Microbiology Chapter 1 and 3
Which of the following are the main functions of capsules and slime layers?
Adherence and Protection
What is involved in making a smear?
Air drying a liquid that has been placed on a glass slide and spreading a thin film of suspended cells on a glass slide
The glycocalyx is important in the ability of bacteria to cause infection because it may:
Allow the bacteria to adhere well to medical devices, help the bacteria evade immune defenses, and allow for the formation of biofilms.
What does selectively permeable mean?
Allows passage of only certain substances
What is the glycocalyx?
An extracellular polysaccharide coating that provides protection to the cell
_____ are prokaryotic single-celled organisms similar to bacteria that are capable of living in extreme very harsh environments (extremophiles).
Archaea
The three domains of the Woese system include the true bacteria in Domain Bacteria, the extreme prokaryotes in Domain _____, and the eukaryotic organisms in Domain _____.
Archaea and Eukaryota
All livings organisms belong to one of three domains:
Bacterial, Archaea, or Eukaryota
Which type of microscope forms its image when light is transmitted through a specimen in order to illuminate the field of view evenly?
Bright-field microscope
Which cell structure provides strength and rigidity to a cell?
Cell wall
Which of the following are considered internal structures of prokaryotic cells?
Chromosome, storage granules and ribosomes
What are the two most common shapes of bacterial cells?
Coccus and Bacillus (rod)
Which two scientists provided evidence about microbial heat-resistance and the presence of endospores?
Cohn and Tyndall
Which of the following relies on a multi-step staining procedure?
Differential stain
The main differences between light microscopes and electron microscopes are:
Electron microscopes use a beam of electrons and light microscopes transmit light through the specimen for visualization
For the organism Escherichia coli, what is the genus name?
Escherichia
Bacteria, such as Staphylococcus species, belong to the domain...
Eubacteria
Members of two of the three domains do not have a true nucleus in their cells. The one domain that does is the:
Eucarya
The cells of which microorganisms contain membrane-bound organelles?
Eucarya
_____ are long protein structures responsible for most types of prokaryotic motility.
Flagella
Which of the following are bacterial multicellular associations?
Fruiting bodies and biofilms
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis are bacteria that share the same:
Genus
What staining technique is most commonly used to differentiate most bacteria based on their cell wall structure?
Gram stain
Differential stains include:
Gram stain and Acid-fast stain
Lipopolysaccharide is a component of which cell type?
Gram-negative cells
The endospore stain is similar to the acid-fast stain in that:
Heat is applied to force the dye in
The term _____ refers to a multicellular parasite such as a roundworm or tapeworm.
Helminth
Plasmids, storage granules, and the cytoskeleton are _____ structures found in bacteria.
Internal
Microbes are useful in the study of higher life-forms because:
It is cheaper to study microbial life-forms, they have the basic same metabolic mechanisms, and microbes multiply quickly.
Which of the following is a membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes?
Lysosome
The enzyme _____, which breaks critical bonds in peptidoglycan, is found in tears, saliva, and many other bodily fluids.
Lysozyme
_____ is the ability to make an object appear larger.
Magnification
Where is DNA contained in eukaryotic cells?
Nucleus
At present, what is true regarding infectious disease trends?
Organisms that are not normally pathogenic are affecting people in greater numbers and Antibiotics no longer work against all pathogens
_____ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Osmosis
The additional lipid bilayer that characterizes gram-negative bacteria is called the _____ membrane.
Outer
Louis _____ helped disprove spontaneous generation.
Pasteur
_____ fills the region between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria.
Periplasm
Regarding cell structure, the functions of the cell wall include:
Preventing the cell from bursting and preventing destruction with changes in osmotic pressure
Which mechanisms of energy transformation match which types of organism?
Prokaryote -> Cytoplasmic membrane plays a critical role in transforming energy Eukaryotes -> Membrane-bound organelles transform energy
What two macromolecules make up the major components of cell membranes?
Proteins and Lipids
What is the primary function of the capsule?
Provides protection
Members of the Domain Bacteria...
Reproduce by binary fission, can move using flagella, and have cell walls that contain peptidoglycan
_____ power, also know as resolution, is the ability to show detail in an enlarged image.
Resolving
Which of the following is responsible for synthesizing proteins?
Ribosome
Many members of the Archaea have __-____, which are sheets of flat proteins or glycoprotein subunits.
S-layers
The two types of glycocalyx in bacteria are:
Slime layer and capsules
Which is correct regarding the capitalization of the organism "staphylococcus aureus?"
Staphylococcus aureus
Protozoa can be found in what type(s) of environments?
Terrestrial and aquatic
From a bacterium's perspective, what are the advantages of endospore formation?
The endospore is more resistant to disinfectants, endosperm are highly resistant to radiation and heat, and the endospore provides protection in dry conditions.
Benefits of normal microbiota include all of the following EXCEPT:
They damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of all microbes
Eukaryotic organisms are:
Unicellular or multicellular
A comma-shaped bacterium is specifically described as a(n) _____.
