MicroBio 310 Final
Which of the following might a pathogen use to attach to host cells? a. betaglycan b. pili or fimbriae c. LPS d. flagella
pili or fimbriae
Many bacteria owe their phenotype to viral prophage a. true b. false
true
Pasteurization is now a common procedure to ensure food safety. Pasteur's flasks disproved ________________ a. 'bad' air causes disease b. 'broths' from hay can't be heat killed c. germs theory of disease d. raw milk contains bacteria
'bad' air causes disease
Insertion or deletion of sequences within an open reading frame can cause ______ mutations a. missense b. nonsense c. frameshift d. no mutation
Frameshift
The promoter site of an operon is the site at which _______ initiates a. DNA polymerase b. repressor protein c. RNA polymerase d. inducer protein
RNA polymerase
Gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane, a portion of which is toxic to humans and causes fever. This molecule is made of _______________ a. sugar b. lipid c. glycogen and starch d. a and b e. a and c
a and b
Sugars are used by living systems for ________________ a. energy storage b. building materials c. information storage d. a and b
a and b
Which of the following 'fix' carbon and increase biomass? a. a corn field b. methane escaping an oil field c. glycolysis d. all are correct
a corn field
A streak plate is used to isolate single colonies from a mixture of bacteria. The equivalent technique when working with viruses is called _____________? a. a viable cell count b. bob c. a plaque assay d. molecular characterization assay
a plaque assay
The 'transforming factor' in Griffth's experiment was ultimately found to be a gene for? a. green fluorescence protein b. a pilus c. endotoxin d. a sugar coat
a sugar coat
What do exposure to Cipro, Covid-19 and the Lyme's disease bacteria have in common? a. all can be cured by antibiotic treatment b. all can be prevented by vaccination c. all are associated with post treatment/disease symptoms d. none are true
all are associated with post treatment/disease symptoms
Lysogenic bacteria exposed to UV (ultraviolet light) will? a. accumulate DNA damage b. die c. accumulate bacteriophage d. all are correct
all are correct
Which of the following would cause a stringent response in a bacterial population a. antibiotic treatment b. rapid change in available nutrients c. a rapid increase in temperature d. all are correct
all are correct
Recent increases in whooping cough are due to? a. antivaxxers b. weaken vaccine immunity c. changes in the bacteria d. all of the above
all of the above
The first enzyme in a metabolic pathway has a second binding pocket for a product many steps down the metabolic pathway. This is likely an example of? a. attenuation b. secondary mutation c. allosteric regulation d. syntrophy
allosteric regulation
Operons _______ a. encourage the binding of RNA polymerase b. allow coordinated expression of multiple related genes in prokaryotes c. translate DNA sequence into amino acid sequence d. encourage the binding of ribosomes in the correct location
allow coordinated expression of multiple related genes in prokaryotes
Insertion sequences are the simplest mobile genetic element. The code for a single protein. What does this protein do? a. codes for an alternative sigma factor b. represses transcription c. inhibits RNA polymerase d. allows transposition
allows transposition
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) refers to the minimum _______________ a. time required for a chemical to kill all the microorganisms b. amount of a chemical required to kill all the microorganisms c. number of microorganisms killed by a chemical in a specific time d. none of the above
amount of a chemical required to kill all the microorganisms
Antibiotics that damage host cells have a low therapeutic index. colistin is often used as the last line of defense. It is _______? a. a new antibiotic with a high therapeutic index b. an old antibiotic with a low therapeutic index c. an old antibiotic with a high therapeutic index d. no correct answer
an old antibiotic with a low therapeutic index
To be activated a quorum-sensing gene system requires the accumulation of a secreted small molecule called a(n) _______ a. repressor b. autoinducer c. coreducer d. activating complex
autoinducer
What do Texiobactin and Vancomycin have in common? a. both inhibit peptidoglycan b. both are relatively resistance proof c. both inhibit the linking of cell wall to plasma membrane d. a and b e. b and c
b and c
A DNA/genomic mutation removes the RBS from the 5' UTR (untranslated region) of your favorite gene. This gene would be? a. translated b. transcribed c. a and b d. b not a
b not a
According to our present understanding, mitochondria and chloroplasts are of _____________ origin a. viral b. bacterial c. eukaryotic d. unknown
bacterial
Analyzing an antibiotic you notice microscopic and viable cell counts of treated cells both drop to zero. What type of antibiotic are you looking at? a. bacteriostatic b. bacteriocidal c. bacteriolytic d. a protein synthesis inhibitor
bacteriolytic
