MICROBIOLOGY - CHAPTER 19

the virulence of S. pyogenes is partly due to the substantial array of surface antigens, _______, and _______ it can generate.

toxins enzymes

Lower respiratory tract includes:

trachea bronchi and bronchioles in the lungs to include alveoli

A spiky surface projection called ___ ________ contributes to virulence.

M protein

The normal biota is the important function of _________ _____________

microbial antagonism

Scarlet fever today are ______

mild

Streptococcal toxins elicit excessively strong reactions from _______ and ___ _________

monocytes and T lymphocytes

Upper respiratory tract includes:

mouth nose nasal cavity sinuses above it throat or pharyx and epiglottis and laryx

A culture is generally taken at the same time as the rapid swab and is plated on ______ _____ _______

sheep blood agar

SLO AND SLS both types cause beta-helolysis of ______ _______ ______

sheep blood agar

S. pyogenes bacterium is carried as "normal " biota by 15% of the population, but __________ from this reservoir is less likely than from a person who is experiencing active disease from the infection.

transmission

Are there vaccines for group A streptococci?

No

Most clinicians divide the system into two parts:

Upper and lower respiratory tracts

The common cold is caused by one of over _______ different kinds of viruses.

200

Rheumatic fever tends to occur approximately ____ ______ after pharyngitis has subsided

3 weeks

There are more than _____ serotyes of S. pyogenes that exist.

80

In the 20th century the epidemic (Scarlet fever) had a fatality rate of up to ______

95%

If pharyngitis is caused by a virus rather than Group A strepococci, what will it show on a blood agar plate?

Beta hemolysis

When fluid remains in the middle ear for indefinite periods of time, it is known as

Chronic Otitis Media

Is pharyngitis caused by streptococcus pyogenes is rarely serious and is therefore allowed to run its course?

False

Severe sore throats in adolescents and young adults around the country may be caused by a bacterium called:

Fusobacterium necrophorum

A capsule made of __________ ________ (HA) is formed by most S. pyogenes strains.

Hyaluronic acid

S.pyogenes in this age group can cause serious infections of the bloodstream and other organs, a condition called:

Lemierr's Syndrome

The two types are steptolysin ____ and _____

O (SLO) S (SLS)

When bacteria encounter mucus and fluid buildup in the middle ear, they multiply rapidly, it is called:

Otitis Media

Inflammation of the throat, which the host experiences as pain and swelling:

Pharyngitis

May be a result of mechanical irritation from prolonged shouting or from drainage of an infected sinus cavity.

Pharyngitis

The most common place for infectious agent to gain access to the body is through:

Respiratory tract

The most common causative agent for acute otitis media is:

S pneumoniae

Scarlet fever is the result of infection with an ___ ________ strain that is itself infect with bacteriophage.

S. Pyogenes

children are more susceptible to rhinitis because:

They encounter a new virus Their immune system are immature They have to secondary immunity to rhinoviruses

The _________ are small balloon-like structures attached to the bronchioles which inflate and deflate with breathing.

alveoli

S Pyogenes is non motile and is facultative _________ that ferments a variety of sugars

anaerobe

Pharyngeal Swab tests are based on _________ that react with the out carbohydrates of group A streptococci.

anibodies

Biofilm bacteria generally are less susceptible to _________

antibiotics

Only lysogenic strains of S. pyogenes that contain genes from a temperate ________ can synthesize this _______

bacteriophage toxin

Glomerulonephritis is thought to be the result of streptococcal proteins participating in the formation of antigen antibody complexes, which then are deposited in the _________ _________ of the glomeruli of the kidney.

basement membrane

S pyogenes displays a _____-_______ pattern due to its streptolysins.

beta-hemolytic

Erythrogenic toxin is responsible for the bright red rash typical of this disease and is also induces fever by acting upon the the temperature regulatory center in the ________

brain

Because of its constant contact with the external environment, the respiratory system harbors a large number of _______ ______________

commensal microorganisms

When mucus and fluid are present, they increase the inflammatory response, leading to pus production and continued fluid secretion. The fluid is referred to as _________

effusion

A key toxin in the development of scarlet fever is

erythrogenic toxin

Scarlet fever is a lysogenic virus confers on the streptococcus the ability to produce _________ ________.

erythrogenic toxin

Viral infections of the upper respiratory tract lead to inflammation of the _________ _________ and the buildup of fluid in the middle ear.

eustachin tubes

Infection can be prevented by _________ _________ _________

good hand washing

Rheumatic fever is thought to be due to an immunologic cross-reaction between streptococcal M Protein and _______ ______

heart muscle

The treatment for uncomplicated acute otitis media has changed in the last decade due to:

increase in antibiotic-resistant biota

Macrophages inhabit the alveoli of the lungs and the clusters of lymphoid tissue (tonsils) in the throat. Sectetory IgA against specific pathogens can be found in the _______ _______ as well.

mucus secretions

Scarlet fever rash can be located on:

neck chest elbows inner surfaces of the thighs

The role of the normal biota in the upper respiratory tract is to:

reduce the growth of harmful pathogens in the system

S. Pyogenes does not form catalase, but it does have a ___________ system for inactivating hydrogen peroxide, which allows its survival in the presence of oxygen,

oxidase

Lipoteichoc acid (LTA) contribues to the adherence of S.pyogenes to epithelial cells in the ________

pharynx

S. Pyogenes is a gram-__________ coccus that grows in the chains and forms capsules and _________ layers

positive slime

Most transmission of S. pyogenes is via ________ _______ or __________ contact with mucus secretions

respiratory droplets direct

RSV is a respiratory syncytial virus causes colds in more people, but in some, especially children can lead to more serious ________ _______ ________

respiratory tract symptoms

The most common type of virus leading to rhinitis is the group called:

rhinoviruses (there are 99 serotypes)

Scarlet fever is characterized by a ______-_______ _______

sandpaper-like rash

Scarlet fever is often called

scarlatina

Untreated streptococcal throat infections occasionally can result in:

serious complications, either right away or days to weeks after the symptoms subside

Viral sore throats are generally caused by group A _____________

streptococci

The following can cause serious disease that are frequently present in the upper respiratory tract as normal:" biota:

streptococcus pyogenes Haemophilus influenzae streptococcus pneumoniae Neisseria meningitidis staphylococcus aureus

S. pyogenes produces __________ whose action is to lyse red blood cells to release hemoglobin.

streptolysin

Group A streptococci owe some of their virulence to the effects of hemolysins called:

streptolysins

Some of the streptococcal toxins contribute to increased tissue injury by acting as _____________

superantigens

The normal biota is generally limited to the _______ _________ _______ and gram positive bacteria such as streptococci and staphylococci are very common.

upper respiratory tract