Microbiology Chapter 13 Pt 2
As RNA polymerase synthesizes the transcript, new nucleotides are added to the _____________ end of the growing chain.
3'
During RNA synthesis, the newly synthesized strand is created in the _______ direction. Multiple choice question. 5' to 3' C terminus to N terminus N terminus to C terminus 3' to 5'
5' to 3'
The amino acid is always bound via a covalent bond to the terminal _____ on the acceptor stem of a tRNA molecule. Multiple choice question. U C G A
A
The amino acid is always bound via a covalent bond to the terminal _____ on the acceptor stem of a tRNA molecule. Multiple choice question. U G A C
A
Protein synthesis proceeds in one direction. The first amino acid added will form the ______________ terminus of the protein, while the last one added will form the _________________ terminus of the protein.
N, C
Bacteria typically begin their protein synthesis with a certain modified amino acid. What is this amino acid? Multiple choice question. Glycine Selenocysteine Methionine N-formylmethionine Pyrrolysine
N-formylmethionine
Each codon on the mRNA molecule is recognized and bound by the ________________ present on the tRNA molecule.
anticodon
The correct assembly of the 30S initiation complex for translation initiation is facilitated _____. Multiple select question. by initiation factor 1 by initiation factor 3 spontaneously by initiation factor 2
by initiation factor 1 by initiation factor 2
In translation elongation, each new amino acid is added to the _____ terminus of the polypeptide. Multiple choice question. carboxyl 3' amino 5'
carboxyl
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are enzymes that form a(n) __________________ bond between an amino acid and the 3' acceptor stem of a(n) ______________ molecule.
covalent, tRNA
The function of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase is to _____. Multiple choice question. noncovalently bind an amino acid to the 3' acceptor stem covalently bind an amino acid to the 3' acceptor stem noncovalently bind an amino acid to the anticodon synthesize tRNA molecules covalently bind an amino acid to the anticodon
covalently bind an amino acid to the 3' acceptor stem
The function of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase is to _____. Multiple choice question. synthesize tRNA molecules noncovalently bind an amino acid to the anticodon covalently bind an amino acid to the 3' acceptor stem noncovalently bind an amino acid to the 3' acceptor stem covalently bind an amino acid to the anticodon
covalently bind an amino acid to the 3' acceptor stem
In factor-________________ termination of transcription, a separate protein 'follows' the transcription bubble and 'catches up' to it when the RNA polymerase pauses at the terminator region, causing the core enzyme to dissociate from the DNA.
dependent
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence. In bacteria, ____________ factor Tu binds GTP first, then brings the amino acid/tRNA to the A site of the ribosome.
elongation
There are three stages of translation: initiation, _________________, and termination.
elongation
True or false: All genes code for proteins. True false question. True False
false
The N terminus of a protein is the _____. Multiple choice question. free amino group of the last amino acid in the protein free carboxyl group of the last amino acid in the protein free carboxyl group of the first amino acid in the protein free amino group of the first amino acid in the protein
free amino group of the first amino acid in the protein
The C terminus of a protein is the _____. Multiple choice question. free amino group of the last amino acid in the protein free amino group of the first amino acid in the protein free carboxyl group of the first amino acid in the protein free carboxyl group of the last amino acid in the protein
free carboxyl group of the last amino acid in the protein
Question Mode Multiple Choice Question The correct assembly of the 70S initiation complex for translation initiation is facilitated by _____. Multiple choice question. initiation factor 1 initiation factor 2 initiation factor 3
initiation factor 3
The term _________________-tRNA is used to describe the N-formylmethionine-tRNA that is used in bacteria to deliver the initial amino acid used in protein synthesis to the ribosome.
initiator
The coding region of a gene _____. Multiple choice question. is between the start and stop codons is the entire messenger RNA molecule is between the promoter and terminator must have a Shine-Dalgarno sequence
is between the start and stop codons
The Shine-Dalgarno sequence __________. [Choose two.] Multiple select question. is found in organisms of all three domains is found in bacteria is located on DNA and is a site for RNA polymerase binding is located in mRNA and is important in the initiation of translation is located on DNA and is a site for ribosome binding is found in proteins
is found in bacteria is located in mRNA and is important in the initiation of translation
By using different sigma factors with their own distinct consensus sequences in the ______________ regions of different genes, bacteria can regulate when different genes are transcribed.
promoter
By using different sigma factors with their own distinct consensus sequences in the _______________ regions of different genes, bacteria can regulate when different genes are transcribed.
