Microbiology Ch 1 Practice Q&A

Glycolysis gives rise to:

ATP

Ground water pollution by fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus have caused a farmer's pond to turn bluish-green. He begins to notice that cattle who drink from the pond become severely ill. What type of aquatic microbe "blooms", leading to toxic levels of chemicals in the water?

Algae

Which grouping represents Whittaker's classification scheme? 1. Fungi 2. Animalia 3. ​​​Monera 4. Plantae 5. Protista​​

All

Which of the following is considered a microbe? Bacteria Fungi Viruses All of these choices

All of these choices

In a recent issue of the Annals of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, a case study described a girl who had an allergic reaction to streptomycin she ingested in a blueberry pie. Why was there streptomycin contained within the pie?

Antibiotics like streptomycin are routinely used to prevent food spoilage, and was likely used to keep the blueberries fresh.

A major advance in molecular biology was the discovery of a heat-stable DNA polymerase in the organism Thermus aquaticus. Which group of microbes would be most likely to contain a thermophilic organism capable of surviving in extreme heat?

Archaea

Ancestral prokaryotic cells evolved to become ________________________________.

Bacteria

You have identified a food-borne pathogen that appears to form filamentous structures, but lacks a nucleus. What type of microbe have you likely identified?

Bacteria

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life? Respond to stimuli evolution Being multicellular homeostasis

Being multicellular

Select the correct pairing. a. Whittaker : Fungi and Bacteria b. Copeland : Protista and Bacteria c. Ernst Haeckel : Monera d. Carl Woese : Animals and Plants

Copeland : Protista and Bacteria

Based on the taxonomic rankings of domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, which is the highest level of genetic exchange?

Domain

Prokaryotes with no nuclear membrane are found in _____________.

Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria

A child has been playing in soil contaminated with animal feces. Over the next several weeks, the child experiences intestinal problems and anemia, and is later diagnosed with an intestinal parasite. What type of microbe was likely ingested?

Eggs from a helminth

What is the likely origin of eukaryal mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Endosymbiosis of bacteria

Decomposition of nitrogen species is performed by:

Fungi

Penicillium chrysogenum is a microbe that produces penicillin, allowing this microbe to decompose materials and absorb nutrients. What type of microbe is Penicillium?

Fungi

Nineteenth century physicians noting high mortality from surgical procedures and post childbirth infections reduced mortality by:

Hand washing

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Eukarya? Nuclear membrane Cell wall in some species Having a single RNA polymerase Histones

Having a single RNA polymerase

Select the correct statement regarding autotrophs and/or heterotrophs. -Autotrophs (or "self feeders") are incapable of producing their own organic carbon from inorganic carbon sources. -Heterotrophs ("other feeders") cannot make their own organic carbon and therefore must ingest organic carbon produced by autotrophs. -Heterotrophs (or "self feeders") are capable of producing their own organic carbon from inorganic carbon sources. -Autotrophs ("other feeders") cannot make their own organic carbon and therefore must ingest organic carbon produced by autotrophs.

Heterotrophs ("other feeders") cannot make their own organic carbon and therefore must ingest organic carbon produced by autotrophs.

Which of the following statements regarding the energy production roles in different environments is incorrect? All organisms must generate energy from the nutrients they obtain, typically through the oxidation of organic carbon to generate usable energy in the form of ATP. In glycolysis, glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, which generates two ATP and 2 NADH molecules. In the presence of oxygen the pyruvate can be further oxidized to generate even more ATP via respiration. In the absence of oxygen, further oxidation of pyruvate cannot occur and instead the pyruvate is converted to a waste product like creatinine at the expense of the NADH produced during glycolysis. All of these statements are correct.

In the absence of oxygen, further oxidation of pyruvate cannot occur and instead the pyruvate is converted to a waste product like creatinine at the expense of the NADH produced during glycolysis.

Which scientist's experiment refuted spontaneous generation?

Louis Pasteur

Why are microbes useful models in research?

Many microbes can grow rapidly on inexpensive media and be genetically manipulated quite easily. They can be cultivated in the lab. Many of them have metabolic and regulatory pathways that are very similar to those found in more complex organisms (e.g., complex eukaryotes). They can be used for large-scale production of chemical compounds and useful macromolecules. All of these choices are correct.

Barry Marshall is a physician credited with discovering the role of the bacterium H. pylori in causing stomach ulcers. Which of the following describes a direct action by Dr. Marshall to fulfill one of Koch's postulates?

Marshall ingested a culture of H. pylori and showed that it caused an ulcer.

How did mitochondria arise in eukaryal cells?

Mitochondria contain a DNA molecule that encodes a primitive ribosome similar to that of bacteria. It is currently believed that mitochondria arose when a bacterial cell was engulfed inside of an archaeal or early eukaryotic cell. The bacterial cell provided ATP to the host cell while the host provided protection as well as a steady food supply resulting in an endosymbiotic relationship. Endosymbiosis also led to the development of chloroplasts.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Bacteria? Nuclear membrane Cell wall Having a single RNA polymerase Histone-like proteins

Nuclear membrane

When was the first microbes formed?

