Microbiology, Ch 26, Nester's 9th

Toxoplasmosis

a parasite which is most commonly transmitted from animals to humans by contact with contaminated feces

chapter quiz - 3rd try

all correct

Leprosy is also known as Hansen's disease. a disease of the blood. an infectious disease caused by a virus. acquired by droplet transmission. always fatal.

also known as Hansen's disease. Caused by Mycobacterium leprae bacteria acquired person to person or through nasal secretions not always fatal, nope disease of the nervous system (likes PNS)

Leprosy is: A. an infectious disease caused by a bacterium. B. a disease of the blood. C. also known as Hansen's disease. D. described in the Bible. E. an infectious disease caused by a bacterium, also known as Hansen's disease AND described in the Bible.

an infectious disease caused by a bacterium, also known as Hansen's disease AND described in the Bible. Mycobacterium leprae - acid-fast, aerobic, rod-shaped, grows very slowly with a generation time of 12-13 days and likes the slightly cooler temps of extremities. - has not been grown in the absence of living cells, DNA library in E. coli. Grows in armadillos, mice and monkeys.

Food contaminated with Clostridium botulinum often: A. looks odd. B. smells bad. C. tastes bad. D. appears normal.

appears normal Foodborne botulism - eat toxin Intestinal botulism - ingest endospore - happens more in kids = infant botulism Wound botulism - endospore in wound

M. leprae may infect birds. iguanas. skunks. raccoons. armadillos.

armadillos

The chief source of central nervous system (CNS) infections is through the: A. bloodstream. B. genitourinary system. C. skin. D. nerves.

bloodstream p.697 - the bloodstream is the primary source of CNS infection - think about that. The bloodstream is the primary source of CNS infections is why we have the blood-brain barrier.

6. The nervous system typically: A. is sterile. B. has a small number of normal flora. C. contains Gram-positive bacteria. D. contains a small number of viruses

is sterile The nervous system lies entirely within body tissues and has no normal microbiota. CSF is generally sterile so the presence of microbes indicates an infection.

Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis caused by Cryptococcus gattii differs from the general pattern of fungal central nervous system (CNS) disease by occurring in: A. otherwise healthy people. B. children. C. AIDS patients. D. immunosuppressed people.

otherwise healthy people Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis - Cryptococcus neoformans (opportunistic) - Cryptococcus gattii (causes disease even in healthy individuals) These are spherical yeasts generally 3 to 20 micrometers in diameter surrounded by a thick capsule (capsule stain with Inida Ink) that resists the immune response.

chapter quiz - first time

perfect score - all correct

The menigococcus attach to the mucus membrane via: A. flagella. B. pili. C. cilia. D. a capsule. E. axial filaments.

pili flagella = movement pili = attachment cilia = on eukaryotic cells capsule = anti-phagocytic

With poliomyelitis, we worry about

post-polio syndrome - muscle pain, increased weakness and muscle degeneration 15-50 years after surviving acute paralytic poliomyelitis. It is a secondary effect of the initial damage. The nerves that took over for the ones killed finally give out and die. Salk (IPV) and Sabin (OPV) vaccines

The poliomyelitis virus is in the picornavirus family in the subgroup arboviruses. enteroviruses. dermotrophs. adenoviruses. retroviruses.

enteroviruses.

Intestinal botulism, especially in infants, has been linked to ingestion of: A. seafood. B. milk. C. honey. D. applesauce.

honey give no honey to children under 1 year old

Painful spasms of the throat triggered by swallowing or the sight of water is called A. hydrophobia. B. hydrophagia. C. tetany. D. paralysis.

hydrophobia Fear of water. Rabies = zoonosis - rabies virus - bullet shaped, has envelope, ss negative sense RNA virus - family Rhabdoviridae

Toxoplasma

invovles cats, fetus can be infected if a woman gets this disease during pregancy -protozoan diseases

The nervous system typically is sterile. contains a small number of viruses. has transient microbiota. contains Gram-positive bacteria. has a small number of normal microbiota.

is sterile

The early symptoms of rabies generally begin: A. 1 day after viral entry. B. 1-2 months after viral entry. C. 6 months after viral entry. D. 1 year after viral entry.

1-2 months after viral entry Rabies is a classic zoonotic disease. Symptoms appear 1-2 months after infection and progress rapidly.

Mycobacterium leprae has a generation time of: A. 20 minutes. B. 1 hour .C. 6 hours. D. 12 days.

12 days

Identify the meninges from closest to the brain to furthest away: 1. dura mater 2. pia mater 3. arachnoid mater 2, 3, 1 3, 2, 1 3, 1, 2, 3 1, 3, 3, 1 1, 2, 3

2, 3, 1 pia is on the brain, then arachnoid, and dura is outmost.

The incubation period of leprosy is: A. 1 week. B. 3 weeks. C. 3 months. D. 3 or more years.

