MicroBio 310 Final

Which of the following might a pathogen use to attach to host cells? a. betaglycan b. pili or fimbriae c. LPS d. flagella

pili or fimbriae

Many bacteria owe their phenotype to viral prophage a. true b. false

true

Pasteurization is now a common procedure to ensure food safety. Pasteur's flasks disproved ________________ a. 'bad' air causes disease b. 'broths' from hay can't be heat killed c. germs theory of disease d. raw milk contains bacteria

'bad' air causes disease

Insertion or deletion of sequences within an open reading frame can cause ______ mutations a. missense b. nonsense c. frameshift d. no mutation

Frameshift

The promoter site of an operon is the site at which _______ initiates a. DNA polymerase b. repressor protein c. RNA polymerase d. inducer protein

RNA polymerase

Gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane, a portion of which is toxic to humans and causes fever. This molecule is made of _______________ a. sugar b. lipid c. glycogen and starch d. a and b e. a and c

a and b

Sugars are used by living systems for ________________ a. energy storage b. building materials c. information storage d. a and b

a and b

Which of the following 'fix' carbon and increase biomass? a. a corn field b. methane escaping an oil field c. glycolysis d. all are correct

a corn field

A streak plate is used to isolate single colonies from a mixture of bacteria. The equivalent technique when working with viruses is called _____________? a. a viable cell count b. bob c. a plaque assay d. molecular characterization assay

a plaque assay

The 'transforming factor' in Griffth's experiment was ultimately found to be a gene for? a. green fluorescence protein b. a pilus c. endotoxin d. a sugar coat

a sugar coat

What do exposure to Cipro, Covid-19 and the Lyme's disease bacteria have in common? a. all can be cured by antibiotic treatment b. all can be prevented by vaccination c. all are associated with post treatment/disease symptoms d. none are true

all are associated with post treatment/disease symptoms

Lysogenic bacteria exposed to UV (ultraviolet light) will? a. accumulate DNA damage b. die c. accumulate bacteriophage d. all are correct

all are correct

Which of the following would cause a stringent response in a bacterial population a. antibiotic treatment b. rapid change in available nutrients c. a rapid increase in temperature d. all are correct

all are correct

Recent increases in whooping cough are due to? a. antivaxxers b. weaken vaccine immunity c. changes in the bacteria d. all of the above

all of the above

The first enzyme in a metabolic pathway has a second binding pocket for a product many steps down the metabolic pathway. This is likely an example of? a. attenuation b. secondary mutation c. allosteric regulation d. syntrophy

allosteric regulation

Operons _______ a. encourage the binding of RNA polymerase b. allow coordinated expression of multiple related genes in prokaryotes c. translate DNA sequence into amino acid sequence d. encourage the binding of ribosomes in the correct location

allow coordinated expression of multiple related genes in prokaryotes

Insertion sequences are the simplest mobile genetic element. The code for a single protein. What does this protein do? a. codes for an alternative sigma factor b. represses transcription c. inhibits RNA polymerase d. allows transposition

allows transposition

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) refers to the minimum _______________ a. time required for a chemical to kill all the microorganisms b. amount of a chemical required to kill all the microorganisms c. number of microorganisms killed by a chemical in a specific time d. none of the above

amount of a chemical required to kill all the microorganisms

Antibiotics that damage host cells have a low therapeutic index. colistin is often used as the last line of defense. It is _______? a. a new antibiotic with a high therapeutic index b. an old antibiotic with a low therapeutic index c. an old antibiotic with a high therapeutic index d. no correct answer

an old antibiotic with a low therapeutic index

To be activated a quorum-sensing gene system requires the accumulation of a secreted small molecule called a(n) _______ a. repressor b. autoinducer c. coreducer d. activating complex

autoinducer

What do Texiobactin and Vancomycin have in common? a. both inhibit peptidoglycan b. both are relatively resistance proof c. both inhibit the linking of cell wall to plasma membrane d. a and b e. b and c

b and c

A DNA/genomic mutation removes the RBS from the 5' UTR (untranslated region) of your favorite gene. This gene would be? a. translated b. transcribed c. a and b d. b not a

b not a

According to our present understanding, mitochondria and chloroplasts are of _____________ origin a. viral b. bacterial c. eukaryotic d. unknown

bacterial

Analyzing an antibiotic you notice microscopic and viable cell counts of treated cells both drop to zero. What type of antibiotic are you looking at? a. bacteriostatic b. bacteriocidal c. bacteriolytic d. a protein synthesis inhibitor

