Microbiology Chapter 1 and 3

Which of the following are the main functions of capsules and slime layers?

Adherence and Protection

What is involved in making a smear?

Air drying a liquid that has been placed on a glass slide and spreading a thin film of suspended cells on a glass slide

The glycocalyx is important in the ability of bacteria to cause infection because it may:

Allow the bacteria to adhere well to medical devices, help the bacteria evade immune defenses, and allow for the formation of biofilms.

What does selectively permeable mean?

Allows passage of only certain substances

What is the glycocalyx?

An extracellular polysaccharide coating that provides protection to the cell

_____ are prokaryotic single-celled organisms similar to bacteria that are capable of living in extreme very harsh environments (extremophiles).

Archaea

The three domains of the Woese system include the true bacteria in Domain Bacteria, the extreme prokaryotes in Domain _____, and the eukaryotic organisms in Domain _____.

Archaea and Eukaryota

All livings organisms belong to one of three domains:

Bacterial, Archaea, or Eukaryota

Which type of microscope forms its image when light is transmitted through a specimen in order to illuminate the field of view evenly?

Bright-field microscope

Which cell structure provides strength and rigidity to a cell?

Cell wall

Which of the following are considered internal structures of prokaryotic cells?

Chromosome, storage granules and ribosomes

What are the two most common shapes of bacterial cells?

Coccus and Bacillus (rod)

Which two scientists provided evidence about microbial heat-resistance and the presence of endospores?

Cohn and Tyndall

Which of the following relies on a multi-step staining procedure?

Differential stain

The main differences between light microscopes and electron microscopes are:

Electron microscopes use a beam of electrons and light microscopes transmit light through the specimen for visualization

For the organism Escherichia coli, what is the genus name?

Escherichia

Bacteria, such as Staphylococcus species, belong to the domain...

Eubacteria

Members of two of the three domains do not have a true nucleus in their cells. The one domain that does is the:

Eucarya

The cells of which microorganisms contain membrane-bound organelles?

Eucarya

_____ are long protein structures responsible for most types of prokaryotic motility.

Flagella

Which of the following are bacterial multicellular associations?

Fruiting bodies and biofilms

Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis are bacteria that share the same:

Genus

What staining technique is most commonly used to differentiate most bacteria based on their cell wall structure?

Gram stain

Differential stains include:

Gram stain and Acid-fast stain

Lipopolysaccharide is a component of which cell type?

Gram-negative cells

The endospore stain is similar to the acid-fast stain in that:

Heat is applied to force the dye in

The term _____ refers to a multicellular parasite such as a roundworm or tapeworm.

Helminth

Plasmids, storage granules, and the cytoskeleton are _____ structures found in bacteria.

Internal

Microbes are useful in the study of higher life-forms because:

It is cheaper to study microbial life-forms, they have the basic same metabolic mechanisms, and microbes multiply quickly.

Which of the following is a membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes?

Lysosome

The enzyme _____, which breaks critical bonds in peptidoglycan, is found in tears, saliva, and many other bodily fluids.

Lysozyme

_____ is the ability to make an object appear larger.

Magnification

Where is DNA contained in eukaryotic cells?

Nucleus

At present, what is true regarding infectious disease trends?

Organisms that are not normally pathogenic are affecting people in greater numbers and Antibiotics no longer work against all pathogens

_____ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Osmosis

The additional lipid bilayer that characterizes gram-negative bacteria is called the _____ membrane.

Outer

Louis _____ helped disprove spontaneous generation.

Pasteur

_____ fills the region between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria.

Periplasm

Regarding cell structure, the functions of the cell wall include:

Preventing the cell from bursting and preventing destruction with changes in osmotic pressure

Which mechanisms of energy transformation match which types of organism?

Prokaryote -> Cytoplasmic membrane plays a critical role in transforming energy Eukaryotes -> Membrane-bound organelles transform energy

What two macromolecules make up the major components of cell membranes?

Proteins and Lipids

What is the primary function of the capsule?

Provides protection

Members of the Domain Bacteria...

Reproduce by binary fission, can move using flagella, and have cell walls that contain peptidoglycan

_____ power, also know as resolution, is the ability to show detail in an enlarged image.

Resolving

Which of the following is responsible for synthesizing proteins?

Ribosome

Many members of the Archaea have __-____, which are sheets of flat proteins or glycoprotein subunits.

S-layers

The two types of glycocalyx in bacteria are:

Slime layer and capsules

Which is correct regarding the capitalization of the organism "staphylococcus aureus?"

Staphylococcus aureus

Protozoa can be found in what type(s) of environments?

Terrestrial and aquatic

From a bacterium's perspective, what are the advantages of endospore formation?

The endospore is more resistant to disinfectants, endosperm are highly resistant to radiation and heat, and the endospore provides protection in dry conditions.

Benefits of normal microbiota include all of the following EXCEPT:

They damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of all microbes

Eukaryotic organisms are:

Unicellular or multicellular

A comma-shaped bacterium is specifically described as a(n) _____.