3 or more years p.721 - It is difficult to eradiacte, due to the long generation time of Mycobacterium leprae. This results in an incubation time of 3 years (range 3 months to 20 years) during which time the disease can remain undetected.

The incubation period of leprosy is 1 week. 3 or more years. 3 months. over 10 years. 3 weeks.

3 or more years.

You are reviewing for your nursing school entry exam with your study group. Each person in the group agrees to cover one disease. You select toxoplasmosis for your presentation. Toxoplasmosis can be a serious problem for those who are immunosuppressed, as well as for fetuses. Even in healthy people, the immune system may not clear the organism, resulting in a latent infection that can reactivate when immunity declines.Please identify the correct sequence of events in the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis. 1. Each cyst contains large numbers of bradyzoites, a smaller form of T. gondii which persists in a latent infection. 2. As host immunity develops, a tough, fibrous capsule forms around infected host cells, forming a tissue cyst. 3. Within the small intestinal cells, sporozoites develop rapidly into tachyzoites which spread systemically. 4. T. gondii enters the host when either mature oocysts containing two sporocysts are eaten. 5. Sporozoites emerge from each of the sporocysts, and invade the cells of the small intestine. 4, 5, 3, 2, 1 1, 2, 4, 3, 5 1, 5, 4, 2, 3 2, 4, 5, 1, 3 3, 2, 1, 4, 5

4, 5, 3, 2, 1

Viral central nervous system infections may result in: A. meningitis. B. encephalitis. C. poliomyelitis. D. rabies. E. All of the choices are correct.

All of the above can be caused by viruses.

Why is it important to learn about rabies when only a few cases occur in the United States each year? A. The US isn't the entire world. Rabies might be more common in other areas, and it's important to understand due to its lethality. B. The only reason why rabies isn't common in the US is due to our lack of interaction with animal carriers. We could very easily have an outbreak on our hands if we don't know the warning signs to watch for that we've learned about by studying the virus and disease. C. Rabies can never be completely eliminated-it has too many different animal reservoirs/carriers. As such, we need to remain constantly aware of how to protect human populations, both by preventing and treating the illness. We can only do that by learning about it. D. All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

Which is true of listeriosis? A. It is a foodborne disease. B. It may result in meningitis. C. It is usually asymptomatic in healthy people. D. It is caused by an organism that can grow at refrigerator temperatures. E. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct p.702 - Meningitis is the most common result of listeriosis, a foodborne disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes. - motile, non-spore forming, facultative anaerobe, Gram positive rod that can grow at 4 C even on vacuum-packed refridgerated food - epidemics - GI route - can cross the placenta - abscesses in fetus

Which is true of listeriosis? It is usually asymptomatic in healthy people. It may result in meningitis. It is a foodborne disease. It is caused by an organism that can grow at refrigerator temperatures. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases caused by fungus may occur in: A. cancer patients. B. diabetics. C. AIDS patients. D. immunosuppressed people. E. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct. - in immunocompromised individuals

Which is true of the Clostridium botulinum toxin? A. It is heat-sensitive. B. It is a neurotoxin. C. It blocks nerve to muscle signal transmission. D. It is a two-part toxin. E. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct. Botulinum toxin - C. botulinum is G+ so is an exotoxin - heat sensitive - is a neurotoxin - attaches to motor neurons and stops transmission of signals to the muscles, producing paralysis - is an A-B toxin - B on motor nerve endings. A in nerve cell where it inactivates proteins that regulate the release of neurotransmitters - stops muscle contraction = Flaccid paralysis

Which is true about C. botulinum? A. It is anaerobic. B. It may form spores. C. It produces a neurotoxin. D. It does not grow well below pH 4.5. E. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct. Botulism is not a nervous system disease but its key symptom is paralysis. Clostridium botulinum - G+, anaerobic, endospore-forming, rod shaped bacterium. The endospore can germinate in favorable conditions = nutrient-rich, anaerobic environment, a pH above 4.5 and a temperture above 4 C. Botulinum toxin (types A, B and E) is a neurotoxin and causes paralysis.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of meningococcus? A. Antigenic variation prevents the development of a vaccine. B. It uses pili for attachment to mucosal epithelium. C. It is a diplococcus. D. It is an encapsulated bacterium. E. It can vary its surface antigens.

Antigenic variation prevents the development of a vaccine. WRONG - I checked the PP and the textbook and it has to be A. Neisseria miningitidis - Gram negative encapsulated diplococcus - most serious infections are due to serotypes A, B, C, W and Y - inhaled in airborne droplets attach by pili to mucus membranes and then multiply. Like N. gonorrheae, N. meningitidis can vary some of its antigens. Hello, there are 2 vaccines p.700

Why can an infection in the brain's ventricles usually be detected in spinal fluid obtained from the lower back (lumbar region)? A. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) originates in the ventricles, but percolates over and around the brain and spinal cord. B. There is a high degree of vascularity that exists, allowing easy transfer of bacteria in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the blood. C. There is a set of lymph nodes specifically in place to drain the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the ventricles. They are housed in the lumbar region of the spinal column, adjacent to the spinal cord. D. This is an incorrect statement. Since the central nervous system (CNS) is a protected site due to the blood-brain barrier, there can never BE an infection in the ventricles.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) originates in the ventricles, but percolates over and around the brain and spinal cord.

