Microbiology ch 26 Nervous System Infections

The abnormal form of the protein is designated

PrPSc

T/F: Prevention of rabies in humans involves passive immunity and active immunity.

TRUE

T/F: Cryptococcus neoformans is just as problematic in healthy people as in AIDS patients.

FALSE

T/F: Naegleria fowleri is a parasite.

FALSE

T/F: Polioviruses enter the body via the respiratory tract.

FALSE

T/F: Rabies can be effectively treated by administering anti-rabies immunoglobulin and antiviral medications.

FALSE

T/F: The CNS is an "immunologically privileged" site, which means that the immune response in these sites is enhanced.

FALSE

T/F: The blood-brain barrier is composed of the skull and the three meninges surrounding the brain.

FALSE

T/F: The pulvinar sign can be detected by MRI in anyone with vCJD.

FALSE

What is the definitive host of Toxoplasmosis gondii?

Felines

What symptoms did the Indiana couple have that led doctors to believe they had botulism?

Flaccid paralysis Correct

What was the source of the botulism outbreak in the case study?

Improperly processed commercial chili sauce Correct

Which of these statements concerning arboviral encephalitis is false?

In the United States, the disease is primarily a zoonosis involving cattle.

Select which of the following pairs is mismatched.

Lumbar puncture - venous sinus

Which of the following best describes how Mycobacterium leprae infection can lead to peripheral nerve damage in Hansen's disease?

M. leprae invades peripheral nerve cells, which are then targeted and destroyed by immune cells, leading to disabling deformities.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Mad cow disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie disease are known prion diseases.

Please select all the statements that apply to poliomyelitis.

Poliomyelitis can be prevented by vaccination. People with severe poliomyelitis may require artificial respiration for survival. Polioviruses enter the body by fecal-oral transmission.

Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of rabies?

Rabies virus enters the body via an infected-animal bite, then replicates within surrounding tissues before traveling to the brain where it replicates until host death.

Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of botulism?

Spastic paralysis

The report notes that none of the patients described in this case had donated or received blood, undergone any invasive surgery, or received organ transplants. This is important because

classic CJD is transmitted from human to human while vCJD is usually acquired by eating infected meat.

Which of these statements concerning foodborne botulism is false?

control of the disease depends largely on proper food canning techniques

Prions are believed to cause ______ diseases.

neurodegenerative

which is the best way to prevent meningococcal meningitis in individuals exposed to the disease?

Give them the antibiotic rifampin

Which of these statements concerning African trypanosomiasis is true?

It is a threat to visitors to tropical Africa.

Which of these statements concerning cryptococcal meningoencephalitis is true?

It is caused by a yeast with a large capsule.

which of these statements concerning the causative agent of listeriosis is false?

It is usually transmitted by the respiratory route

Which of the following statements about polio vaccination is FALSE?

Sabin's oral polio vaccine (OPV) is an inactivated vaccine.

Which of the following statements about viral meningitis is true?

Transmission is often by the fecal-oral route.

The causative organism of PAM is a ______.

protozoan

A harmless PrP is converted into the infective PrP

by an abnormal PrP, which binds to the normal protein and causes it to become misfolded.

Select the countries in which the patients in this case likely contracted vCJD.

U.K. ? Saudi Arabia

If a person is at risk of getting rabies, what is the typical treatment given to prevent disease development and thus to save the person's life?

Administration of anti-rabies virus antibodies and the rabies vaccine

which of the following statements concerning hansen's disease is false

An incubation period is usually less than 1 month

Which of these statements concerning Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and vCJD is true?

Both CJD and vCJD produce a spongy appearance in affected brain tissue.

Which of the following pairs regarding the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) is mismatched?

CNS - brain and peripheral nerves

Please select all the true statements regarding leprosy and its causative agent.

Caused by Mycobacterium leprae, an acid-fast organism with a very long generation time. Causative agent prefers cooler temperatures and infects peripheral nerves of the extremities. In lepromatous leprosy, the host's cell-mediated immunity fails, allowing for unrestricted multiplication of M. leprae. In most cases of leprosy, the host's immune system stops M. leprae from multiplying.

