MICROBIO CHAPTER 12 REVIEW

All the following apply to B cells except reside in the lymphoid tissue. mature in the bone marrow. play a critical role in both the cellular and humoral responses. coordinate the humoral response by making antibodies. originate in the bone marrow.

play a critical role in both the cellular and humoral responses.

Cytotoxic T cells eliminate pathogens by ingesting and digesting cellular pathogens. ingesting and digesting infected or cancerous cells. releasing chemicals which are toxic to cellular pathogens. releasing chemicals which cause infected or cancerous cells to undergo apoptosis. coordinating the activities of other immune cells.

releasing chemicals which cause infected or cancerous cells to undergo apoptosis.

The antibody found in breastmilk and coating mucous membranes is IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgA

Which of the following is not required for T cell activation? involvement of CD4 or CD8 co-stimulatory proteins MHC I or II antibody bound antigen

antibody

Your patient is suffering from botulism caused by the potent toxin released by Clostridium botulinum. In addition to supportive care, the patient could also receive an ________ to neutralize the toxin and stimulate her _________. antivenom; artificially acquired passive immunity antibiotic; naturally acquired passive immunity antitoxin; artificially acquired passive immunity antiserum; artificially acquired active immunity

antitoxin; artificially acquired passive immunity

All the following apply to T cells except mature in the thymus. reside in the lymphoid tissue. originate in the bone marrow. have the capacity to recognize virtually any type of antigen. coordinate the humoral response by making antibodies.

coordinate the humoral response by making antibodies.

Which of the following cell surface structures may initiate B cells by T-independent antigens? Fimbriae Flagella Capsules Pili

Capsules

Which of the following statements describes the purpose of gene shuffling? View Available Hint(s) Gene shuffling eliminates lymphocyte clones that respond to autoantigens. Gene shuffling generates an enormous repertoire of antigen receptors during lymphocyte development. Gene shuffling allows for propagation of a specific lymphocyte whose receptor corresponds to the invading antigen. Gene shuffling allows an individual to switch from producing IgM antibody to IgG antibody.

Gene shuffling generates an enormous repertoire of antigen receptors during lymphocyte development.

Which of the following molecules released by cytotoxic T cells will enter a virus-infected cell through pores and break down proteins? Perforins Granzymes Interferons Cytokines

Granzymes

Which statement is not true about MHC II? MHC II interacts with both the CD4 and CD8 receptors on T helper and T cytotoxic cells. MHC II is present only on antigen-presenting cells. When bound to antigen, MHC II serves a key role in activation of the appropriate T cells. MHC II primarily displays extracellular antigens which have been phagocytized. MHC II interacts with the CD4 receptor on T helper cells.

MHC II interacts with both the CD4 and CD8 receptors on T helper and T cytotoxic cells

___________include a variety of bacterial toxins (e.g. staphylococcal enterotoxins and staphylococcal toxic shock toxin) and are especially potent T helper cell activators. LPS Superantigens Antigens APCs

Superantigens

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) selectively infects any cell which carries the CD4 surface glycoprotein. Which immune function will be impaired? stimulation of B cells and antibody production stimulation of macrophage, B and TC cells stimulation of macrophage activity stimulation of B and Tc cells but not of macrophage stimulation of Tc cells and destruction of virally-infected cells

stimulation of macrophage, B and TC cells

Which T cell class is incorrectly matched with its description? TH: identified by the CD4 proteins on the cell surface TH2: stimulate B cells to make antibodies TC: attack other T cells during self-tolerance screening Treg: ensures that immune responses subside once a threat subsides TH1: stimulate TC cells

TC: attack other T cells during self-tolerance screening

Antibodies do all the following except neutralize antigens to prevent binding to host cells . activate the complement cascade. increase phagocytosis by agglutination of antigens. activate killing by T cytotoxic cells. increase phagocytosis by opsonization.