3.8 billion years ago

Plasmodium is a microbe that infects red blood cells of mammals, birds, and reptiles when they are bitten by mosquitos. Which type of microbe is Plasmodium?

Protozoa

Triatomines, or "kissing bugs," are a type of insect that ingests blood and transmits a microbe called Trypanosoma. This parasite lives in the gut of the insect, and is transmitted when the insect bites an animal and defecates in the wound. The microbe contains a single nucleus and a flagella to allow it to move in the host. Which type of microbe is Trypanosoma?

Protozoa

What is the role of DNA in information flow within a cell?

Provides template for transcription

Which is more efficient in getting ATP from glucose?

Respiration—it produces approximately 34 more ATP

What conclusion did Carl Woese come to after studying SSU rRNA gene sequences of the archaebacteria?

The organisms were not closely related to bacteria nor eukaryotes

Select the INCORRECT statement regarding macromolecules found in cells. The repeating subunits of proteins are called amino acids. -The repeating subunits of DNA are ribonucleotides whereas in RNA they are deoxyribonucleotides. -Polysaccharides are composed of repeating units called monosaccharides. -Lipids are composed of a hydrocarbon chain linked to a glycerol molecule. -The macromolecule types found in all cells include polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

The repeating subunits of DNA are ribonucleotides whereas in RNA they are deoxyribonucleotides.

In the 1920s, Dr. James Twomey had a patient who was a young girl with a severe Staphylococcus aureus skin infection. He instructed her mother to prepare a bowl of starch, let it sit in a cupboard for several days, and then apply it to her skin like a paste. Why do you suppose this primitive therapy was successful in killing her bacterial infection?

The starch likely grew a mold like Penicillium, which produced antibiotics that killed the bacteria.

During the construction of the Panama Canal, an outbreak of yellow fever jeopardized the project. Which of Koch's postulates was used to determine the nature of the causative agent?

They administered blood from infected patients to healthy volunteers who became ill.

Which of the following is not a reason to sue microbes as research models? Many are easily cultivated in the lab They have large genomes They can be easily genetically manipulated They can facilliate production of enzymes and other proteins

They have large genomes

Which of the following is NOT likely to be true of primitive microbes? They were aerobic They were photosynthetic They could survive in acidic conditions They had a plasma membrane

They were aerobic

What is the function of proteins within a cell?

To catalyze chemical reactions

Which advance in science lowered infectious disease deaths in the United States during the twentieth century?

Vaccines

How did the atmospheric O2 concentration rise?

Via cyanobacteria

Adolf Mayer characterized a pathogen that affected tobacco plants, producing a mottled appearance of the leaves. He found that even sap that had been filtered remained infectious, indicating that the microbe was smaller than any known cell. Which type of microbe is likely responsible for tobacco mosaic disease?

Viruses

Water, chemicals, and molecules are continually being transitioned between organic and inorganic forms. What is this cycling called?

biogeochemical

How do vaccines work?

by exposing an individual to a weakened version of a microbe to cause a person to have immunity by exposing an individual to a small piece of a microbe to cause a person to have immunity exposing an individual to an inactivated version of a microbe to cause a person to have immunity All of these choices are correct.

How did Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation?

by showing that bacteria would only grow when in direct contact with bacteria in the outside air

Photosynthesis by anoxygenic organisms, liberates:

elemental sulfur

The black death was transmitted by:

fleas

Which of the following measures has been effective in controlling and reducing deaths from infectious diseases?

improved hygiene in healthcare settings discovery and widespread use of vaccines and the development of antibiotics improved public health measures including sewage treatment and garbage removal improved preparation and handling of food and water. All of these choices are correct.

Carl Woese hypothesized that a cell which stored information in genes, not yet linked together on chromosomes, was the first living organism. He labeled this organism a:

progenote

The domains of living organisms include

the eukarya which are organisms containing cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus. the archaea which are simple, single celled organisms that manufacture mRNA and proteins in a manner similar to eukaryotes. the bacteria which are also simple single celled organisms that synthesize mRNA and proteins. All of these choices are correct.

Bacteria are involved in nitrogen cycling because

they have the ability to incorporate inorganic molecules into organic molecules. some soil microbes are able to convert inorganic nitrogen (N2) from the atmosphere into forms that are useful for life via nitrogen fixation. some microbes can convert the nitrogen present in organic matter back to inorganic nitrogen through a process called denitrification. some microbes can convert nitrogen present in organic matter back to inorganic nitrogen through the oxidation of ammonia. All of these choices are correct.

The key features of living organisms include all of the following EXCEPT -metabolism and growth -reproduction and genetic variation -ability to respond to external stimuli -homeostasis -transmission of nerve impulses

transmission of nerve impulses