Microbiology- Chapter 1-2
Carolus Linnaeus
He was a Swedish botanist.
Dark field microscope
The light comes from the side and not underneath
The Golden Age of Microbiology
A 60 year time period. It began with Pasteur's proposal of the germ theory of disease and it ended with the advent of World War 1.
Antibody
A highly specific protein produced by the body in response to a foreign substance, such as a bacterium or virus, and capable of binding to the substance
Nomenclature
A method of assigning specific identifying names
Koch postulate: 1
A microbe that has been found only in diseased animals is extracted from a specimen.
Prokaryote
A microorganism in the domain of Bacteria or Archaea composed of single cells having a single chromosome but no cell nucleus or other membrane bound compartments
Microbe (miccoorganism)
A microscopic form of life including bacterial, archaeal, fungal, and protozoal cells
Genus
A rank in the classification system of organism composed of one or more species; a collection of genera constitute a family
Gene probe
A short piece of single stranded DNA which is radioactively labeled that will hybridize with or bind to a complementary target DNA or RNA strand
Protozoan
A single-celled eukaryotic organism that lacks a cell wall and usually exhibits chemoheterotrophic metabolism
Virus
An infectious agent consisting of DNA or RNA and surrounded by a protein sheath; in some cases, a membranous envelope surrounds the coat
Eukaryote
An organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus with multiple chromosomes, a nuclear envelope, and membrane-bound compartments
Prokaryotic cells
Archaea, bacteria
Four Microbes
Bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoan
Eukarya
Eukaryote; included protista, animalia, fungi, and plantae
Plant cell
Example of a eukaryotic cell
Bacterial cell
Example of a prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cells
Fungi, protozoa, simple algae, human and plant cells.
Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Have ribosomes and flagella
Ernst H. Haeckel
He added the kingdom Protista to kingdoms Animalia and Plantae
Robert Hooke
He called threadlike fungi "elongated stalks". This became one of the first descriptions of a microbe.
Robert Whittaker
He came up with the 5 kingdom classification system which included, monera, fungi, and protista.
Aristotle
He came up with the classification Animalia and Plantae.
Robert Koch
He came up with the four postulates that were able to prove the germ theory of disease.
Carolus Linnaeus
He came up with the solution over the confusion over what to call organisms. He selected names for animals and plants using a Latin binomial name.
Carl Woese
He came up with the three superkingdoms: eubacteria, archaea, and eukara.
Robert Hooke
He experimented with the new invention, the microscope. With it he described the minute compartments of corks and dubbed them "cells".
Robert Whittaker
He implied a evolutionary lineage that was not implied in the 3 kingdom classification system
Louis Pastuer
He published a short paper in 1857 that set up the foundation for the germ theory of disease. He tried his best to prove this theory with his swan neck flask experiments, but he was unsuccessful.
Louis Pasteur
He was a French scientist. He was interested in microbes because he believed that they were agents in administering infectious diseases.
Robert Koch
He was a doctor. His primary interest was anthrax.
Robert Whittaker
He was an investigator at Cornell Iniversity
Louis Pasteur
He was once a professor of chemistry
Louis Pasteur
He was the one that figured out why wine was souring. He also figured out that to stop the wine from souring all you needed to do was remove all of the bacteria with heat.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
He would grind down lenses in order to magnify and observe cloth. He then used these lenses to observe different things.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
He would write to the Royal Society. In his letter on September 17, 1683 he described bacteria. This was one of the first descriptions of bacteria.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
In 1673 he saw microscopic forms. He named these animalcules. We now know that these were protozoan.
Bacteria
It is classified based on its shape (rod, spherical, and spiral)
Bacteria
It recycles elements from dead and decaying matter, purify waterways, and help produce many types of food. It is also the most adapted organism
Electron microscope
Magnification is much greater then a light microscope
Fungi
One of the five kingdoms in the Whittaker classification of living organisms; composed of the molds and yeasts
Eubacteria
Prokaryote; includes true bacteria
Archaea
Prokaryote; they were the first to evolve, and they differ from traditional bacteria
Monera
Prokaryotes, primarily bacteria
Biotechnology
The commerical application of genetic engineered using living organisms
Bacteria
The domain of living things that includes all organisms not classified as Archaea or Eukarya
Species
The fundamental rank in the classification system of organisms(more specific then genus)
Koch postulate: 2
The microbe is separated from the other tissue and a pure culture is prepared
Koch postulate: 3
The pure culture is inserted into a new, healthy specimen.
Koch postulate: 4
The same microbes are identified in this new specimen as were identified in the old one.
Taxonomy
The science dealing with the systemized arrangements of related living things in categories
Microbiology
The scientific study of microscopic organisms and viruses, and their roles in human disease as well as beneificial processes
Binomial system
The system in which a genus and a specific epithet are included in the correct way to classify
Bioremediation
The use of microoganism to degrade toxic wastes and other synthetic products of industrial pollution
Hyphae
These are the cells that join together in long, tangles filaments that make up fungi.
Protozoa
They are a diverse group of microbes, who differed structually from bacteria and viruses.
Algae
They are a large group of photosynthetic
Algae
They are a large group of photosynthetic organisms. The are plantlike because they contain photosynthetic pigment molecules, but are microbes because they are single-celled.
Fungi
They are the major decomposers of Earth
diatoms and dinoflagellates
They are the two important algal groups. They live in the ocean and are the basis for most food chains.
Protozoal cells
They contain a nuclei and have ultramicroscpoic cellular bodies in their cytoplasm.
Viruses
They don't grow, the don't give off waste, they don't display the characteristics of living things, and they don't reproduce independent of a host.
Fungi
They obtain nutrients by secreting enzymes into the environment and break down nearby organism, then they absorb the molecular particles of matter. They are considered multicellular organisms.
Mycelium
This is the network that makes up hyphae
The Golden Age of Microbiology
This was a time that involved a competition between the French and the Germans.
Systema Naturae
This was the book that Carolus Linnaeus wrote
Protista
Unicellular eukaryotes, protooak slime molds, algae, and taxonomic misfits
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Up to 100,000x and sees the surface in depth
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Up to 20,000,000x and views the inside of the specimen
Nanometers
Used for viruses(too small to see under the light microscope) and most eukaryotic organelles.
Fermentation
Used in the production of beer, wine, and bread. A metabolic pathway in which carbohydrates serve as electron donors, the final electron acceptor is not oxygen gas, and NADH is reoxidized to NAD+ for reuse in glycolysis for generation of ATP
Micrometers
Used to measure most organism in the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Florescence microscope
Uses UV light and dye in order to observe specimen
Confocal microscope
Uses lasers to observe specimen
Fungi
fungi, yeasts