promoter
The energy to fuel transcription derives from _____. Multiple choice question. the proton motive force ATP pyrophosphate hydrolysis GTP
pyrophosphate hydrolysis
The enzyme RNA polymerase is composed of six subunits, two α, β, β', δ, and σ. The complete functional enzyme is said to exhibit _____ structure. Multiple choice question. quaternary secondary tertiary primary
quaternary
The feature of the -10 promoter region that allows the strands to separate is _____. Multiple choice question. its close proximity to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and start codon its sequence similarity with the origin of replication its likelihood of being positively supercoiled that it is AT-rich, with fewer hydrogen bonds between the strands
that it is AT-rich, with fewer hydrogen bonds between the strands
The three sites in the translational domain of the ribosome are _____. Multiple choice question. the mRNA, the tRNA, and the amino acid the A, P, and E sites the 30S, 50S, and 5S subunits
the A, P, and E sites
Primary protein structure is _____. Multiple choice question. the pairing of multiple protein subunits together to form the functional complete unit the folding of a protein onto itself to form a 3D shape the linear sequence of amino acids of a protein the central carbon atom with an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and side chain attached to it
the linear sequence of amino acids of a protein
The coding region of a gene typically begins with _____. Multiple choice question. the Pribnow box the promoter the Shine-Dalgarno sequence the start codon
the start codon
The coding region of a gene typically begins with _____. Multiple choice question. the Shine-Dalgarno sequence the Pribnow box the start codon the promoter
the start codon
Amino acids can be differentiated based on _____. Multiple choice question. the number of amino groups they possess which carboxylic acid group they possess the structure of their side chain (R group) the pH that they are soluble in
the structure of their side chain (R group)
The UGA, UAG, and UAA codons are _____. Multiple choice question. the site for the attachment of terminator factor proteins to shut down transcription the beginning point of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence used to initiate translation the first possible codons in the reading frame of mRNA molecules the three possible stop codons at the end of the reading frame of mRNA molecules
the three possible stop codons at the end of the reading frame of mRNA molecules
Two important sites recognized by the sigma subunit and used to direct RNA polymerase core enzyme to the gene to be transcribed are the ______ and ______ sites. Multiple choice question. promoter; terminator leader; trailer start codon; Shine-Dalgarno -35; -10
-35; -10
Which of the following statements regarding translation elongation are false? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. An amino acid matching the mRNA codon is added to the C-terminus of the polypeptide as the ribosome moves down the mRNA in the 3' to 5' direction. An amino acid matching the mRNA codon is added to the N-terminus of the polypeptide as the ribosome moves down the mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction. An amino acid matching the mRNA codon is added to the C-terminus of the polypeptide as the ribosome moves down the mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction.
An amino acid matching the mRNA codon is added to the C-terminus of the polypeptide as the ribosome moves down the mRNA in the 3' to 5' direction. An amino acid matching the mRNA codon is added to the N-terminus of the polypeptide as the ribosome moves down the mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction.
In factor-independent transcription termination, termination occurs is because the A-rich _____ region is transcribed into a U-rich region on the ____ molecule. The multiple A-U base pairs are not strong enough to hold the DNA and RNA together in the transcription bubble, so they dissociate. Multiple choice question. DNA; RNA RNA; RNA DNA; DNA RNA; DNA
DNA; RNA
Different sigma factors can bind different consensus sequences in the promoters for different genes. Why is this a useful thing for bacteria? Multiple choice question. Separate consensus sequences means a single sigma factor can promote transcription of different types of genes. Different sigma factors can direct RNA polymerase to different sets of genes to transcribe. Bacteria need to employ a separate sigma factor for each different gene to be transcribed. Different sigma factors can direct ribosomes to different genes to translate into proteins.
Different sigma factors can direct RNA polymerase to different sets of genes to transcribe.
Much like transcription and DNA replication, there are multiple stages of protein translation. The first stage is initiation. What are the second and third stages, in the correct order? Multiple choice question. Activation; elongation Catalysis; activation Elongation; termination Synthesis; sense codon regulation
Elongation; termination
The energy source for translation initiation is the hydrolysis of _____. Multiple choice question. GTP to GDP ATP to AMP + PPi ATP to ADP GTP to GMP + PPi
GTP to GDP
How are RNA polymerase core enzyme and RNA polymerase holoenzyme different? Multiple choice question. Only core enzyme can synthesize RNA. Core enzyme includes the sigma factor. Holoenzyme includes the sigma factor. Holoenzyme cannot recognize a promoter.
