Microbiology Chapter 12: Drugs, Microbes, Host- The Elements of Chemotherapy
Which "formation" is produced by some microbes which in turn makes them resistant to some antimicrobial compounds and the shear force of moving liquids?
Biofilm
Use of which type of antibiotic can have far reaching affects on beneficial resident species?
Broad-spectrum
_____________ is another name for polymyxin E.
Colistin
The inability of a drug to _________ into a body compartment, such as the brain or joints, will render the drug ineffective.
Diffuse
The inability of a drug to _____________ into a body compartment, such as the brain or joints, will render the drug ineffective.
Diffuse
True or false: Drug resistance only arises from an organism gaining the genetic information for the resistance from another organism.
False
True or false: Natural selection for drug-resistant forms of bacteria is rare.
False
Which of the following bacteria are normally not tested for drug susceptibility?
Group A streptococci
Which of the following is not a side effect associated with antimicrobial drugs?
Host cell metabolism of drug
An allergy is caused by a hypersensitive response from which system?
Immune
Which of the following bacteria are routinely tested for drug susceptibility?
1. Enterococcus faecalis 2. Staphylococcus sp. 3. Aerobic Gram-negative enteric bacilli
Advantages of semisynthetic penicillins over natural penicillins include which of the following?
1. Increased movement across gram-negative cell walls 2. Increased spectrum
Which of the following is a substance produced by natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or kill other microorganisms?
Antibiotic
______________ chemotherapy is the use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infections and diseases caused by many types of microorganisms.
Antimicrobial
Identify the first tetracycline discovered.
Aureomycin
Direct examination of body fluids, sputum, and stool can provide a rapid detection method for which of the following?
Bacteria or Fungi
An antibiotic that is only effective against a limited array of different microbes is called a(n) ___________ spectrum antibiotic
Narrow
Bacitracin is an antibiotic with which spectra of activity?
Narrow
Which term describes the process of some microbes dying while others live in the presence of antimicrobial agents?
Natural selection
Which groups of people may have greater risks to antimicrobials?
Pregnant women Infants Elderly
____________ penicillins are drugs that, after being naturally produced by bacteria, are chemically modified in the laboratory.
Semisynthetic
Synercid is effective against members of which genera?
Streptococcus Enterococcus Staphylococcus
When antimicrobial therapy destroys beneficial resident microbes and allows an overgrowth of drug-resistant microorganisms, it is called which of the following?
Superinfection
The outer membrane of some Gram- ________________ bacteria act as natural barriers to some drugs.
negative
If the bacterium causing a sore throat is Streptococcus pyogenes, a physician can normally prescribe the antibiotic, __________
Penicillin
Which of the following are the three factors that should be known before selecting an antimicrobial drug?
1. The nature of the infecting agent 2. The sensitivity of the infecting agent 3. The overall health of the patient
Approximately what percent of infections involve biofilms?
60%
Which of the following is a hypersensitive response to a particular substance by the immune system?
Allergy
Which two semisynthetic penicillins can be used against Gram-negative bacteria?
Amoxicillin Ampicillin
Which of the following are side effects associated with antimicrobial drugs?
Disruptance of normal flora allergic reactions damage to tissues
The tolerance of an antimicrobial agent at a level which would normally be inhibitory is called which of the following?
Drug resistance
Antacids reduce the absorption of which drug?
Isoniazid
Polymyxin B and E are toxic to which organ?
Kidneys
Drug therapy may fail because the infection is caused by a(n) ____________ culture (more than one species).
Mixed
Drug resistance occurs with spontaneous ___________ or gene transfer form another species
Mutations
Which of the following are quinolones?
Norfloxacin Ciprofloxacin
Tetracyclines inhibit which of the following?
Protein Synthesis
The ending -floxacin is used for which category of drugs?
Quinolones
What is the overall goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?
To destroy the infective agent without harming the patient
Synercid binds to ribosomes inhibiting the process of
Translation
Synercid binds to ribosomes inhibiting the process of __________
Translation
True or false: Microorganisms that produce antibiotics in their natural habitat may have a selective advantage over neighboring microbes.
True
True or false: Most tissues are susceptible to adverse effects caused by the use of antimicrobial therapy.
True
True or false: The nature and sensitivity of the microorganism need to be considered before antimicrobial treatment begins.
True