Microbiology and Living Exam I
Unlike the term microorganisms, the word microbe also include ____________.
Viruses
which of the following are TRUE regarding viruses?
Viruses are nonliving, acellular, and are smaller than most bacteria.
Which of the following is a single cell fungus?
Yeast
Which of the following are manufactured by microbial fermentation?
Yogurt, Cheese, and Beer
Some scientists were skeptical of Pasteur results because they ___________________.
could not reproduce his results.
The "Old Friends" hypothesis suggests that ______.
Early exposure to certain microorganisms helps protect individuals from allergies, asthma, and some other diseases.
Which diseases are due to organisms "jumping" from a natural animal host to using humans as a host?
Emerging
An infectious disease that has become more common in the last 35 years is referred to as _______.
Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)
John Tyndall experiment in 1800s showed that live microorganisms remained in some broths even after they had been boiled for 5 hours. This observation can be explained by the presence of a heat-resistant form of bacteria called an __________________.
Endospore
Bacteria produce ethanol, hydrogen gas, and certain oils, which all have the potential to be used as ______________.
Energy
Which of the following is properly written? 1. escherichia coli 2. Escherichia Coli 3. Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli
If you discover a single-celled organism that is 50 micrometers wide and has a nucleus and organelles, it belong to which domain?
Eukarya
____________ is the domain of organisms whose cells have a nucleus and various organelles.
Eukarya
Which cell type is usually larger in size, Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
For the name Streptococcus pyogenes, the first part (Streptococcus) indicates the _______ and gives information about the shape of the organisms.
Genus
The principle that microorganism cause certain disease is called the ____________________________.
Germ Theory Disease
The disproving of spontaneous generation led to an era referred to as the ___________________.
Golden Age of Microbiology
The term __________ refers to a multicellular parasite such as a roundworm or tapeworm.
Helminth
The microscopic filaments of molds are called _______.
Hyphae
Prions are ___________________.
Infectious proteins
which of the following infectious diseases killed more people in 1918-1919 than in World Wars I and II?
Influenza
which of the following describe a viroid?
It can infect plants and it consists of RNA.
Which of the following is true regarding all prokaryotes?
Lack a nucleus
The cellulose that makes up the plant cell walls of grass can be digested by certain species of _________.
Microbes
Which group includes some members that can convert N2 to a form other organisms can use to make proteins and nucleic acids?
Microbes and the process is called nitrogen fixation.
Microorganisms are useful in the study of higher life forms for which of the following reasons?
Microorganisms have the same fundamental genetic properties, multiply quickly, and are cheaper to study.
Why do microorganisms serve as important models for study of higher organisms?
Microorganisms have the same fundamental metabolic and genetic properties as other organisms.
In the 1700s, Lazzaro Spallanzani boiled and sealed flasks of broth and then looked for growth. based on the results of his experiments, he concluded that _________.
Microorganisms in air could enter open flasks.
In research, bacteria often serve as ___________, meaning that they are studied as a means to better understand processes fundamental to higher life forms.
Model organisms
Compared to the diversity of plants and animals, microbes as a group are _______________.
More diverse
Which of the following characteristics describe protozoa?
Most are motile, can be found in terrestrial and aquatic habits, microscopic, and single-celled eukaryotes.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding viruses?
Outside of host cells, viruses are inactive and can only multiply within host cells.
All of the following are factors that account for the emergence of new diseases in developed countries EXCEPT _____________________.
Parents don't have their children vaccinated.
In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as which of the following?
Pathogens
Infectious diseases can reemerge as a result of ________,
Pathogens becoming resistant to antimicrobial medications and parents refusing to vaccinate their children.
All of the following are commonly found in algae EXCEPT ______________.
Peptidoglycan
Which of the following diseases kill one-third of the population of Europe in the 14th century?
Plague
which of the following are composed solely of proteins?
Prions
Like plants, some microorganisms ____________.
Produce oxygen and are photosynthetic.
Which of the following has a nucleiod region?
Prokaryotic cell
Algae and protozoa are also referred to as _____, a diverse group that falls within the domain Eukarya.
Protists
Lazzaro Spallanzani experiments in the 1700s showed that flasks of broths that had been boiled for long periods of time and sealed ___________.