Why can an infection in the brain's ventricles usually be detected in spinal fluid obtained from the lower back (lumbar region)? When ventricles are infected, the brain reacts by pumping the causative pathogens into the CFS so that they can be removed by the immune system. There is a set of lymph nodes specifically in place to drain the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the ventricles. They are found in the lumbar region of the spinal column. There is a high degree of vascularity that exists, allowing easy transfer of bacteria in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the blood. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) originates in the ventricles, but percolates over and around the brain and spinal cord. This is an incorrect statement. Since the central nervous system (CNS) is a protected site due to the blood-brain barrier, there can never BE an infection in the ventricles.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) originates in the ventricles, but percolates over and around the brain and spinal cord.

Corneal implants have been implicated in a few cases of: A.botulism. B. trypanosomiasis. C. Creutzfeldt-Jakob. D. scrapie.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob prion disease, a type of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalophathy. Most cases occur as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). - occurs in people over 45, median age 28 - has been transmitted from human to human through corneal transplants, contaminated surgical instruments and injections of human hormone replacements.

All cases of paralytic polio acquired in the U.S. between 1980 and 1999 were caused by Salk's polio vaccine. True False

False - from Sabin vaccine

Prions are small single-stranded pieces of RNA.

False - misfolded copy of normal protein

Which of these descriptions does NOT apply to the pathogenesis of meningitis? Vasodilation disrupts the blood-brain barrier and allows neutrophils and proteins to enter the CSF. Vasodilation from inflammation results in accumulation of fluid, causing brain swelling and nerve damage. Inflammation impedes normal outflow of CSF, causing it to accumulate and press the brain against the skull. Inflammation results in the formation of small blood clots that block capillaries and interrupt blood supply, leading to cell death. Fever causes the blood pressure to increase significantly, forcing lymph fluid into the meninges and causing brain swelling.

Fever causes the blood pressure to increase significantly, forcing lymph fluid into the meninges and causing brain swelling.

What underlying infection should a physician immediately suspect when confronted with a patient with confirmedcryptococcal meningoencephalitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, and why? A. Influenza infection. The 2 viruses are often transmitted together in respiratory droplets. B. HIV infection. People with normal immune systems generally fend off this fungal infection before it becomes clinically symptomatic. C. Varicella zoster virus (chicken pox). During the incubation period for chicken pox, and during its latency, C. neoformans has an increased ability to colonize the respiratory tract. D. Syphilis. This sexually-transmitted illness depletes CD4+ helper T cells that are necessary to directly attack the fungal infection of C. neoformans.

HIV infection. People with normal immune systems generally fend off this fungal infection before it becomes clinically symptomatic.

Why do Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae seldom cause meningitis in newborns? These pathogens are unable to colonize infants. Infants seldom come into contact with these pathogens. Infants are vaccinated against these pathogens. Infants are protected by maternal IgM against these pathogens. Infants are protected by maternal IgG against these pathogens.

Infants are protected by maternal IgG against these pathogens. p.701 - the common causes of meningitis in children (Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae) seldom cause meningitis in newborns because most mothers have antibodies (IgG) against them. These antibodies can cross the placenta and protect the baby until it is about 6 months old.

Presenters on the morning news channel that you watch alert consumers to a food recall. A particular brand of ice cream has tested positive for Listeria monocytogenes, an organism that causes asymptomatic or relatively mild disease in otherwise healthy individuals, but can be problematic in pregnant women. Your sister is expecting her first child, so you call her immediately and tell her about the recall. You fill her in on what you know about this organism and the disease it causes, having just learned about it yourself in your pre-nursing microbiology class. Your sister has questions that you are able to answer.Which of these statements concerning the causative agent of listeriosis is TRUE? It is a Gram-negative thermophile. It is uncommon in natural waters and vegetation. It can cause meningitis during the first month of life. It is usually transmitted by the respiratory route. Most strains of L. monocytogenes are resistant to penicillin.