Holoenzyme includes the sigma factor.
Which of the following is the energy source for translation initiation? Multiple choice question. Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP Hydrolysis of pyrophosphate Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP Proton motive force
Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP
Which of the following is the energy source for translation initiation? Multiple choice question. Hydrolysis of pyrophosphate Proton motive force Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP
Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP
Which three of the following properties are used to categorize amino acids? Multiple select question. Protonated form of the amino group attached to the α carbon Presence of a nonpolar side chain Number of amino groups attached to the α carbon Protonated form of the carboxyl group attached to the α carbon Presence of a charged side chain Presence of a polar side chain
Presence of a nonpolar side chain Presence of a charged side chain Presence of a polar side chain
Which three of the following properties are used to categorize amino acids? Multiple select question. Protonated form of the carboxyl group attached to the α carbon Presence of a polar side chain Presence of a nonpolar side chain Presence of a charged side chain Number of amino groups attached to the α carbon Protonated form of the amino group attached to the α carbon
Presence of a polar side chain Presence of a nonpolar side chain Presence of a charged side chain
Question Mode Multiple Choice Question ______ is produced as a leftover when ribonucleoside monophosphates are incorporated into the growing RNA chain. Multiple choice question. tRNA sigma factor Pyrophosphate UTP
Pyrophosphate
_______________uses the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose and the base uracil instead of thymine.
RNA
Which of the following statements is false regarding the RNA polymerase core enzyme? Multiple choice question. RNA polymerase core enzyme cannot recognize a promoter sequence. RNA polymerase core enzyme catalyzes RNA synthesis. RNA polymerase core enzyme is responsible for transcription. RNA polymerase core enzyme has five types of polypeptide chains: α, β, β', ω, and σ.
RNA polymerase core enzyme has five types of polypeptide chains: α, β, β', ω, and σ.
Which of the following statements is false regarding the RNA polymerase core enzyme? Multiple choice question. RNA polymerase core enzyme is responsible for transcription. RNA polymerase core enzyme has five types of polypeptide chains: α, β, β', ω, and σ. RNA polymerase core enzyme catalyzes RNA synthesis. RNA polymerase core enzyme cannot recognize a promoter sequence.
RNA polymerase core enzyme has five types of polypeptide chains: α, β, β', ω, and σ.
The function of the promoter is to align the _____. Multiple choice question. RNA polymerase on the gene for transcription RNA polymerase on the gene for translation DNA polymerase on the gene for replication ribosome on the DNA for translation
RNA polymerase on the gene for transcription
Transcription is the synthesis of _______________ from a DNA template. The product will possess a sequence ______________________ to the DNA template directing its synthesis.
RNA, complementary
RNA can become double-stranded as _____. Multiple choice question. a single-stranded RNA molecule folds onto itself, forming covalent bonds between bases a single-stranded RNA molecule folds onto itself, forming noncovalent hydrogen bonds between bases separate but complementary RNA strands are linked together by covalent bonds
a single-stranded RNA molecule folds onto itself, forming noncovalent hydrogen bonds between bases
RNA can become double-stranded as _____. Multiple choice question. a single-stranded RNA molecule folds onto itself, forming covalent bonds between bases separate but complementary RNA strands are linked together by covalent bonds a single-stranded RNA molecule folds onto itself, forming noncovalent hydrogen bonds between bases
a single-stranded RNA molecule folds onto itself, forming noncovalent hydrogen bonds between bases
The site common to all tRNA molecules where the amino acid is covalently attached is the ____. Multiple choice question. codon anticodon activator stem (or end) acceptor stem (or end)
acceptor stem (or end)
The process in which amino acids are covalently bound to a tRNA molecule by an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase is known as ______. Multiple choice question. amino acid activation wobble translation translocation
amino acid activation
Proteins are also known as polypeptides because they are polymers of _____. Multiple choice question. amino acids linked by hydrogen bonds amino acids linked by peptide bonds nitrogenous bases linked by hydrogen bonds sugars linked by peptide bonds
amino acids linked by peptide bonds
A(n) ________________ can be defined as a polynucleotide sequence that codes for one or more functional products (e.g., mRNA/protein, tRNA or rRNA).