bacteriolytic

Suppose you treat an exponentially growing culture of bacteria with a potential antimicrobial compound. Over the next few hours, cell doubling stops (untreated, control cultures continue doubling) but the cells remain metabolically active. This antimicrobial compound is _________________ a. bactericidal b. bacteriostatic c. cytolytic d. neither bactericidal nor bacteriostatic

bacteriostatic

Competence refers to the ability of a bacterial population to_______ a. be infected by viruses b. be transformed by foreign DNA c. undergo cell division d. all are correct

be transformed by foreign DNA

Sigma factors are responsible for? a. nonselective binding of RNA polymerase to DNA b. binding of RNA polymerase to promoter sequences c. helping replicate DNA d. binding to mRNA untranslated regions

binding of RNA polymerase to promoter sequences

A community of bacteria which coordinate their activities to colonize a surface is called a? a. colony b. biofilm c. pathogen d. thermophile

biofilm

When ____________ interacts with RNA polymerase, it increases the rate of transcription initiation of the lac operon a. cAMP/cAMP response protein (CRP) b. lactose c. Lac I d. allolactose

cAMP/cAMP response protein (CRP)

The function of DNA polymerase is to _______ ? a. catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribonucleotides b. catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds between ribonucleotides c. cleave mRNAA to remove introns d. activate tRNAs

catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribonucleotides

Bacterial heat shock response requires expression of many proteins including _______, which prevent misfolding/denaturation. Coordinate expression of these different genes is controlled by? a. DNA gyros, promoter sequences b. chaperones, a unique sigma factor c. misfoyldin, sigma factors d. chaperones, bob

chaperones, a unique sigma factor

These microorganisms use inorganic compounds like hydrogen sulfide as their energy source: a. chemoorganotrophs b. chemolithotrophs c. phototrophs d. auxotrophs

chemolithotrophs

Hydrothermal vent tube worms harbor _____________ bacterial (symbiotes), which in turn obtain _____________ from the worms' blood stream a. heterotrophic/methane b. chemolitzotrophic/oxygen c. chemolitzotrophic/carbon dioxide d. photosynthetic/oxygen

chemolitzotrophic/oxygen

Plasmids that govern their own transfer are known as _______ a. transformable b. transmutable c. conjugative d. transfective

conjugative

HIV has a RNA genome and can persist in human cells as a lysogen. What is the first step in this process? a. transcription of the RNA genome b. processing of vital proteins c. converting RNA to DNA d. translation of vital early genes

converting RNA to DNA

In the experiment that established that DNA replication occurs semi-conservatively, newly synthesized strands could be distinguished from parental strands by? a. smell b. charge c. density d. size

density

A β-lactamase/penicillinase provides resistance to penicillin by_______ a. modifying the penicillin-binding protein involved in cell wall synthesis b. destroying the ring structure of penicillin c. pumping penicillin out of the bacterial cell d. none of the above

destroying the ring structure of penicillin

____________ phage genes code for proteins that take over host functions. ____________ phage genes include structural components of the virus a. all, early b. late, early c. many, early d. early, late

early, late

Glycolysis is a series of ____________ leading to a _____________ molecule a. redox reactions, reduced b. enzymatic reactions, three carbon c. enzymatic reactions, six carbon d. electron transfers, oxidized

enzymatic reactions, three carbon

Lactose intolerance in humans is due to the lack of a(n) _____________ necessary to split a ____________ a. bacteria, sugar b. enzyme, disaccharide c. acid, carbohydrate d. no correct answer

enzyme, disaccharide

The Penicillin family of antibiotics bind to the active site of _______ a. enzymes controlling protein synthesis bacteria b. on the outer membrane of gram-negative c. enzymes that form peptide crosslinks d. the ribosome

enzymes that form peptide crosslinks

Pathogenic staphylococci can be differentiated by plating on blood agar plates. What allows you to tell them apart? a. colony color b. colony morphology/shape c. density d. extent of hemolysis

extent of hemolysis

All viruses isolated so far have double stranded DNA genomes a. true b. false

false

Enveloped viruses code for their own envelope a. true b. false

false

Eukaryotes can transcribe genes as polycistronic mRNAs a. true b. false

false

In prokaryotes all RNA contains coded information for amino acid sequence a. true b. false

false

Most bacteria from environmental samples can be cultured in the lab a. true b. false

false

Tamiflu prevents influenza virus from binding to host cells a. true b. false

false

Vaccination was invented by a British doctor in 18th century London a. true b. false

false

The Calvin cycle is the process which plants use to ______________ and ______________ a. photosynthesize, build biomass b. fix CO2, build biomass c. respire, consume CO2 d. no correct answer