It can cause meningitis during the first month of life. - notile, non-spore forming, facultative anaerobe, G+ rod that can grow at 4 C. - It is widespread in natural waters and vegetation *babies infected at birth usually develop meningitis after an incubation period of 1-4 wks. True p.703 - in epidemics the portal of entry is the Gi tract - most strains remain susceptible to penicillin

Why is it possible to prevent rabies with vaccine given after exposure to the virus? The virus replicates extremely slowly. It is possible to prevent the disease by vaccinating while the viral load is very low. It takes some time for the virus to invade the CNS and travel to the peripheral nerves. Vaccination before this occurs will prevent the disease. Rabies vaccine contains anti-rabies antibodies. These bind to the rabies and virus and destroy it before it is able to cause any neuronal damage. People receive a rabies vaccine in their childhood. Giving a vaccine after exposure to the virus quickly boosts their memory cell populations, protecting them. It takes some time for the virus to invade the peripheral neurons and travel to the CNS. Vaccination before this occurs will prevent the disease.

It takes some time for the virus to invade the peripheral neurons and travel to the CNS. Vaccination before this occurs will prevent the disease.

A pathologist claims it's much easier to determine the causative agent of meningitis than an infection of the skin or intestines. Is this true? Why or why not? A. It's not true-an infection is an infection, and it's always difficult to track down the exact causative agent. The organ system involved in the illness has nothing to do with identification of the causative agent. B.It's true-because the central nervous system (CNS) is generally microbe free, whereas the skin and intestines have a diverse normal flora. Separating out a pathogenic causative agent from the normal microbiota in these areas would be much harder to do than in the central nervous system (CNS). C.It's not true-the ventricles of the brain can provide a direct route for microbes to enter the central nervous system (CNS) from the bloodstream/extracellular fluid. Therefore, it would be just as likely to find a pathogenic microbe in the central nervous system (CNS) as it would be in the skin or intestines. D. It's true-there are only 1 or 2 microbes that can cause meningitis, yet there are hundreds (if not thousands) that can cause skin/intestinal infections. This makes it much easier to determine the causative agent for a case of meningitis.

It's true-because the central nervous system (CNS) is generally microbe free, whereas the skin and intestines have a diverse normal flora. Separating out a pathogenic causative agent from the normal microbiota in these areas would be much harder to do than in the central nervous system (CNS).

Presenters on the morning news channel that you watch alert consumers to a food recall. A particular brand of ice cream has tested positive for Listeria monocytogenes, an organism that causes asymptomatic or relatively mild disease in otherwise healthy individuals, but can be problematic in pregnant women. Your sister is expecting her first child, so you call her immediately and tell her about the recall. You fill her in on what you know about this organism and the disease it causes, having just learned about it yourself in your pre-nursing microbiology class. Your sister has questions that you are able to answer.How would L. monocytogenes meningitis be diagnosed and treated? Lumbar puncture; antibiotics Brain biopsy; acyclovir Antibiogram results; antibiotics Gram staining; acyclovir Signs and symptoms; phage therapy

Lumbar puncture; antibiotics

The only known human pathogen that preferentially attacks the peripheral nerves is: A. N. meningitidis. B. polio virus. C. E. coli. D. M. leprae.

M. leprae p.720 - Mycobacterium leprae is the only known human pathogen that preferentially infects peripheral nerves.

Characteristic inclusion bodies formed by cells of organisms infected with rabies are called: A. Negri bodies. B. metachromatic bodies. C. polyphasic bodies. D. Koplik spots.

Negri bodies Koplik spots is measles (rubeola)

Epidemics of meningitis appear to involve: A. Streptococcus pneumoniae. B. Haemophilus influenzae. C. Neisseria meningitidis. D. Streptococcus pyogenes.

Neisseria meningitidis p699 - Neisseria meningitidis, often called meningococcus, is frequently responsible for epidemics of meningitis. -cause of meningococcal meningitis - Gram negative diplococcus with capsule - respiratory droplets, attach with pili

Epidemics of meningitis appear to involve Streptococcus pneumoniae. Haemophilus influenzae. Neisseria meningitidis. Staphylococcus aureus. Streptococcus pyogenes.

Neisseria meningitidis.

Haemophilus influenzae meningitis

PATHOGEN: Haemophilus influenzae MORPHOLOGY: Gram-negative rod PORTAL OF ENTRY: Respiratory tract METHOD OF TRANSMISSION: Endogenous infection; aerosols TREATMENT: Cephalosporin Prevention: Capsular Hib vaccine

What sign would differentiate meningococcal meningitis from pneumococcal meningitis? It is impossible to differentiate between pneumococcal meningitis and meningococcal meningitis. Petechiae are seen in pneumococcal meningitis but not in meningococcal meningitis. Headache and neck stiffness are experienced with pneumococcal meningitis but not with meningococcal meningitis. Petechiae are seen in meningococcal meningitis but not in pneumococcal meningitis. Headache and neck stiffness are experienced with meningococcal meningitis but not with pneumococcal meningitis.

Petechiae are seen in meningococcal meningitis but not in pneumococcal meningitis.

The more severe form of African sleeping sickness is called the: A. Gambian form. B. Rhodesian form. C. Guyanan form. D. Brazilian form.

Rhodesian form - causes acute disease that can progress rapidly and person dies from heart failure in 6 months. Gambian form is chronic and death is from secondary infection years later.