gene
A polycistronic mRNA _____. Multiple choice question. possesses a single gene coding region to make several proteins has a single start and stop codon is composed of multiple coding region exons and noncoding introns has multiple gene coding regions for several polypeptides
has multiple gene coding regions for several polypeptides
In the ribosome's translational domain, the P site _____. Multiple choice question. holds the tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide receives tRNAs carrying the next amino acid to be added temporarily holds the tRNA after the polypeptide has been detached
holds the tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide
In the ribosome's translational domain, the P site _____. Multiple choice question. temporarily holds the tRNA after the polypeptide has been detached receives tRNAs carrying the next amino acid to be added holds the tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide
holds the tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide
Factor-___________________ transcription termination results when an A-rich region and an inverted repeat is transcribed and folds back on itself, forming a hairpin loop.
independent
This mRNA can be identified as a polycistronic mRNA because _____. Multiple choice question. there is only a single leader sequence it has more than one coding region the leader region is at the 5' end there is only a single trailer sequence
it has more than one coding region
Multiple Choice Question The template strand DNA sequence 3'-TAC-5' is critical because _____. Multiple choice question. it is transcribed into 5'-AUG-3' in the mRNA, which is the start codon that sequence is the start codon it provides the signal for a ribosome to bind and begin translation it is the site of RNA polymerase binding for transcription
it is transcribed into 5'-AUG-3' in the mRNA, which is the start codon
The template strand DNA sequence 3'-TAC-5' is critical because _____. Multiple choice question. it is transcribed into 5'-AUG-3' in the mRNA, which is the start codon it provides the signal for a ribosome to bind and begin translation that sequence is the start codon it is the site of RNA polymerase binding for transcription
it is transcribed into 5'-AUG-3' in the mRNA, which is the start codon
The Shine-Dalgarno sequence is located on _____________ molecules and is important in the initiation of ___________________.
mRNA, translation
Code degeneracy and "wobble" in the genetic code means that _____. Multiple choice question. multiple codons can bind with the same anticodon on a tRNA molecule multiple anticodons can bind with the same codon on an mRNA molecule as evolution progresses, the genetic code becomes unstable and causes proteins to be encoded in a different manner as the mRNA ages, it may allow incorporation of the wrong amino acids into the protein
multiple codons can bind with the same anticodon on a tRNA molecule
Single-stranded RNA that has folded onto itself can become partially double-stranded through ______________ bond interactions.
noncovalent
Stating that the first amino acid in a protein forms the N terminus and the last forms the C terminus means that protein synthesis ____. Multiple choice question. occurs randomly cleaves amino acids one at a time to harvest amino groups and carboxyl groups for protein synthesis. requires a great deal of energy occurs in a directional fashion
occurs in a directional fashion
A gene can be defined as a polynucleotide sequence that codes for _____. Multiple choice question. one or more functional products a polypeptide a ribosomal RNA a transfer RNA
one or more functional products
Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by ______. Multiple choice question. phosphodiester bonds hydrogen bonds covalent bonds peptide bonds
peptide bonds
A single stranded ______________________ , mRNA molecule contains multiple coding regions that can be translated into several polypeptides by ribosomes.
polycistronic
The linear sequence of amino acids is the ___________ protein structure.
primary
The enzyme RNA polymerase is composed of six subunits, two α, β, β', δ, and σ. The complete functional enzyme is said to exhibit _____ structure. Multiple choice question. secondary tertiary quaternary primary
quaternary
The interaction of multiple polypeptide subunits into a final functional form is the _____________ level of protein structure.
quaternary
In mRNA, the sequence of codons is "read" in only one way, termed the _____________ ______________.
reading frame
In the ribosome's translational domain, the A site _____. Multiple choice question. receives tRNAs carrying the next amino acid to be added holds the tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide temporarily holds the tRNA after the polypeptide has been detached
receives tRNAs carrying the next amino acid to be added
The sigma factor of bacterial RNA polymerase enables the enzyme to _____. Multiple choice question. transcribe both monocistronic and polycistronic operons distinguish ribonucleotides from deoxyribonucleotides transcribe rRNA and tRNA genes recognize the promoter
recognize the promoter
Stop codons are recognized by the ribosome with the assistance of ______________ factors.
release
The rho factor binds to a site on the mRNA called the _____ and follows the RNA polymerase as it transcribes through the coding region. Multiple choice question. Pribnow box rut site promoter terminator
rut site
The interaction of side chain groups on amino acids, folding a protein into a three dimensional shape, is considered the _____________________ and __________________levels of protein structure.
secondary, tertiary
The __________________ factor subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase recognizes a sequence of six bases about 35 base pairs before the transcription start point and a TATAAT sequence (the Pribnow box) about 10 base pairs before the transcription start point.