Vibrio

A _____ uses an infected host cell's machinery and nutrients for reproduction and assembly.

Virus

_____, consisting of either RNA or DNA within a protein coat, are included in the major groups of microbes even though they are nonliving agents.

Viruses

Which microbe(s) always has nucleus? a.) Protists b.) Archaea c.) Prion d.) Virus e.) Yeast

a.) Protists d.) Yeast

Which of the following are true of viruses? a.) Viruses are comprised of a nucleic acid within a protein coat b.) Viruses have cells c.) Viruses possess many organelles such as a nucleus d.) viruses are obligate intracellular parasites

a.) Viruses are comprised of a nucleic acid within a protein coat d.) viruses are obligate intracellular parasites

Staining involves:

applying dyes to specimens.

For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, which indicates the species name?

aureus

Which of the following are true regarding viruses? a.) Viruses are prokaryotic b.) Viruses are smaller than most bacteria c.) Viruses are nonliving d.) Viruses are acellular

b.) Viruses are smaller than most bacteria c.) Viruses are nonliving d.) Viruses are acellular

Cylindrical bacterial cells are called _____, whereas gently curved cylindrical cells are referred to as _____.

bacillus; vibrio

One difference between archaea and bacteria is that:

bacteria possess peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Refraction is the _____ of the light ray as it passes through a medium such as a lens.

bending

In the _____ system of nomenclature, organisms are assigned and identified by a two-word name representing the genus and species names.

binomial

Bacteria produce ethanol, hydrogen gas, and oils which have the potential to be used as _____.

biofuels

Designing organisms that can provide human products through genetic engineering or clean up environmental waste through bioremediation is part of the broader field of ...

biotechnology

Which of the following describes the Archaea? a.) Plant-like, unicellular organisms that obtain energy by photosynthesis b.) All prokaryotic cells are archaeons c.) A Prokaryote, some of which live in extreme, harsh environments d.) Eukaryotic cells that thrive in heat or salt environments

c.) A Prokaryote, some of which live in extreme, harsh environments

Archaea... a.) are extinct b.) have structured cellular organelles c.) are similar in appearance to bacteria d.) have a true nucleus

c.) are similar in appearance to bacteria

The development of the _____ established the science of microbiology by providing a means by which microorganisms can be viewed.

microscope

The presence of an outer membrane characterizes gram-_____ bacteria.

negative

The Binomial System of _____ is specifically the assignment of scientific names to organisms, whereas taxonomy involves the organization of these named organisms.

nomenclature

Plasmids carry _____ genes.

nonessential

In bacteria, the genetic material resides in an area called the _____.

nucleoid

The key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is the presence or absence of a _____.

nucleus

an _____ is any small, membrane-bound component found inside of an eukaryotic cell.

organelle

The lipid bilayer that is outside of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram-negative bacteria is called the _____ membrane.

outer

A _____ is the term used for any disease-causing microorganism.

pathogen

the strength of the bacterial cell wall is due to the layer of _____.

peptidoglycan

The lipid bilayer of the cytoplasmic membrane is composed of _____.

phospholipids

A _____ is typically a circular DNA molecule that is smaller than the chromosome and encodes non-essential characteristics that can be advantageous to a cell in certain situations.

plasmid

All _____ are microorganisms, but not all _____ are microorganisms.

prokaryotes; eukaryotes

The endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane-bound series of sacs and tubules that function in _____ production and _____ storage.

protein; lipid

Older diseases that were once under control but are becoming more common again are referred to as:

re-emerging diseases

A bacillus is a _____-shaped bacterial cell.

rod

For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, aureus indicates the specific epithet or _____ name.

species

A curved rod long enough to form spirals is a(n)_____.

spirillum

An environment or material that is completely free of all life form particles is referred to as

sterile

Bacteria use gas vesicles to float to the surface of water to better access _____ as a source energy.

sunlight

In the 1600s, van Leeuwenhoek developed a single-lens _____ which he used to view microbes.

microscope

Bacterial cells have _____ chromosomes(s).

1

Which of the following describes the function of the cell membrane?

A barrier between the interior and exterior of a cell

A spherically shaped bacterial cell is termed a(n) _____.

coccus

Which of the following is true regarding ALL prokaryotes? a.) Cause disease b.) Have peptidoglycan c.) Are motile d.) Lack a nucleus

d.) Lack a nucleus

The gram stain is an example of a(n) _____ stain because it separates bacteria based on their cell wall structure.

differential

The _____ _____ is a membrane-bound series of tubules that function in protein production and lipid storage.

endoplasmic reticulum

The process of _____ formation in bacteria is called sporulation.

endospore

A sterile environment is free of actively growing cells and dormant, heat-resistant life forms such as...

endospores

When viewed using a microscope, the object is magnified by a factor equal to the product of the magnifying powers of the _____ lens and the _____ lens.

eyepiece; objective

Pili are much shorter and thinner and have a different function that _____.

flagella

The _____ is a polysaccharide protective coating outside of the bacterial cell wall that is called either a capsule or slime layer based on its structure.

glycocalyx