Death from botulism is usually due to respiratory paralysis. T/F

True p.721 - progressive paralysis generally involves all voluntary muscles, respiratory paralysis is the most common cause of death.

Why would the Sabin oral polio vaccine need to be eliminated as we get closer and closer to eradication of the polio virus? A. Since it is a live, attenuated viral vaccine, there's always the chance it could revert back into a pathogenic state by mutation. This would introduce new strains still capable of causing the illness into human populations, thwarting elimination. B. The Sabin vaccine is cheaper than the Salk (killed virus) vaccine, but it isn't as effective at producing a protective response. We'll need to shift to the more effective Salk vaccine worldwide eventually to complete the eradication process. C. The Salk vaccine is far cheaper than the Sabin vaccine. To effectively eradicate polio, we'll need to shift all of our resources into the cheapest and easiest to deliver vaccine possible.That is the Salk vaccine. D. The Sabin vaccine can only be administered to human beings. We need to vaccinate bird populations as well to effectively control the spread of polio. Birds are a natural reservoir for the virus.

Since it is a live, attenuated viral vaccine, there's always the chance it could revert back into a pathogenic state by mutation. This would introduce new strains still capable of causing the illness into human populations, thwarting elimination.

Neonatal meningitis

Streptococcus agalactiae - Group B strep enter into infant's blood stream during delivery and is often associated with sepsis in mother and infant as well Encapsulated strains of E. coli from Mom's gut Listeria monocytogenes from bloodstream of infected mom.

Which of the following mostly causes typically pneumonia but may also cause meningitis? Klebsiella pneumoniae Streptococcus pneumoniae Mycoplasma meningitidis Neisseria meningitidis Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Streptococcus pneumoniae p.698 - Pneumococcal meningitis is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, part of the normal microbiota in the nose and throat of many healthy individuals. Although best known as a cause of pneumonia, it is also the leading cause of meningitis in adults.

The leading cause of bacterial meningitis in adults is: A. Escherichia coli. B. Haemophilus influenzae. C. Streptococcus pneumoniae. D. Neisseria meningitidis.

Streptococcus pneumoniae p.698 - Pneumococcal meningitis is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, part of the normal microbiota in the nose and throat of many healthy individuals. Although best known as a cause of pneumonia, it is also the leading cause of meningitis in adults. Streptococcus pneumonia = pneumococcus. Gram-positive diplococcus, lancet shaped cells, polysaccharide capsule. common cause of otitis media, sinusisit and pneumonia. Penicillin. Some strains resistant.

You're a famous eye surgeon, specializing in corneal transplants. Give your choice, would you rather have a cornea for transplantation from a 20 year old individual, or a 60 year old individual (assuming there are no optical defects due to age), and why? A. The 60 year old-clearly, if the individual has gone 60 years with no optical defects, this is a very good organ for transplantation. The 20 year old cornea may have defects that simply haven't become apparent yet. B. The 20 year old cornea-younger is always better when dealing with tissue transplants.You want to give the transplant the longest possible time for survival in the recipient. C. The 20 year old cornea-while extremely rare, it may be possible to transmit prions through corneal transplants. It's less likely that a 20 year old would have encountered and become contaminated by prions than the 60 year old. D. The 20 year old cornea-never mind prions, there are a variety of agents that can hide in corneal tissues and that might cause disease. It's far more likely that the 60 year old would be harboring one or more of these pathogens than the 20 year old.

The 20 year old cornea-while extremely rare, it may be possible to transmit prions through corneal transplants. It's less likely that a 20 year old would have encountered and become contaminated by prions than the 60 year old.

Which statement regarding meningitis is FALSE? If bacterial meningitis is suspected, a person is given broad-spectrum antibiotics immediately, without waiting for identification of the causative organism. The cerebrospinal fluid of people with either viral meningitis or bacterial meningitis is cloudy and opaque rather than being clear and pale yellow in color. Meningitis is a relatively rare disease, because it is very difficult for the causative agents to cross the blood-brain barrier. Bacterial causative agents of meningitis are transmitted through respiratory droplets, while viral agents of the disease may also be transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Vaccines protect against the most important types bacterial meningitis but prevention of viral meningitis depends on increased hand washing and avoiding crowded areas.

The cerebrospinal fluid of people with either viral meningitis or bacterial meningitis is cloudy and opaque rather than being clear and pale yellow in color. Viral = looks clear - aseptic meningitis

Why can't botulism be transmitted from person to person? The disease is caused by eating spores that germinate into vegetative cells that produce toxin. Botulism is a toxin-mediated blood-borne disease AND people with botulism die before they can transmit the disease to others. The disease is caused by eating spores that germinate into vegetative cells that produce toxin AND people with botulism die before they can transmit the disease to others. The disease is caused by ingestion of food contaminated with botulinum toxin AND the disease is caused by eating spores that germinate into vegetative cells that produce toxin. The disease is a toxin-mediated disease; it is caused by ingestion of food contaminated with botulinum toxin produced under anaerobic conditions by Clostridium tetani.