Suppose you treat an exponentially growing culture of bacteria with a potential antimicrobial compound. Over the next few hours, cell doubling stops (untreated, control cultures continue doubling) but the cells remain metabolically active. This antimicrobial compound is _________________ a. bactericidal b. bacteriostatic c. cytolytic d. neither bactericidal nor bacteriostatic
bacteriostatic
Competence refers to the ability of a bacterial population to_______ a. be infected by viruses b. be transformed by foreign DNA c. undergo cell division d. all are correct
be transformed by foreign DNA
Sigma factors are responsible for? a. nonselective binding of RNA polymerase to DNA b. binding of RNA polymerase to promoter sequences c. helping replicate DNA d. binding to mRNA untranslated regions
binding of RNA polymerase to promoter sequences
A community of bacteria which coordinate their activities to colonize a surface is called a? a. colony b. biofilm c. pathogen d. thermophile
biofilm
When ____________ interacts with RNA polymerase, it increases the rate of transcription initiation of the lac operon a. cAMP/cAMP response protein (CRP) b. lactose c. Lac I d. allolactose
cAMP/cAMP response protein (CRP)
The function of DNA polymerase is to _______ ? a. catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribonucleotides b. catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds between ribonucleotides c. cleave mRNAA to remove introns d. activate tRNAs
catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds between deoxyribonucleotides
Bacterial heat shock response requires expression of many proteins including _______, which prevent misfolding/denaturation. Coordinate expression of these different genes is controlled by? a. DNA gyros, promoter sequences b. chaperones, a unique sigma factor c. misfoyldin, sigma factors d. chaperones, bob
chaperones, a unique sigma factor
These microorganisms use inorganic compounds like hydrogen sulfide as their energy source: a. chemoorganotrophs b. chemolithotrophs c. phototrophs d. auxotrophs
chemolithotrophs
Hydrothermal vent tube worms harbor _____________ bacterial (symbiotes), which in turn obtain _____________ from the worms' blood stream a. heterotrophic/methane b. chemolitzotrophic/oxygen c. chemolitzotrophic/carbon dioxide d. photosynthetic/oxygen
chemolitzotrophic/oxygen
Plasmids that govern their own transfer are known as _______ a. transformable b. transmutable c. conjugative d. transfective
conjugative
HIV has a RNA genome and can persist in human cells as a lysogen. What is the first step in this process? a. transcription of the RNA genome b. processing of vital proteins c. converting RNA to DNA d. translation of vital early genes
converting RNA to DNA
In the experiment that established that DNA replication occurs semi-conservatively, newly synthesized strands could be distinguished from parental strands by? a. smell b. charge c. density d. size
density
A β-lactamase/penicillinase provides resistance to penicillin by_______ a. modifying the penicillin-binding protein involved in cell wall synthesis b. destroying the ring structure of penicillin c. pumping penicillin out of the bacterial cell d. none of the above
destroying the ring structure of penicillin
____________ phage genes code for proteins that take over host functions. ____________ phage genes include structural components of the virus a. all, early b. late, early c. many, early d. early, late
early, late
Glycolysis is a series of ____________ leading to a _____________ molecule a. redox reactions, reduced b. enzymatic reactions, three carbon c. enzymatic reactions, six carbon d. electron transfers, oxidized
enzymatic reactions, three carbon
Lactose intolerance in humans is due to the lack of a(n) _____________ necessary to split a ____________ a. bacteria, sugar b. enzyme, disaccharide c. acid, carbohydrate d. no correct answer
enzyme, disaccharide
The Penicillin family of antibiotics bind to the active site of _______ a. enzymes controlling protein synthesis bacteria b. on the outer membrane of gram-negative c. enzymes that form peptide crosslinks d. the ribosome
enzymes that form peptide crosslinks
Pathogenic staphylococci can be differentiated by plating on blood agar plates. What allows you to tell them apart? a. colony color b. colony morphology/shape c. density d. extent of hemolysis
extent of hemolysis
All viruses isolated so far have double stranded DNA genomes a. true b. false
false
Enveloped viruses code for their own envelope a. true b. false
false
Eukaryotes can transcribe genes as polycistronic mRNAs a. true b. false
false
In prokaryotes all RNA contains coded information for amino acid sequence a. true b. false
false
Most bacteria from environmental samples can be cultured in the lab a. true b. false
false
Tamiflu prevents influenza virus from binding to host cells a. true b. false
false
Vaccination was invented by a British doctor in 18th century London a. true b. false
false
The Calvin cycle is the process which plants use to ______________ and ______________ a. photosynthesize, build biomass b. fix CO2, build biomass c. respire, consume CO2 d. no correct answer
fix CO2, build biomass