activate killing by T cytotoxic cells

Which is not a step in the process of B cell activation by a T-dependent antigen? processing and displaying the antigen with MHC II on the B cell binding of the antigen to the B cell receptor release of cytokines by the T helper cell provide the second activation signal for the B cell binding of the antigen to a T helper cell receptor interaction between co-stimulatory proteins on the B and T cells

binding of the antigen to a T helper cell receptor

The parts of an antigen that B and T cells recognize and mount an immune response against are called _________. antibodies apoptosis epitopes haptens

epitopes

What is the role of B cell receptors (BCRs) and T cell receptors (TCRs) in the immune response? to release chemicals which destroy pathogens to communicate with lymphocytes and other white blood cells to release the cytokines needs for immune cell stimulation to combine with haptens so they can stimulate an immune response to recognize specific epitopes of an antigen

to recognize specific epitopes of an antigen

A mother is breastfeeding her infant son and transferring crucial antibodies to him. This will result in _________. naturally acquired passive immunity artificial acquired passive immunity naturally acquired active immunity artificial acquired active immunity

naturally acquired passive immunity

Which of the following molecules are only found as part of the humoral immune response? Cytotoxic T cells T regulatory cells Antibodies T helper cells

Antibodies

Which of the following is a common feature between T and B cells? Both will undergo proliferation and differentiation to make plasma cells. Both mature in the bone marrow. Both produce memory cells after activation. Both require an antigen-presenting cell to become activated.

Both produce memory cells after activation

Your pediatric patient recently received a DTaP vaccination, providing immunity to diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. If your patient is exposed to pertussis a few weeks following this vaccination, which of the results would you expect to receive when measuring the patient's antibody titers? View Available Hint(s) A sharp increase in the proportion of IgM antibody A rapid surge in the production of IgG antibody A rapid decline in the proportion of IgE antibody A sharp decline in the production of IgD antibody

A rapid surge in the production of IgG antibody

How does adaptive immunity differ from innate immunity? Adaptive immunity generates immunological memory and is specific to a pathogen. Adaptive immunity's effects are immediate upon exposure to a pathogen. Adaptive immunity generates immunological memory and its effects are immediate upon exposure to a pathogen. Adaptive immunity is specific to each pathogen. Adaptive immunity generates immunological memory.

Adaptive immunity generates immunological memory and is specific to a pathogen.

Similar to the need for a primary activation signal to fully activate T helper cells, a primary activation signal is needed to activate B cells by T-dependent antigens. Which of the following serves as the primary activation signal? The MHC II-antigen complex on the B cell surface is bound by a T helper cell that can recognize the presented epitope. Cytokines are released upon proper T helper cell binding. The antigen enters the cell by endocytosis and is processed, and epitopes are displayed on the cell surface by MHC II. An extracellular antigen binds to a B cell receptor.

An extracellular antigen binds to a B cell receptor.

__________, or amount of antibody present in the blood, is _________ during the secondary immune response. Antibody titer; greater Antibody titer; lower Immunological memory; lower Antibody titer; the same

Antibody titer; greater

The degree to which the antigen provokes an immune response varies and depends on the antigen's biochemical features. Which of the following molecules are the least immunogenic? Haptens Polysaccharides Proteins Lipids

Haptens

Your patient has an anaphylactic response to bee venom. Which of the following classes of antibodies would you expect to be elevated in the patient's serum, based on this hypersensitivity? View Available Hint(s) IgE IgD IgA IgM

IgE

Which of the following antibodies can cross the placenta and is the most abundant of all antibodies? IgD IgM IgA IgG

IgG

The most abundant antibody class in the body, found in all body fluids, is IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgG.

Generally, the first antibody class made upon a primary antigen exposure is IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgM.

_________can exist as either a monomer or a snowflake-shaped pentamer and is central to _________. IgG; activating complement proteins IgM; agglutination and precipitation reactions IgA; neutralization and opsonization IgE; complement activation or agglutination

IgM; agglutination and precipitation reactions

Which of the following scenarios provides an example of isotype switching? View Available Hint(s) During a polymicrobial infection with both Staphylococcus aureus (the primary infection) and Candida albicans (the secondary infection), IgM antibody is first produced to recognize S. aureus, and then a different IgM antibody is made to recognize C. albicans. As a patient enters convalescent stage for a Rotavirus infection, plasma cells stop producing antibody. Late in an infection with Influenza virus, a given plasma cell stops production of IgM and begins producing IgG. Early on during an infection with Listeria monocytogenes, IgM antibody changes the antigen epitope recognized.

Late in an infection with Influenza virus, a given plasma cell stops production of IgM and begins producing IgG.