The disease is caused by ingestion of food contaminated with botulinum toxin AND the disease is caused by eating spores that germinate into vegetative cells that produce toxin. Check out that last choice. C. tetani? That's tetanus. This is C. botulinum.

Why are such a high percentage of infant botulism cases associated with ingestion of honey? A. Bees cultivate C. botulinum bacteria within their hives as a food source, so it gets mixed in with the honey. B. The infant digestive tract is far more susceptible to the effects of botulism toxin (found in the honey in relatively high levels) than the adult digestive tract. C. The spores of C. botulinum produce a strong endotoxin. This endotoxin has little effect on adults due to their overall size. Infants, however, are significantly smaller (and therefore far more susceptible) than adults. D. There can be endospores from C. botulinum in honey. They may germinate in the intestines of infants following consumption of honey, leading to colonization and pathogenesis as the bacteria begin forming botulism toxin. Adults' normal intestinal microbiota will out-compete the new microbes, but very young infants may not yet have this normal flora established.

There can be endospores from C. botulinum in honey. They may germinate in the intestines of infants following consumption of honey, leading to colonization and pathogenesis as the bacteria begin forming botulism toxin. Adults' normal intestinal microbiota will out-compete the new microbes, but very young infants may not yet have this normal flora established.

Which is true about prions? A. They cause a degenerative brain condition. B. They are naked pieces of RNA. C. They are made of DNA and protein. D. They are a normal brain protein that has folded differently. E. They cause a degenerative brain condition AND they are a normal brain protein that has folded differently.

They cause a degenerative brain condition AND they are a normal brain protein that has folded differently.

Which parasitic organism, when it crosses the placenta, results in intracerebral calcifications, chorioretinitis, microcephaly, hydrocephaly, and convulsions?

Toxoplasma gondii - is an obligate intracellular parasitic one-celled eukaryote (specifically an apicomplexan) that causes the infectious disease toxoplasmosis.

You are reviewing for your nursing school entry exam with your study group. Each person in the group agrees to cover one disease. You select toxoplasmosis for your presentation. Toxoplasmosis can be a serious problem for those who are immunosuppressed, as well as for fetuses. Even in healthy people, the immune system may not clear the organism, resulting in a latent infection that can reactivate when immunity declines.Please select the FALSE statement regarding toxoplasmosis. Infection of the fetus, especially during the first trimester, results in miscarriage, stillbirth, or birth defects. Toxoplasmosis is usually asymptomatic among healthy people, although some people develop sore throat, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes and spleen. Toxoplasmosis may cause encephalitis, brain masses, and other nervous system problems in immunodeficient people. Toxoplasmosis occurs in two main forms—tuberculoid and lepromatous—depending on the immune status of the individual. People contract toxoplasmosis by ingesting oocytes discharged in the feces of acutely infected cats or inadequately cooked meat containing tissue cysts.

Toxoplasmosis occurs in two main forms—tuberculoid and lepromatous—depending on the immune status of the individual. That's leprosy.

Inflammation of the membranes covering the central nervous system (CNS) is called meningitis. T/F

True

Mycobacterium leprae is only grown in living cells. T/F

True

The PPSV23 vaccine may protect against pneumococcal pneumonia, pneumococcal meningitis, and otitis media. True False

True

The initial symptoms of bacterial meningitis are the same regardless of the causative agent. T/F

True

Meningoencephalitis and African sleeping sickness are both caused by protozoans. T/F

True Naegleria fowleri - free-living protozoa that is pathogenic for humans. Ameboid trophozoite gives rise to flagellated forms and spherical cysts. Trypanosoma brucei -

Viral meningitis is much more common than bacterial meningitis. T/F

True p. 697 - Viral meningitis occurs more often than bacterial meningitis, but it is typically less severe and causes little permanent damage in those with normal immunity. - CSF in people with viral meningitis is clear, contains numerous lymphocytes. NO bacteria present so viral meningitis = aseptic meningitis.

All cases of paralytic polio acquired in the U.S. between 1980 and 1999 were caused by Sabin's polio vaccine. T/F

True p.708 Figure 26.9 - Wild poliovirus was eliminated from the United States by 1980...polio cases acquired in the United States after 1980 were caused by vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) - which can result from the Sabin (OPV) vaccine.

The central nervous system (CNS) may become infected through the: A. bloodstream. B. nerves. C. extensions from bone. D. ventricles. E. bloodstream, nerves AND extensions from bone

bloodstream, nerves AND extensions from bone p.697 - the bloodstream is the primary source of CNS infection. Hard for infectious agents to cross from the blood stream to the brain because of the blood-brain barrier - special cells lining the capillaries in the CNS. - prevents pathogens from entering nervous tissue except when a rare high [ ] circulates for a long time in the blood. - barrier prevents many meds, including penicillin, from crossing into the CNS unless present in very high concentrations.