What species of Clostridium cause botulism?

Clostridium botulinum Correct

How did the CDC confirm the PAM diagnosis?

Detection of N. fowleri nucleic acid in the patient's CSF.

The cell inclusion bodies shown in the figure below are called ______; they are characteristic of the disease ______.

Negri bodies; rabies

Why is PAM sometimes misdiagnosed as meningitis?

People with either of these diseases develop fever, headache, stiff neck, and vomiting.

Please choose the microorganism that is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

T/F: Clostridium botulinum, the causative agent of botulism, has more than one portal of entry: the gastrointestinal tract and the skin.

TRUE

T/F: In some inherited cases, the normal prion protein can convert spontaneously to the abnormal form, but at a slow rate.

TRUE

T/F: Neonatal meningitis is almost always a result of an infection transmitted by the mother, either in utero or during the birthing process.

TRUE

T/F: Prion disease symptoms are believed to be the result of dense aggregates of the abnormal protein.

TRUE

T/F: The nervous system lacks normal microbiota, and the presence of any microorganism indicates a deviation from the healthy state.

TRUE

T/F: The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves composed of bundles of axons that carry information to and from the central nervous system.

TRUE

T/F: Two of the patients in the four reported vCJD cases likely contracted the disease in the U.K.

TRUE

Which of the following suggest(s) that the patient in this case contracted PAM in Costa Rica?

The Costa Rican hot spring in which the patient had swum contained N. fowleri, the causative agent of PAM. The child and his family lived in Florida, where there is absolutely no risk of contracting N. fowleri because the organism is not found in the U.S. The patient had never swum before; he learned to swim in a hot spring in Costa Rica so could not have been previously exposed.

Please select all the statements that apply to botulism and its causative agent.

The causative agent of botulism is an anaerobic Gram-positive, spore-forming rod. Botulinum toxin binds to receptors on motor neurons; this inhibits transmission of nerve signals to muscle cells. Foodborne botulinum toxin can be destroyed by adequate cooking.

Select the reasons that it was concluded that Patient C likely contracted vCJD in Saudi Arabia.

The patient had never lived in or visited the U.K., France, or Spain. The patient grew up in Saudi Arabia which has reported other cases of vCJD.

What evidence suggests that Patient A had vCJD rather than classic CJD, and that he contracted it in the U.K.?

The patient lived in the U.K. during the period of risk of acquiring vCJD. The patient had not undergone any invasive surgeries nor received blood in the U.S. There was no history of vCJD in the patient's family. The patient died more than a year after developing initial neurological signs and symptoms.

Which of these statements concerning poliomyelitis is false?

The sensory nerves are usually involved.

Please choose the statement that best describes the normal microbiota of the nervous system.

There is no normal microbiota present.

What do classic CJD and vCJD have in common?

They are both caused by prions. The majority of cases of classic CJD and vCJD have occurred int he U.K. They are ultimately fatal. They are acquired by eating prion-contaminated beef. In both cases, neurological signs and symptoms occur early. They can be accurately diagnosed by a pulvinar sign on an MRI.

Which of the following best describes why AIDS patients respond poorly to medications used to treat Cryptococcus neoformans infections?

They lack T cells normally assist the activity of these antifungal medications.

What did the three children who survived PAM have in common?What did the three children who survived PAM have in common?

They were siblings. They all recovered without permanent neurological damage. They were all given therapeutic hypothermia.

Which of the following statements about foodborne botulism is FALSE?

Treatment involves combination antibiotic therapy over an extended period.

Select the TRUE statement regarding leprosy treatment.

Tuberculoid leprosy can be successfully treated with combination drug therapy administered for six months.

Select the possible ways in which N. fowleri can be acquired.

Washing out nasal passages with tap water. Swimming in N. fowleri-contaminated natural water bodies like ponds and rivers. Inhaling small drops of fresh water containing N. fowleri.

The normal prion protein is

bound to the cell membrane of neurons.