Cellular and humoral responses both progress through four main stages. What is the second stage? Antigen presentation Antigen elimination and memory Lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation Lymphocyte activation

Lymphocyte activation

What is the role of MHC I in the immune response? MHC I is found only on antigen-presenting cells and presents a sample of cellular proteins, including those of any intracellular pathogens, to T cells. MHC I presents a sample of cellular proteins, including those of any intracellular pathogens, to T cells. MHC I is found on all body cells except red blood cells and presents a sample of cellular proteins, including those of any intracellular pathogens, to T cells. MHC I is found on all body cells except red blood cells. MHC I is found only on antigen-presenting cells.

MHC I is found on all body cells except red blood cells and presents a sample of cellular proteins, including those of any intracellular pathogens, to T cells.

When "matching" a donated organ or tissue to a recipient, it is necessary that the ________ of the donor and the recipient be as similar as possible. MHCs blood type APCs antibodies T helper cells

MHCs

Which of the following are not part of the adaptive immune system? Neutrophils Antibodies T-cells Lymphocytes

Neutrophils

Which of the following statements concerning T cell self-tolerance screening is true? View Available Hint(s) T cells are screened in the bone marrow. T lymphocytes are screened on the basis of whether the antibodies they produce will react with host cells. Once T cells pass the self-tolerance screening, they migrate to lymphoid tissues. T cells that recognize MHC molecules are triggered for apoptosis.

Once T cells pass the self-tolerance screening, they migrate to lymphoid tissues.

Which of the following is not a key antibody function? Precipitation Phagocytosis Opsonization Neutralization

Phagocytosis

An activated T helper cell becomes either an effector T helper cell or a memory T helper cell. What is the function of the effector T helper cell? "Remember" the specific antigen and create a memory Release antibodies Destroy infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted tissue Release factors that help T cytotoxic cell and B cell activation

Release factors that help T cytotoxic cell and B cell activation

Which of the following is the primary activation signal to fully activate T helper cells? The B7 protein on the APC's cell surface interacts with CD28 on the surface of T helper cells. T helper cell's TCR interacts with the MHCI-antigen complex. T helper cell's TCR interacts with the MHCII-antigen complex. The TCR/MHC/antigen interaction is assisted by CD8 on the surface of T helper cells.

T helper cell's TCR interacts with the MHCII-antigen complex.

_________ are the most abundant T cells, and their function is to __________. T helper cells (CD4+); coordinate the adaptive immune response Cytotoxic T cells (CD8); seek and destroy cancer cells Cytotoxic T cells (CD8); directly destroy cells that are virus-infected T helper cells (CD4+); activate B cells to stimulate the humoral branch of adaptive immunity

T helper cells (CD4+); coordinate the adaptive immune response

An APC bearing MHC-antigen complexes on its cell surface migrates to lymphoid tissues and interacts with which of the following cells? T helper cells and T cytotoxic cells T helper cells only B cells and T helper cells T cytotoxic cells only

T helper cells and T cytotoxic cells

Which of the following statements is true concerning cellular immunity? View Available Hint(s) Cellular immunity includes non-specific phagocytic cells. The cellular branch of adaptive immunity is mainly organized by T helper cells and carried out by T cytotoxic cells. Cellular immunity includes antibodies and the cells that produce them. Cellular immunity allows for antigen elimination but does not involve creation of memory cells.

The cellular branch of adaptive immunity is mainly organized by T helper cells and carried out by T cytotoxic cells.

Which of the following statements concerning the secondary response is true? View Available Hint(s) The secondary response results in production of antibodies with a higher affinity for the antigen. The secondary immune response is stronger than the primary immune response due to the increased production of IgM antibody from plasma cells. The secondary immune response is slower than the primary immune response. In order to stimulate an immune reaction, the secondary immune response requires a higher concentration of antigen than the primary immune response.

The secondary response results in production of antibodies with a higher affinity for the antigen.

Genetic mutations in the CD8a gene often result in a CD8 T cell deficiency. Which of the following scenarios would be most likely to occur in a patient with several CD8a gene mutations? View Available Hint(s) This patient would be unable to produce a humoral response against various pathogenic microorganisms. This patient would be less able to respond to certain viral invaders, such as Epstein Barr Virus. This patient would be unable to taper off the immune response following pathogen clearance, leading to chronic inflammation. This patient would not be able to produce memory cells.

