Microbiology Chapter 12: Drugs, Microbes, Host- The Elements of Chemotherapy

Which "formation" is produced by some microbes which in turn makes them resistant to some antimicrobial compounds and the shear force of moving liquids?

Biofilm

Use of which type of antibiotic can have far reaching affects on beneficial resident species?

Broad-spectrum

_____________ is another name for polymyxin E.

Colistin

The inability of a drug to _________ into a body compartment, such as the brain or joints, will render the drug ineffective.

Diffuse

The inability of a drug to _____________ into a body compartment, such as the brain or joints, will render the drug ineffective.

Diffuse

True or false: Drug resistance only arises from an organism gaining the genetic information for the resistance from another organism.

False

True or false: Natural selection for drug-resistant forms of bacteria is rare.

False

Which of the following bacteria are normally not tested for drug susceptibility?

Group A streptococci

Which of the following is not a side effect associated with antimicrobial drugs?

Host cell metabolism of drug

An allergy is caused by a hypersensitive response from which system?

Immune

Which of the following bacteria are routinely tested for drug susceptibility?

1. Enterococcus faecalis 2. Staphylococcus sp. 3. Aerobic Gram-negative enteric bacilli

Advantages of semisynthetic penicillins over natural penicillins include which of the following?

1. Increased movement across gram-negative cell walls 2. Increased spectrum

Which of the following is a substance produced by natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or kill other microorganisms?

Antibiotic

______________ chemotherapy is the use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infections and diseases caused by many types of microorganisms.

Antimicrobial

Identify the first tetracycline discovered.

Aureomycin

Direct examination of body fluids, sputum, and stool can provide a rapid detection method for which of the following?

Bacteria or Fungi

An antibiotic that is only effective against a limited array of different microbes is called a(n) ___________ spectrum antibiotic

Narrow

Bacitracin is an antibiotic with which spectra of activity?

Narrow

Which term describes the process of some microbes dying while others live in the presence of antimicrobial agents?

Natural selection

Which groups of people may have greater risks to antimicrobials?

Pregnant women Infants Elderly

____________ penicillins are drugs that, after being naturally produced by bacteria, are chemically modified in the laboratory.

Semisynthetic

Synercid is effective against members of which genera?

Streptococcus Enterococcus Staphylococcus

When antimicrobial therapy destroys beneficial resident microbes and allows an overgrowth of drug-resistant microorganisms, it is called which of the following?

Superinfection

The outer membrane of some Gram- ________________ bacteria act as natural barriers to some drugs.

negative

If the bacterium causing a sore throat is Streptococcus pyogenes, a physician can normally prescribe the antibiotic, __________

Penicillin

Which of the following are the three factors that should be known before selecting an antimicrobial drug?

1. The nature of the infecting agent 2. The sensitivity of the infecting agent 3. The overall health of the patient

Approximately what percent of infections involve biofilms?

60%

Which of the following is a hypersensitive response to a particular substance by the immune system?

Allergy

Which two semisynthetic penicillins can be used against Gram-negative bacteria?

Amoxicillin Ampicillin

Which of the following are side effects associated with antimicrobial drugs?

Disruptance of normal flora allergic reactions damage to tissues

The tolerance of an antimicrobial agent at a level which would normally be inhibitory is called which of the following?

Drug resistance

Antacids reduce the absorption of which drug?

Isoniazid

Polymyxin B and E are toxic to which organ?

Kidneys

Drug therapy may fail because the infection is caused by a(n) ____________ culture (more than one species).

Mixed

Drug resistance occurs with spontaneous ___________ or gene transfer form another species

Mutations

Which of the following are quinolones?

Norfloxacin Ciprofloxacin

Tetracyclines inhibit which of the following?

Protein Synthesis

The ending -floxacin is used for which category of drugs?

Quinolones

What is the overall goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?

To destroy the infective agent without harming the patient

Synercid binds to ribosomes inhibiting the process of

Translation

Synercid binds to ribosomes inhibiting the process of __________

Translation

True or false: Microorganisms that produce antibiotics in their natural habitat may have a selective advantage over neighboring microbes.

True

True or false: Most tissues are susceptible to adverse effects caused by the use of antimicrobial therapy.

True

True or false: The nature and sensitivity of the microorganism need to be considered before antimicrobial treatment begins.

True