fix CO2, build biomass

A bacterial gene (gene A) ordinarily makes a protein that binds to DNA. A nonsense mutation of gene A causes an increase in the expression of gene B. We can conclude that _______ a. gene A is a positive regulator of gene B b. gene A is a negative regulator of gene B c. gene B is a positive regulator of gene A d. gene B is a negative regulator of gene A

gene A is a negative regulator of gene B

The sum total of all genes expressed by a cell is called its________? a. proteome b. genes c. chromosomes d. genome

genome

All of the following are natural polymers EXCEPT? a. cellulose b. glucose c. chitin d. glycogen

glucose

Gas vesicles are used by some types of prokaryotes to _____________ a. store methane b. store waste c. sink in the water column d. harvest light energy

harvest light energy

Three options by which an organism may obtain energy are: light, organic molecules and _______________ a. inorganic molecules b. methane c. glucose d. sunlight

inorganic molecules

Magnetosomes are ____________ structures used by some bacteria to _____________ a. external, attach to host cells b. iron, escape oxygen c. lipid, trap oxygen d. temporary, float

iron, escape oxygen

Ocean viruses contribute to carbon cycling by _____________ ocean bacteria and algae a. lysogenizing b. attaching to c. lysing d. infecting

lysing

In specialized transduction, a ________ a. lysogenic virus transfers DNA from near its site of integration to a new host cell b. lysogenic viruses transfer a random piece of host DNA to a new host cell c. lytic viruses can transfer all bacterial DNA at low frequency d. lytic viruses do not transfer bacterial DNA

lysogenic virus transfers DNA from near its site of integration to a new host cell

This protein is made by bacteriophage and humans a. peptidoglycan b. DNA polymerase c. lysozyme d. capsid

lysozyme

Codons on the ________ matches with the anticodon on the ________ to direct the addition of the correct amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain a. mRNA/tRNA b. tRNA/mRNA c. DNA/mRNA d. tRNA/rRNA

mRNA/tRNA

In bacteria and mitochondria, a concentration of protons (H+) builds on one side of a ______________. These protons can only travel through a channel in a protein called a(n) ________________, which functions as a "turbine" to make ________________ a. protein, enzyme, ATP b. ribosome, ATPase, energy c. dam, enzyme, electricity d. membrane, ATPase, ATP

membrane, ATPase, ATP

Human pathogenic bacteria are ______________ a. hyperthermophiles b. mesophiles c. psychrophiles d. dermophiles

mesophiles

Electrons captured from the breaking of glucose in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells are carried to the ______________ by _______________ a. mitochondria, NADH b. nuclear membrane, pixies c. citric acid cycle, enzymes d. lysosome, transport vesicles

mitochondria, NADH

You have streaked two single colonies, a sample from a dead animal. The results show several different types of colonies. This result indicates a _________________ and ______________ clearly indicate a cause of the animal's death. a. mixed population, does not b. pure population, does c. mistake was made, does not d. fungal contaminant, does not

mixed population, does not

The terms "run" and "tumble" are used to describe? a. cell wall fluidity b. cell membrane structures c. movement of bacteria d. metabolic properties of certain bacteria

movement of bacteria

Purposely infecting bacteria with Transposons is a type of ___________ a. selection process b. mutational screen c. cloning experiment d. complementation assay

mutational screen

Some antibiotics can cause hearing loss in rare cases. The underlying cause in these cases is? a. over prescribing antibiotics b. mutations in mitochondrial genes c. nuclear gene mutations d. both a and b

mutations in mitochondrial genes

Which of the following is an emerging disease (within last 10 years) in our area? a. influenza b. malaria c. lyme's disease d. no correct

no correct

Certain amino acids can be coded for by more than one tRNA. This explains which of the following types of mutation a. frameshift b. nonsense c. point d. no correct answer

no correct answer

Calico cats have three colors of fur. This is due to inactivation of _______ and ultimately is controlled by _______? a. coat color genes, a repressor protein b. a X chromosome, repressor protein c. both X and Y chromosomes, a guide RNA d. one X chromosome, a guide RNA

one X chromosome, a guide RNA

When lactose is present lactose, the lac _________ will ________ a. promoter, bind inducer b. operator, be bound by repressor c. operator, not be bound by repressor d. all are correct

operator, not be bound by repressor

Cellular respiration requires ______________ which is used to collect/neutralize ____________ in the mitochondria a. water, protons b. enzymes, radicals c. oxygen, electrons d. hydrogen, energy

oxygen, electrons

These microorganisms use light as their energy source a. chemoorganotrophs b. chemolithotrophs c. phototrophs d. auxotrophs