The central nervous system is made up of: A. brain and spinal cord. B. spinal cord and spinal nerves. C. sympathetic and parasympathetic system. D. brain and endocrine organs.

brain and spinal cord

To determine the causative agent of a central nervous system (CNS) infection, a sample is taken from the: A. cerebrospinal fluid. B. arterial blood. C. venous blood. D. urine.

cerebrospinal fluid A needle is inserted at the lumbar vertebrae where the spinal cord narrows into a tail, into the subarachnoid space to get a sample of the CSF = Spinal Tap/lumbar puncture

Which animal is used as an early warning system for viral encephalitis? chickens hawks armadillos mice foxes

chickens

Which animal is used as an early warning system for encephalitis? A. armadillos B. mice C. chickens D. foxes

chickens Viral encephalitis caused by arboviruses - group of enveloped ssRNA viruses transmitted by insects, mites or ticks. - include LaCrosse encephalitis virus, St. Louis and West Nile encephalitis and eastern/western equine encephalitis.

The transmission of leprosy is by: A. direct human-to-human contact. B. the fecal-oral route. C. contact with infected blood products. D. contact with infected nasal secretions. E. direct human-to-human contact AND contact with infected nasal secretions.

direct human-to-human contact AND contact with infected nasal secretions. Most of the human population is not susceptible to the disease. WHO provides free multidrug tx.

The transmission of M. leprae is by contact with contaminated blood products. direct human-to-human contact AND contact with infected nasal secretions. contact with infected nasal secretions AND the fecal-oral route. direct human-to-human contact AND the fecal-oral route. the fecal-oral route AND contact with contaminated blood products.

direct human-to-human contact AND contact with infected nasal secretions. p.720

The poliomyelitis virus is in the picornavirus family in the subgroup: A. adenoviruses. B. enteroviruses. C. arboviruses. D. dermotropic.

enteroviruses

The incubation period of rabies is partially determined by: A. age of the patient. B. season of the year that the disease is acquired. C. length of journey from the bite site to the brain. D. the amount of virus introduced into the wound. E. length of journey from the bite site to the brain AND the amount of virus introduced into the wound.

length of journey from the bite site to the brain AND the amount of virus introduced into the wound. p.710 - the length of time before symptoms occur depends on: - location of bite - amount of virus introduced - condition of the host

M. leprae may infect: A. mangabey monkeys. B. skunks. C. iguanas. D. armadillos. E. mangabey monkeys AND armadillos.

mangabey monkeys AND armadillos The strain of bacteria found in wild 9-banded armadillos and in human is the same.

The membranes that cover the surface of the brain and spinal cord are known as the: A. neurolemma. B. dura mater. C. meninges.

meninges - from out to in - bone, DURA MATER, venus sinus (in some areas of brain), ARACHNOID MATER, subarachnoid space, PIA MATER. Subarachnoid space is where cerebrospinal fluid is. Venus sinus under dura mater is where CSF goes back in to bloodstream. - outer dura is tough, barrier to the spread of infection from bones surounding the CNS. Adheres closelty to the skull and vertebrae, in part of the brain it encloses a blood-filled venous sinus.

An infection of the membranes covering the brain is called: A. encephalitis. B. meningitis. C. arachnitis. D. ventriculitis.

meningitis - inflammation of brain itself = encephalitis - if both meninges and brain are infected = meningoencephalitis.

viral meningitis

meningitis caused by a virus Naked RNA viruses - members of the enterovirus subgroup of the family Picornaviridae - coxsackie viruses (cause chest/throat pain) and echoviruses (cause a rash)

The poliomyelitis virus appears to selectively destroy autonomic nerve cells. mixed nerve cells. muscle cells. motor nerve cells. sensory nerve cells.

motor nerve cells

The poliomyelitis virus appears to selectively destroy: A. sensory nerve cells. B. mixed nerve cells. C. autonomic nerve cells. D. motor nerve cells.

motor nerve cells Characteristic feature of polio is the destruction of motor neurons, resulting in paralysis of a group of muscles, like those of an arm or a leg.

. In rabies, the virus multiplies in one kind of cell then binds to receptors in the: A. neuromuscular region. B. spinal cord. C. respiratory area. D. brain.

neuromuscular region (does take out motor nerve endings so...) Rabies virus is introduced into the body, multiplies at the site of entry, enters a sensory neuron, travels by retrograde transport up the axon to the spinal cord and eventually to the brain. Once in brain tissue the virus multiples and causes the symptoms of encephalitis. - look for inclusion bodies called Negri bodies made up of viral nucleocapsids - can diagnose rabies from stained smears from surface of eye

In rabies, the virus multiplies in one kind of cell then binds to receptors in the spinal cord. neuromuscular region. brain. respiratory area. cerebrospinal fluid.

neuromuscular region.

