False

False

Which process repairs DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet radiation using visible light? Excision repair Photolysis Photoactivation

Photoactivation

What is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes? Mutation Plasmid Chromosome Transposon

Plasmid

The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism is referred to as the _____

genome

Which best describes the flow of genetic information in a cell? DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein Protein encodes RNA which encodes DNA RNA encodes DNA which encodes protein

DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein

DNA polymerase ____ is the main enzyme involved in the building of the new DNA chain, whereas DNA polymerase ____ is involved mostly with removing the primers and repairing damaged DNA. III/I I/III

III/I

Which is the correct order of events when a protein is made in the process of translation? Initiation, elongation, termination Initiation, termination, elongation Termination, elongation, initiation Elongation, termination, initiation

Initiation, elongation, termination

Genetic transfer of ______ to a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain produces vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE). a transposon containing the vanA operon a transposon containing the methR operon the operator region from lac operon the promoter region from the arg operon

a transposon containing the vanA operon

Uracil, the nitrogenous base unique to RNA molecules, pairs with the nitrogenous base _____ .

adenine

Mutations that involve the addition, deletion or substitution of one or a few bases are referred to as _______ mutations. point wild-type frameshift back

point

The nitrogenous base thymine is only found in DNA, while _____ is only found in RNA.

uracil

Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex pilus during _____

conjugation

A _____binds to an inactive repressor to make an active repressor.

corepressor

A _____ binds to an inactive repressor to make an active repressor.

corepressor

What binds with an inactive repressor to make an active repressor? Repressor Corepressor Promoter Inducer

Corepressor

Which best describes the flow of genetic information in a cell? Protein encodes RNA which encodes DNA DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein RNA encodes DNA which encodes protein

DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein

_____ are DNA sequences found within a gene that do not encode the protein corresponding to the gene.

Intron

Which DNA sequences are found within a gene but do not encode the protein specified by that gene? Exons Introns

Introns

The main enzyme responsible for transcription is helicase. ligase. DNA polymerase. RNA polymerase. gyrase.

RNA polymerase.

The _____ test is used to determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical.

Ames

______ in bacteria refers to horizontal gene transmission via pili.

Conjugation

Which pentose sugar is found in DNA? Glucose D-galactose Ribose Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose

Which is true regarding DNA replication? Each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand More than one answer is true. The new strand is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction on the leading strand, and in the 3' to 5' direction on the lagging strand. The lagging strand is synthesized continuously

Each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand

Which is true regarding DNA replication? More than one answer is true. Each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand The lagging strand is synthesized continuously The new strand is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction on the leading strand, and in the 3' to 5' direction on the lagging strand.

Each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand

Which term represents all of the genetic information within a cell? Chromosome Genome Gene

Genome

_____ is another term for genetics--the study of inheritance in living things.

Heredity

In bacterial conjugation, which type of donor has the fertility factor integrated into the chromosome? Hfr F+ F-

Hfr

The enzyme involved in replicating a new DNA strand is DNA polymerase _____, and DNA polymerase _____ is involved in removing the RNA primer, closing gaps, and repairing mismatched bases. III, IV I, III IV, II IV, I III, I II, IV

III, I

_____ mutations in DNA are caused by random mistakes in replication and not known to be influenced by any mutagenic agent.

Spontaneous

Which type of mutation is due to random mistakes in replication? Induced mutation Spontaneous mutation Nonspontaneous mutation

Spontaneous mutation

Which of the following are functions of RNA polymerase? Seals the fragmented pieces of RNA together after synthesis Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template Terminates the transcription process Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place

Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place

What is the purpose of the Ames test? To demonstrate the effects of transformation on a bacterial species To determine if an operon is turned on or off To determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical To verify the DNA template sequence used in transcription

To determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical

Which term, synonymous with codon, describes a trinucleotide sequence coding an amino acid in DNA? Anticodon Triplet Inversion

Triplet

In eukaryotic cells, gene expression is regulated in response to _____ stimuli such as nutrient and toxin levels, and also during growth and ______ .

environmental development

A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell is a(n) _____.

mutation

A small number of _____ are considered beneficial in that they provide the cell with a useful change in structure or physiology.

mutations

Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex _____ during conjugation.

pilus or pili

In bacterial conjugation, a donor cell with a F (fertility) _____ located in the cytoplasm is considered F+.

plasmid or factor

In bacterial conjugation, a recipient cell having no F (fertility) ______ DNA is considered F-.

plasmid or factor

Mutations that involve the addition, deletion or substitution of one or a few bases are referred to as _______ mutations. wild-type frameshift point back

point

The term _____ , or codon, is a sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA that encodes an amino acid.

triplet