Remained sterilized
When scientists share their work in scientific journals, they are communicating the _________________.
Results, Methods, and Conclusions
Although archaea and bacteria differ in a number of important characteristics, it was ultimately significant differences in their __________ that provided the basis for separating the two groups of prokaryotes into different domains.
Ribosomal RNA Sequences
When an extensive amount of experimental evidence supports a hypothesis, the explanation may become a _________________.
Scientific Theory
Eukaryotic organisms can be __________________.
Single-celled or multi-celled.
Although stocks of the causative agent still exist, humans have eradicated which of the following diseases?
Smallpox
Louis Pasteur helped disprove _______________.
Spontaneous generation
The Golden Age of Microbiology occurred soon after __________.
Spontaneous generation was disproved, and led to a time when the field of microbiology blossomed.
Members of the genus Staphylococcus are often referred to by the informal name ________________.
Staphylococci
The term staphylococci is an informal name for species of the genus ____________.
Staphylococcus
Scientific Method
make observation, create hypothesis, experiment and collect data, and reach a conclusion.
Characteristics of archaea that are similar to bacteria include their ______________________________.
shape, method of multiplication, prokaryotic cell structure, and energy sources used.
The species names of Escherichia coli and Escherichia vulneris reflect the__________________.
site where the organism may be found.
In the name Escherichia coli K12, the part after the species is the ___________ designation.
Strain
To indicate slight differences, members of the same species may be given special ____ designations.
Strain
Although the best-studied archaea inhabit extreme environments, many others are widely distributed in soils, oceans, marshes, and even the intestinal tracts of animals. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
Travelers and immigrants can contribute to disease emergence. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
Without microorganisms, we would run out of certain nutrients. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
Define microbiome
The community of microorganisms, as well as their genetic information, in a given environment.
The human body an its microbial inhabitants can best be compared to __________________.
The earth's environments and their interacting inhabitants.
Considered the Human Microbiome Project begun in 2007. The term "microbiome" has which two overlapping meanings?
The microbial community itself and the total genetic content of a microbial community.
The genus name Escherichia originates from _________.
The name of a scientist
Benefits of normal microbiota include all EXCEPT which of the following?
They damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of microbes.
Which of the following describe how fungi gain energy?
They degrade organic materials with enzymes.
Why were Louis Pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks so important in helping disprove the theory of spontaneous generation?
They ended argument that a "vital force" was necessary for spontaneous generation, while preventing contamination from microbes in the air.
Which is an example of bioremediation?
Using microbes to break down oil after a spill in the oceans.
Cervical cancer caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) can be prevented by a(n) _____________________.
Vaccine
which of the following cannot reproduce independently?
Viroids and Prions
Which of the following are produced metabolically by microorganisms?
Antibiotics, ethanol as a biofuel, and cellulose used in a stereo headsets.
Which microorganisms lack a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles?
Archaea and Bacteria
Bacteria, such as a members of the genus Staphylococcus, belong in the domain of __________.
Bacteria
Peptidoglycan is found in the cell wall of ____________.
Bacteria
The domain of _________ and _________ are made up of prokaryotes.
Bacteria and Archaea
Members of which domain can be infected by viruses?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Based on the name, the characteristics of which organism are probably quite different from the others?
Balantidium coli
_____________ is the process by which microbes carry out the decomposition of harmful chemicals.
Bioremediation
The use of microorganisms to solve practical problems is the definition of ____________.
Biotechnology
In algae, photosynthesis takes place in _________, which have chlorophyll, a green pigments.
Chloroplasts
Viruses are not microorganisms because they are not ___________.
Composed of cells
A scientific experiment includes a component that rules out alternative explanations of the result by showing that the only feature that varied in the experiment was the characteristic being tested. The component that does this is called a _________________.
Control
John Needham experiments in the 1700s showed that broths that had been boiled and then sealed with a cork _________.
Could still give rise to microorganisms.
Because less than 1% of microorganisms can currently be grown in the laboratory, most of what we know about the other 99% comes from ______.
DNA sequencing
An outbreak of foot and mouth disease in England was controlled by _____________________.
Destroying millions of pig, sheep, and cattle.
Define spontaneous generation
Discredited belief that organisms can arise from non-living matter.