Vibrio
A _____ uses an infected host cell's machinery and nutrients for reproduction and assembly.
Virus
_____, consisting of either RNA or DNA within a protein coat, are included in the major groups of microbes even though they are nonliving agents.
Viruses
Which microbe(s) always has nucleus? a.) Protists b.) Archaea c.) Prion d.) Virus e.) Yeast
a.) Protists d.) Yeast
Which of the following are true of viruses? a.) Viruses are comprised of a nucleic acid within a protein coat b.) Viruses have cells c.) Viruses possess many organelles such as a nucleus d.) viruses are obligate intracellular parasites
a.) Viruses are comprised of a nucleic acid within a protein coat d.) viruses are obligate intracellular parasites
Staining involves:
applying dyes to specimens.
For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, which indicates the species name?
aureus
Which of the following are true regarding viruses? a.) Viruses are prokaryotic b.) Viruses are smaller than most bacteria c.) Viruses are nonliving d.) Viruses are acellular
b.) Viruses are smaller than most bacteria c.) Viruses are nonliving d.) Viruses are acellular
Cylindrical bacterial cells are called _____, whereas gently curved cylindrical cells are referred to as _____.
bacillus; vibrio
One difference between archaea and bacteria is that:
bacteria possess peptidoglycan in their cell walls
Refraction is the _____ of the light ray as it passes through a medium such as a lens.
bending
In the _____ system of nomenclature, organisms are assigned and identified by a two-word name representing the genus and species names.
binomial
Bacteria produce ethanol, hydrogen gas, and oils which have the potential to be used as _____.
biofuels
Designing organisms that can provide human products through genetic engineering or clean up environmental waste through bioremediation is part of the broader field of ...
biotechnology
Which of the following describes the Archaea? a.) Plant-like, unicellular organisms that obtain energy by photosynthesis b.) All prokaryotic cells are archaeons c.) A Prokaryote, some of which live in extreme, harsh environments d.) Eukaryotic cells that thrive in heat or salt environments
c.) A Prokaryote, some of which live in extreme, harsh environments
Archaea... a.) are extinct b.) have structured cellular organelles c.) are similar in appearance to bacteria d.) have a true nucleus
c.) are similar in appearance to bacteria
The development of the _____ established the science of microbiology by providing a means by which microorganisms can be viewed.
microscope
The presence of an outer membrane characterizes gram-_____ bacteria.
negative
The Binomial System of _____ is specifically the assignment of scientific names to organisms, whereas taxonomy involves the organization of these named organisms.
nomenclature
Plasmids carry _____ genes.
nonessential
In bacteria, the genetic material resides in an area called the _____.
nucleoid
The key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is the presence or absence of a _____.
nucleus
an _____ is any small, membrane-bound component found inside of an eukaryotic cell.
organelle
The lipid bilayer that is outside of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram-negative bacteria is called the _____ membrane.
outer
A _____ is the term used for any disease-causing microorganism.
pathogen
the strength of the bacterial cell wall is due to the layer of _____.
peptidoglycan
The lipid bilayer of the cytoplasmic membrane is composed of _____.
phospholipids
A _____ is typically a circular DNA molecule that is smaller than the chromosome and encodes non-essential characteristics that can be advantageous to a cell in certain situations.
plasmid
All _____ are microorganisms, but not all _____ are microorganisms.
prokaryotes; eukaryotes
The endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane-bound series of sacs and tubules that function in _____ production and _____ storage.
protein; lipid
Older diseases that were once under control but are becoming more common again are referred to as:
re-emerging diseases
A bacillus is a _____-shaped bacterial cell.
rod
For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, aureus indicates the specific epithet or _____ name.
species
A curved rod long enough to form spirals is a(n)_____.
spirillum
An environment or material that is completely free of all life form particles is referred to as
sterile
Bacteria use gas vesicles to float to the surface of water to better access _____ as a source energy.
sunlight
In the 1600s, van Leeuwenhoek developed a single-lens _____ which he used to view microbes.
microscope
Bacterial cells have _____ chromosomes(s).
1
Which of the following describes the function of the cell membrane?
A barrier between the interior and exterior of a cell
A spherically shaped bacterial cell is termed a(n) _____.
coccus
Which of the following is true regarding ALL prokaryotes? a.) Cause disease b.) Have peptidoglycan c.) Are motile d.) Lack a nucleus
d.) Lack a nucleus
The gram stain is an example of a(n) _____ stain because it separates bacteria based on their cell wall structure.
differential
The _____ _____ is a membrane-bound series of tubules that function in protein production and lipid storage.
endoplasmic reticulum
The process of _____ formation in bacteria is called sporulation.
endospore
A sterile environment is free of actively growing cells and dormant, heat-resistant life forms such as...
endospores
When viewed using a microscope, the object is magnified by a factor equal to the product of the magnifying powers of the _____ lens and the _____ lens.
eyepiece; objective
Pili are much shorter and thinner and have a different function that _____.
flagella
The _____ is a polysaccharide protective coating outside of the bacterial cell wall that is called either a capsule or slime layer based on its structure.
glycocalyx