phototrophs

All of life can be sorted into three domains. The best evidence for this comes from: a. nutritional requirements b. rRNA sequence analysis c. nuclear structure d. all of the above

rRNA sequence analysis

Certain bacteria, when under stress produce transducing particle-like gene transfer agents (GTAs). These particles contain _______ a. biosynthetic operons b. toxin genes c. random pieces of DNA d. all are correct

random pieces of DNA

Transferring electrons between proteins in the mitochondrial membrane is a type of ______________ a. catabolic reaction b. enzymatic reaction c. nuclear reaction d. redox reaction

redox reaction

Adding the amino acid Arginine to a bacterial culture _______ a. enhances the synthesis of the enzymes required for the production of arginine b. represses the synthesis of the enzymes required for the production of arginine c. destroys the enzymes required for the production of arginine d. has no effect on the enzymes required for the production of arginine

represses the synthesis of the enzymes required for the production of arginine

Restriction enzymes cut DNA in a ______________ manner. They were originally isolated as ________________ a. temperature dependent, contaminants of bacterial cultures b. sequence dependent, antiviral proteins c. random, viral proteins d. sequence dependent, antibacterial proteins

sequence dependent, antibacterial proteins

Remembering that any double stranded DNA can be read in forward or reverse directions how many possible reading frames could there be? a. one b. three c. seven d. six

six

In a gel-shift assay, protein DNA complexes runs _______ than free DNA a. slower b. faster

slower

Which of following methods of gene transfer can only transfer two small regions of the bacterial chromosome? a. specialized transduction b. generalized transduction

specialized transduction

Which of the following are quorum-sensing phenomena a. squid light organ b. flagellar rotaion c. maltose metabolism d. all are correct

squid light organ

Which of the following does NOT lead to more antibiotic resistance bacteria? a. antibiotics in animal feed b. false positive strep (antibody) tests c. over prescription d. taking the entire prescription

taking the entire prescription

Robert Koch is best known for a set of rules he created, now commonly referred to as Koch's postulates. What is the purpose of Koch's postulates? a. they help to determine if a particular chemical is a carcinogen b. they help to determine if a particular infectious agent causes a specific disease c. they assist in tracking infection through the body d. they are used to measure antibiotic resistance

they help to determine if a particular infectious agent causes a specific disease

A reporter gene construct was used to show vibrio bacteria expressing pilus genes which turned the bacteria green. Why were these bacterial making pili (plural of pilus) a. to attach to the chitin bead b. to swim away from the bead c. to look for DNA d. no correct answer

to look for DNA

Stem loop structures can form in single stranded mRNAs. Which processes rely on stem loop formation for regulation of gene expression? a. replication b. transcription c. Translation d. transposition

transcription

A person who cannot eat lactose likely has a mutation in the lactase coding region a. true b. false

true

A phage particle can be infectious even if all its DNA has been replaced by bacterial DNA a. true b. false

true

ATP synthase can be 'run backwards' and will consume ATP a. true b. false

true

Bacteriophage and animal viruses are capable of lysogeny a. true b. false

true

Bacteriophage can sense host DNA damage a. true b. false

true

Certain differential bacterial media discrimination species based on a color change of the media surrounding the bacterial streak a. true b. false

true

Endospore production is a bacterial response to rapid environmental change a. true b. false

true

Transcription and translation can occur at the same time in bacteria allowing cell division to occur quicker a. true b. false

true

Viral prophage are able to measure the number of host cells outside the individual cell they are in a. true b. false

true

Water is a waste product of cellular respiration a. true b. false

true

Smallpox has killed hundreds of millions of people since the 1900s. Smallpox infections no longer occur on earth due to vaccination a. false, true b. false, false c. true, true d. true, false

true, true

When testing antibiotic resistance using the "paper disc test", you find the clearing around the disc is larger in the presence of EDTA. You conclude the bacteria is? a. drug resistant b. uses a metalloprotease to inactivate the antibiotic c. contaminated d. resistant to divalent metal ions

uses a metalloprotease to inactivate the antibiotic

Two populations of bacteria have recently acquired resistance to mitchomycin. Population 1 did so in three generations (60 minutes). Population 2 acquired this resistance over the course of several months. The most likely mechanism for resistance in population 2 is? a. vertical/traditional mutation b. back mutation c. horizontal gene transfer of a plasmid d. transposon insertional mutation

vertical/traditional mutation

One reason there are far fewer antiviral drugs is _____________ a. there is no money to be made b. viruses use host processes to multiply c. antiviral drugs cannot enter host cells d. most vital infections are self limiting

viruses use host processes to multiply