sigma
The component of RNA polymerase holoenzyme that recognizes a promoter is called ____________________ ____________________.
sigma factor
A ______________ codon in the mRNA molecule results in translation termination. This will signal the end of the protein and stop the large, enzyme complex known as the _______________ that is responsible for translation.
stop, ribosome
Transcription is _____. Multiple choice question. replication of DNA synthesis of RNA using tRNA's enzymatic activities synthesis of RNA from a DNA template synthesis of protein under the direction of mRNA
synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
When an amino acid is covalently bound to a tRNA molecule by aminoacyl-tRNA ________________ enzyme, the tRNA is said to be ________________.
synthetase, activated
In the ribosome's translational domain, the E site _____. Multiple choice question. holds the tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide receives tRNAs carrying the next amino acid to be added temporarily holds the tRNA after the polypeptide has been detached
temporarily holds the tRNA after the polypeptide has been detached
In the ribosome's translational domain, the E site _____. Multiple choice question. temporarily holds the tRNA after the polypeptide has been detached holds the tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide receives tRNAs carrying the next amino acid to be added
temporarily holds the tRNA after the polypeptide has been detached
The enzyme DNA polymerase is composed of a single polypeptide that folds into its active configuration. The complete functional enzyme is said to exhibit _____ structure. Multiple choice question. primary secondary tertiary quaternary
tertiary
Each codon on the mRNA molecule is recognized by _____ during translation. Multiple choice question. the anticodon on tRNA the anticodon on rRNA the codon on tRNA the codon on rRNA
the anticodon on tRNA
Each codon on the mRNA molecule is recognized by _____ during translation. Multiple choice question. the codon on rRNA the anticodon on tRNA the codon on tRNA the anticodon on rRNA
the anticodon on tRNA
The AUG codon is almost always _____. Multiple choice question. the beginning point of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence used to initiate translation the site for the attachment of terminator factor proteins to shut down transcription the first codon in the protein-coding portion of mRNA molecules the stop codon at the end of the protein-coding portion of mRNA molecules
the first codon in the protein-coding portion of mRNA molecules
Secondary and tertiary protein structures are _____. Multiple choice question. short strings of consecutive amino acids the folding of a protein to form a 3D shape the α carbon atom with an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and side chain attached to it the linear sequence of amino acids of a protein
the folding of a protein to form a 3D shape
The energy source for peptide bond formation is _____. Multiple choice question. GTP hydrolysis to GDP the proton motive force the high energy bond between the tRNA and its amino acid GTP hydrolysis to GMP, followed by pyrophosphate hydrolysis
the high energy bond between the tRNA and its amino acid
Quaternary protein structure is _____. Multiple choice question. the linear sequence of amino acids of a protein the interaction of multiple polypeptide subunits to form the complete functional unit the folding of a protein onto itself to form a 3D shape the alpha carbon atom with an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and side chain attached to it
the interaction of multiple polypeptide subunits to form the complete functional unit
Primary protein structure is _____. Multiple choice question. the linear sequence of amino acids of a protein the pairing of multiple protein subunits together to form the functional complete unit the central carbon atom with an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and side chain attached to it the folding of a protein onto itself to form a 3D shape
the linear sequence of amino acids of a protein
The promoter is neither _______________ nor _________________ ; it functions strictly to orient the RNA polymerase on the template strand of DNA for proper transcription.
transcribed, translated
Not all genes code for proteins - some code for __________ RNA or ______________ RNA.
transfer, ribosomal
Once RNA polymerase is bound to the promoter, one of the first things it does during the transcription cycle is _______. Multiple choice question. unwind the DNA recruit sigma factor splice out tRNA and rRNA molecules synthesize RNA
unwind the DNA
Which two of the following properties describe RNA? Multiple select question. uses the base uracil instead of thymine doesn't contain the base uracil uses the base thymine instead of uracil contains the sugar deoxyribose instead of ribose contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose
uses the base uracil instead of thymine contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose
The reading frame of a mRNA specifies _____. Multiple choice question. which genes will be transcribed at a specific time which nonsense codon will terminate transcription which sets of triplet nucleotides will be used to synthesize protein which strand will be used as the template strand
which sets of triplet nucleotides will be used to synthesize protein
Code degeneracy and ________________ in the genetic code allows several codons to pair with the same _________________ on a tRNA molecule. This means that although there are 61 sense codons, there are NOT 61 different tRNA molecules.
wobble, anticodon