A bacterial gene (gene A) ordinarily makes a protein that binds to DNA. A nonsense mutation of gene A causes an increase in the expression of gene B. We can conclude that _______ a. gene A is a positive regulator of gene B b. gene A is a negative regulator of gene B c. gene B is a positive regulator of gene A d. gene B is a negative regulator of gene A
gene A is a negative regulator of gene B
The sum total of all genes expressed by a cell is called its________? a. proteome b. genes c. chromosomes d. genome
genome
All of the following are natural polymers EXCEPT? a. cellulose b. glucose c. chitin d. glycogen
glucose
Gas vesicles are used by some types of prokaryotes to _____________ a. store methane b. store waste c. sink in the water column d. harvest light energy
harvest light energy
Three options by which an organism may obtain energy are: light, organic molecules and _______________ a. inorganic molecules b. methane c. glucose d. sunlight
inorganic molecules
Magnetosomes are ____________ structures used by some bacteria to _____________ a. external, attach to host cells b. iron, escape oxygen c. lipid, trap oxygen d. temporary, float
iron, escape oxygen
Ocean viruses contribute to carbon cycling by _____________ ocean bacteria and algae a. lysogenizing b. attaching to c. lysing d. infecting
lysing
In specialized transduction, a ________ a. lysogenic virus transfers DNA from near its site of integration to a new host cell b. lysogenic viruses transfer a random piece of host DNA to a new host cell c. lytic viruses can transfer all bacterial DNA at low frequency d. lytic viruses do not transfer bacterial DNA
lysogenic virus transfers DNA from near its site of integration to a new host cell
This protein is made by bacteriophage and humans a. peptidoglycan b. DNA polymerase c. lysozyme d. capsid
lysozyme
Codons on the ________ matches with the anticodon on the ________ to direct the addition of the correct amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain a. mRNA/tRNA b. tRNA/mRNA c. DNA/mRNA d. tRNA/rRNA
mRNA/tRNA
In bacteria and mitochondria, a concentration of protons (H+) builds on one side of a ______________. These protons can only travel through a channel in a protein called a(n) ________________, which functions as a "turbine" to make ________________ a. protein, enzyme, ATP b. ribosome, ATPase, energy c. dam, enzyme, electricity d. membrane, ATPase, ATP
membrane, ATPase, ATP
Human pathogenic bacteria are ______________ a. hyperthermophiles b. mesophiles c. psychrophiles d. dermophiles
mesophiles
Electrons captured from the breaking of glucose in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells are carried to the ______________ by _______________ a. mitochondria, NADH b. nuclear membrane, pixies c. citric acid cycle, enzymes d. lysosome, transport vesicles
mitochondria, NADH
You have streaked two single colonies, a sample from a dead animal. The results show several different types of colonies. This result indicates a _________________ and ______________ clearly indicate a cause of the animal's death. a. mixed population, does not b. pure population, does c. mistake was made, does not d. fungal contaminant, does not
mixed population, does not
The terms "run" and "tumble" are used to describe? a. cell wall fluidity b. cell membrane structures c. movement of bacteria d. metabolic properties of certain bacteria
movement of bacteria
Purposely infecting bacteria with Transposons is a type of ___________ a. selection process b. mutational screen c. cloning experiment d. complementation assay
mutational screen
Some antibiotics can cause hearing loss in rare cases. The underlying cause in these cases is? a. over prescribing antibiotics b. mutations in mitochondrial genes c. nuclear gene mutations d. both a and b
mutations in mitochondrial genes
Which of the following is an emerging disease (within last 10 years) in our area? a. influenza b. malaria c. lyme's disease d. no correct
no correct
Certain amino acids can be coded for by more than one tRNA. This explains which of the following types of mutation a. frameshift b. nonsense c. point d. no correct answer
no correct answer
Calico cats have three colors of fur. This is due to inactivation of _______ and ultimately is controlled by _______? a. coat color genes, a repressor protein b. a X chromosome, repressor protein c. both X and Y chromosomes, a guide RNA d. one X chromosome, a guide RNA
one X chromosome, a guide RNA
When lactose is present lactose, the lac _________ will ________ a. promoter, bind inducer b. operator, be bound by repressor c. operator, not be bound by repressor d. all are correct
operator, not be bound by repressor
Cellular respiration requires ______________ which is used to collect/neutralize ____________ in the mitochondria a. water, protons b. enzymes, radicals c. oxygen, electrons d. hydrogen, energy
oxygen, electrons
These microorganisms use light as their energy source a. chemoorganotrophs b. chemolithotrophs c. phototrophs d. auxotrophs
phototrophs
All of life can be sorted into three domains. The best evidence for this comes from: a. nutritional requirements b. rRNA sequence analysis c. nuclear structure d. all of the above
rRNA sequence analysis