Which is true of the poliomyelitis virus? A. non-enveloped B. single-stranded DNA C. double-stranded RNA D. single-stranded RNA E. non-enveloped AND single-stranded RNA

non-enveloped AND single-stranded RNA Poliomyelitis virus - naked, ssRNA virus is a member of the enterovirus subgroup of the family Picornaviridae. - poliomyelitis is caused by 3 serotypes of poliovirus (1,2,3) but type 1 is the only one still circulating today.

chapter quiz - second try

one wrong, noted, all rest correct.

Naegleria fowleri may cause: A. meningitis. B. primary amebic meningoencephalitis. C. African sleeping sickness. D. AIDS.

primary amebic meningoencephalitis. Amoeba found in warm fresh water and soil. Infected after swimming or diving in natural waters in US. Rare event but usually fatal. Naegleria fowleri - free-living protozoa that is pathogenic for humans. Ameboid trophozoite gives rise to flagellated forms and spherical cysts. Penetrates the skull along the olfactory nerves of the nasal mucosa. Multiples, migrates to brain and eats brain tissue (frontal lobe = yum!). Not transmitted person to person.

Stained smears of the surface of the eye might be useful in diagnosing: A. influenza. B. herpes. C. polio. D. rabies

rabies p.710 - Rabies can be diagnosed before death by identifying the virus in stained smears collected from the surface of the eyes.

Meningococcal meningitis is typically acquired through the: A. genitourinary tract. B. respiratory tract. C. gastrointestinal tract. D. skin.

respiratory tract p.699 - transmission of Neisseria meningitiis (meningococci) is through airborne droplets that attach by pili to mucus membranes and multiply.

The principal mode of transmission of rabies is through: A. blood. B. fomites. C. saliva. D. pus.

saliva The primary mode of transmission of rabies to humans is via the saliva of a rabid animal introduced into bite wounds of the skin.

The nerves that carry information to the central nervous system (CNS) are termed: A. motor nerves. B. endocrine nerves. C. sensory nerves. D. cerebrospinal nerves.

sensory nerves - sensory nerves TO the CNS, motor nerves AWAY from the CNS.

Identification of the various strains of N. meningitidis is through: A. Gram staining. B. serogrouping. C. fluorescent antibodies. D. titering.

serogrouping Neisseria meningitidis - gram-negative diplococcus with capsule. Most serious infections are due to serotypes A, B, C, W and Y.

Humans acquire the arbovirus that causes epidemic encephalitis by: A. the fecal-oral route. B. human to human contact. C. the bite of an infected mosquito. D. contaminated food.

the bite of an infected mosquito. But humans are an accidental dead end host. Birds, squirrels, etc - the virus can build up to concentration in blood that can use a mosquito as biological vector. In people it can't ever replicate to a high enough concentration.

The polio viruses usually enter the body through: A. the oral route. B. contaminated blood. C. cuts in the skin. D. the respiratory route.

the oral route Poliovirus is transmitted by the fecal-oral route. It enters the body orally, infects cells that line the throat and intestinal tract, and then invades the bloodstream. Rarely does the virus enter the CNS (motor neurons).

The symptom at the site of an animal bite that suggests rabies as a possible diagnosis is: A. inability to heal. B. blue-green pus. C. tingling or twitching. D. festering without fever.

tingling or twitching p.709 - the characteristic symptom is a tingling or twitching sensation at the sight of viral entry, usually an animal bite.

African sleeping sickness is transmitted by: A. ticks. B. black flies. C. Aedes mosquitoes. D. tsetse flies.

tsetse flies African Trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness) - Trypanosoma brucei - flagellated protozoa, slender with wavy undulating membranes and an anteriorly protruding flagellum - biological vector = tsetse fly of genus Glossina Two subspecies, morphologically identical. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and gambiense. R is acute disease and G is chronic disease. - grow in bursts as a glycoprotein is expressed on protozoan's surface and new antibiodes must be made to it.

The limited type of leprosy in which cell-mediated immunity suppresses proliferation of the bacilli is called: A. lepromatous. B. limited. C. immune. D. tuberculoid.

tuberculoid Cell-mediated immunity successfully stops the proliferating bacteria, is called tuberculoid leprosy (pauchibacillary) - this isn't transmitted. When cell-mediated immunity to M. leprae fails to develop or is suppresses, unrestricted growth of M. leprae occurs, leads to a form called lepromatous leprosy (multibacilliary). Mucus of throat/nose contain high number of pathogen and is easily transmitted to others.

The cavities inside the brain are termed: A. sinuses. B. ventricles. C. cavities. D. sulci.

ventricles - 4 ventricles, where cerebrospinal fluid is made, exits a base of brain and bathes brain/spinal cord CSF cushions and supports the brain and transports nutrients and other materials throughout the CNS.