Microbiology- Chapter 1-2

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Carolus Linnaeus

He was a Swedish botanist.

Dark field microscope

The light comes from the side and not underneath

The Golden Age of Microbiology

A 60 year time period. It began with Pasteur's proposal of the germ theory of disease and it ended with the advent of World War 1.

Antibody

A highly specific protein produced by the body in response to a foreign substance, such as a bacterium or virus, and capable of binding to the substance

Nomenclature

A method of assigning specific identifying names

Koch postulate: 1

A microbe that has been found only in diseased animals is extracted from a specimen.

Prokaryote

A microorganism in the domain of Bacteria or Archaea composed of single cells having a single chromosome but no cell nucleus or other membrane bound compartments

Microbe (miccoorganism)

A microscopic form of life including bacterial, archaeal, fungal, and protozoal cells

Genus

A rank in the classification system of organism composed of one or more species; a collection of genera constitute a family

Gene probe

A short piece of single stranded DNA which is radioactively labeled that will hybridize with or bind to a complementary target DNA or RNA strand

Protozoan

A single-celled eukaryotic organism that lacks a cell wall and usually exhibits chemoheterotrophic metabolism

Virus

An infectious agent consisting of DNA or RNA and surrounded by a protein sheath; in some cases, a membranous envelope surrounds the coat

Eukaryote

An organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus with multiple chromosomes, a nuclear envelope, and membrane-bound compartments

Prokaryotic cells

Archaea, bacteria

Four Microbes

Bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoan

Eukarya

Eukaryote; included protista, animalia, fungi, and plantae

Plant cell

Example of a eukaryotic cell

Bacterial cell

Example of a prokaryotic cell

Eukaryotic cells

Fungi, protozoa, simple algae, human and plant cells.

Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Have ribosomes and flagella

Ernst H. Haeckel

He added the kingdom Protista to kingdoms Animalia and Plantae

Robert Hooke

He called threadlike fungi "elongated stalks". This became one of the first descriptions of a microbe.

Robert Whittaker

He came up with the 5 kingdom classification system which included, monera, fungi, and protista.

Aristotle

He came up with the classification Animalia and Plantae.

Robert Koch

He came up with the four postulates that were able to prove the germ theory of disease.

Carolus Linnaeus

He came up with the solution over the confusion over what to call organisms. He selected names for animals and plants using a Latin binomial name.

Carl Woese

He came up with the three superkingdoms: eubacteria, archaea, and eukara.

Robert Hooke

He experimented with the new invention, the microscope. With it he described the minute compartments of corks and dubbed them "cells".

Robert Whittaker

He implied a evolutionary lineage that was not implied in the 3 kingdom classification system

Louis Pastuer

He published a short paper in 1857 that set up the foundation for the germ theory of disease. He tried his best to prove this theory with his swan neck flask experiments, but he was unsuccessful.

Louis Pasteur

He was a French scientist. He was interested in microbes because he believed that they were agents in administering infectious diseases.

Robert Koch

He was a doctor. His primary interest was anthrax.

Robert Whittaker

He was an investigator at Cornell Iniversity

Louis Pasteur

He was once a professor of chemistry

Louis Pasteur

He was the one that figured out why wine was souring. He also figured out that to stop the wine from souring all you needed to do was remove all of the bacteria with heat.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

He would grind down lenses in order to magnify and observe cloth. He then used these lenses to observe different things.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

He would write to the Royal Society. In his letter on September 17, 1683 he described bacteria. This was one of the first descriptions of bacteria.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

In 1673 he saw microscopic forms. He named these animalcules. We now know that these were protozoan.

Bacteria

It is classified based on its shape (rod, spherical, and spiral)

Bacteria

It recycles elements from dead and decaying matter, purify waterways, and help produce many types of food. It is also the most adapted organism

Electron microscope

Magnification is much greater then a light microscope

Fungi

One of the five kingdoms in the Whittaker classification of living organisms; composed of the molds and yeasts

Eubacteria

Prokaryote; includes true bacteria

Archaea

Prokaryote; they were the first to evolve, and they differ from traditional bacteria

Monera

Prokaryotes, primarily bacteria

Biotechnology

The commerical application of genetic engineered using living organisms

Bacteria

The domain of living things that includes all organisms not classified as Archaea or Eukarya

Species

The fundamental rank in the classification system of organisms(more specific then genus)

Koch postulate: 2

The microbe is separated from the other tissue and a pure culture is prepared

Koch postulate: 3

The pure culture is inserted into a new, healthy specimen.

Koch postulate: 4

The same microbes are identified in this new specimen as were identified in the old one.

Taxonomy

The science dealing with the systemized arrangements of related living things in categories

Microbiology

The scientific study of microscopic organisms and viruses, and their roles in human disease as well as beneificial processes

Binomial system

The system in which a genus and a specific epithet are included in the correct way to classify

Bioremediation

The use of microoganism to degrade toxic wastes and other synthetic products of industrial pollution

Hyphae

These are the cells that join together in long, tangles filaments that make up fungi.

Protozoa

They are a diverse group of microbes, who differed structually from bacteria and viruses.

Algae

They are a large group of photosynthetic

Algae

They are a large group of photosynthetic organisms. The are plantlike because they contain photosynthetic pigment molecules, but are microbes because they are single-celled.

Fungi

They are the major decomposers of Earth

diatoms and dinoflagellates

They are the two important algal groups. They live in the ocean and are the basis for most food chains.

Protozoal cells

They contain a nuclei and have ultramicroscpoic cellular bodies in their cytoplasm.

Viruses

They don't grow, the don't give off waste, they don't display the characteristics of living things, and they don't reproduce independent of a host.

Fungi

They obtain nutrients by secreting enzymes into the environment and break down nearby organism, then they absorb the molecular particles of matter. They are considered multicellular organisms.

Mycelium

This is the network that makes up hyphae

The Golden Age of Microbiology

This was a time that involved a competition between the French and the Germans.

Systema Naturae

This was the book that Carolus Linnaeus wrote

Protista

Unicellular eukaryotes, protooak slime molds, algae, and taxonomic misfits

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Up to 100,000x and sees the surface in depth

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Up to 20,000,000x and views the inside of the specimen

Nanometers

Used for viruses(too small to see under the light microscope) and most eukaryotic organelles.

Fermentation

Used in the production of beer, wine, and bread. A metabolic pathway in which carbohydrates serve as electron donors, the final electron acceptor is not oxygen gas, and NADH is reoxidized to NAD+ for reuse in glycolysis for generation of ATP

Micrometers

Used to measure most organism in the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Florescence microscope

Uses UV light and dye in order to observe specimen

Confocal microscope

Uses lasers to observe specimen

Fungi

fungi, yeasts


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