Certain bacteria, when under stress produce transducing particle-like gene transfer agents (GTAs). These particles contain _______ a. biosynthetic operons b. toxin genes c. random pieces of DNA d. all are correct
random pieces of DNA
Transferring electrons between proteins in the mitochondrial membrane is a type of ______________ a. catabolic reaction b. enzymatic reaction c. nuclear reaction d. redox reaction
redox reaction
Adding the amino acid Arginine to a bacterial culture _______ a. enhances the synthesis of the enzymes required for the production of arginine b. represses the synthesis of the enzymes required for the production of arginine c. destroys the enzymes required for the production of arginine d. has no effect on the enzymes required for the production of arginine
represses the synthesis of the enzymes required for the production of arginine
Restriction enzymes cut DNA in a ______________ manner. They were originally isolated as ________________ a. temperature dependent, contaminants of bacterial cultures b. sequence dependent, antiviral proteins c. random, viral proteins d. sequence dependent, antibacterial proteins
sequence dependent, antibacterial proteins
Remembering that any double stranded DNA can be read in forward or reverse directions how many possible reading frames could there be? a. one b. three c. seven d. six
six
In a gel-shift assay, protein DNA complexes runs _______ than free DNA a. slower b. faster
slower
Which of following methods of gene transfer can only transfer two small regions of the bacterial chromosome? a. specialized transduction b. generalized transduction
specialized transduction
Which of the following are quorum-sensing phenomena a. squid light organ b. flagellar rotaion c. maltose metabolism d. all are correct
squid light organ
Which of the following does NOT lead to more antibiotic resistance bacteria? a. antibiotics in animal feed b. false positive strep (antibody) tests c. over prescription d. taking the entire prescription
taking the entire prescription
Robert Koch is best known for a set of rules he created, now commonly referred to as Koch's postulates. What is the purpose of Koch's postulates? a. they help to determine if a particular chemical is a carcinogen b. they help to determine if a particular infectious agent causes a specific disease c. they assist in tracking infection through the body d. they are used to measure antibiotic resistance
they help to determine if a particular infectious agent causes a specific disease
A reporter gene construct was used to show vibrio bacteria expressing pilus genes which turned the bacteria green. Why were these bacterial making pili (plural of pilus) a. to attach to the chitin bead b. to swim away from the bead c. to look for DNA d. no correct answer
to look for DNA
Stem loop structures can form in single stranded mRNAs. Which processes rely on stem loop formation for regulation of gene expression? a. replication b. transcription c. Translation d. transposition
transcription
A person who cannot eat lactose likely has a mutation in the lactase coding region a. true b. false
true
A phage particle can be infectious even if all its DNA has been replaced by bacterial DNA a. true b. false
true
ATP synthase can be 'run backwards' and will consume ATP a. true b. false
true
Bacteriophage and animal viruses are capable of lysogeny a. true b. false
true
Bacteriophage can sense host DNA damage a. true b. false
true
Certain differential bacterial media discrimination species based on a color change of the media surrounding the bacterial streak a. true b. false
true
Endospore production is a bacterial response to rapid environmental change a. true b. false
true
Transcription and translation can occur at the same time in bacteria allowing cell division to occur quicker a. true b. false
true
Viral prophage are able to measure the number of host cells outside the individual cell they are in a. true b. false
true
Water is a waste product of cellular respiration a. true b. false
true
Smallpox has killed hundreds of millions of people since the 1900s. Smallpox infections no longer occur on earth due to vaccination a. false, true b. false, false c. true, true d. true, false
true, true
When testing antibiotic resistance using the "paper disc test", you find the clearing around the disc is larger in the presence of EDTA. You conclude the bacteria is? a. drug resistant b. uses a metalloprotease to inactivate the antibiotic c. contaminated d. resistant to divalent metal ions
uses a metalloprotease to inactivate the antibiotic
Two populations of bacteria have recently acquired resistance to mitchomycin. Population 1 did so in three generations (60 minutes). Population 2 acquired this resistance over the course of several months. The most likely mechanism for resistance in population 2 is? a. vertical/traditional mutation b. back mutation c. horizontal gene transfer of a plasmid d. transposon insertional mutation
vertical/traditional mutation
One reason there are far fewer antiviral drugs is _____________ a. there is no money to be made b. viruses use host processes to multiply c. antiviral drugs cannot enter host cells d. most vital infections are self limiting
viruses use host processes to multiply