This patient would be less able to respond to certain viral invaders, such as Epstein Barr Virus.

The monomeric structure of an antibody can be described as ________-shaped and is composed of light and heavy chains that are held together by _________. Y; hydrogen bonds Z; covalent bonds Y; disulfide bridges X; ionic bonds

Y; disulfide bridges

Postexposure prophylaxis, a form of artificial passive immunity, is often given when a person is bitten by an animal that is suspected of having rabies, or if the rabies-status of the animal cannot be confirmed. What specifically, is being given to the patient in this type of treatment? antigens from the rabies virus memory cells from a host who has developed an immune response to the rabies virus effector B and T cells from a host who has developed an immune response to the rabies virus antibodies harvested from a host who has developed an immune response to the rabies virus antigen-presenting cells which increase the rate at which the rabies antigens can be presented to T cells for activation

antibodies harvested from a host who has developed an immune response to the rabies virus

A substance that may trigger an immune response, if presented in the right context is termed a(n) cytokine. effector. antibody. antigen. hapten.

antigen.

The difference between T cell activation by normal antigens and T cell activation by superantigens is that superantigens cause nonspecific activation of many T cells at once, including those that would not normally recognize the antigen. are not processed and presented by APCs and cause nonspecific activation of many T cells at once, including those that would not normally recognize the antigen. cause nonspecific activation of many T cells at once, including those that would not normally recognize the antigen and suppress cytokine release. are not processed and presented by APCs. suppress cytokine release.

are not processed and presented by APCs and cause nonspecific activation of many T cells at once, including those that would not normally recognize the antigen.

T-independent antigens are able to bind multiple B cell receptors on a given B cell. may be polysaccharides or proteins, and are not able to bind multiple B cell receptors on a given B cell. are usually polysaccharides and able to bind multiple B cell receptors on a given B cell. are usually polysaccharides. are usually proteins.

are usually polysaccharides and able to bind multiple B cell receptors on a given B cell.

Pregnant women are usually advised to be vaccinated against influenza to protect themselves and the baby after birth. The mother will acquire ________ immunity from the vaccine while the baby will acquire ________ immunity. artificial active; artificial passive artificial active; artificial active natural active; natural passive artificial active; natural passive artificial passive; artificial passive

artificial active; natural passive

The major histocompatibility complex type I (MHC I) _________. is found only on antigen-presenting cells interacts with CD4 on T helper cells is found on all body cells except red blood cells presents extracellular antigens

is found on all body cells except red blood cells

A patient fully recovered from Ebola with minor medical support. This was the result of ____________. artificially acquired passive immunity naturally acquired active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity

naturally acquired active immunity

Consider a genetic mutation which causes T helper cells to be unable to respond to stimulation by the cytokines which lead to TH2 differentiation. This mutation would cause a patient to be deficient in which activity? production of antibodies action of macrophage action of cytotoxic T cells production of memory cells decrease of the immune response once the pathogen is eliminated

production of antibodies

What is the role of memory cells? prevent an immune response against members of the normal microbiota suppress the cellular response once the infection has passed circulate in the body at elevated levels to maintain an active attack against any possible pathogen remain in the lymphoid tissue to rapidly proliferate and differentiate upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen provide immune protection specifically for central nervous system

remain in the lymphoid tissue to rapidly proliferate and differentiate upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen

The branches of adaptive immunity are the cellular response and the humoral response. the antigen response and the memory response. the cellular response and the memory response. the humoral response and the memory response. the cellular response, the humoral response, and the memory response.

the cellular response and the humoral response.

A patient antibody titer which shows an increasing level of IgM but very little IgG would likely indicate that the patient has nearly recovered from the infection. the patient is in the early stages of developing an immune response . the patient is having an allergic reaction. the patient is currently a nursing mother. the patient was vaccinated against this pathogen rather than having the infection.

the patient is in the early stages of developing an immune response

The amount of antibody present in the blood is termed the antibody ________. affinity effector isotype specificity titer

titer

Each antibody molecule consists of a "heavy" protein chain. various combinations of light and heavy protein chains. two light and two heavy protein chains. a "light" protein chain. one light and one heavy protein chain.

two light and two heavy protein chains.