Microbiology Chapters 11
Inanimate objects capable of transmitting pathogens
Fomites
The sources of microorganisms that cause infectious diseases are many and varied ________________
reservoirs of infection or simply reservoirs
Name the major steps in water treatment
sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, and chlorination
________ is the number of cases of a disease existing in a given population during a specific time period
Period prevalance
Name the 6 components in the infectious disease process
1. A pathogen 2. A source of the pathogen (a reservoir) 3. A portal of exit 4. A mode of transmission 5. A portal of entry 6. A suscetible host
Whether an infection disease occurs depends on ________
1. Factors pertaining to the pathogen 2. Factors pertaining to the host 3. Factors pertaining to the environment
__________ is the number of cases of a disease existing in a given population at a particular moment in time
Point prevalence
Typhoid fever is caused by a species of ______
Salmonella
_________ can contain spores that cause botulism, gas gangrene, and tetanus.
Soil
When and where was the largest waterborne epidemic in the US?
The 1993 cryptospordiosis epidemic in Milwaukee, Wisconsis
All of the following are major steps in the treatment of a community's drinking water except: a. boiling b. filtration c. flocculation d. sedimentation
a. boiling
Which one of the following organisms is not one of the four most likely potential BW or bioterrorism agents? a. B. anthracis b. Ebola virus c. V. major d. Y. pestis
b. Ebola virus
Which of the following terms best describes chlamydial genital infection in the United States? a. arthropod-borne disease b. epidemic disease c. pandemic disease d. sporadic disease
b. epidemic disease
Examples of fomite transmission
bedding, towels, eating and drinking utensils, hospital equipment, telephones, and computer keyboards
Microbes purposely used to harm others in wartime are called _________
biological warfare (bw) agents
Pathogens used to create fear, chaos, illness, and death in situations other than war are called ________
bioterrorism agents
African sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, and onchocerciasis are transmitted by varioous types of ___________
biting fleas
The causative agent of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) is transmitted by arthropods in a class of insects known as __________
bugs
The largest waterborne epidemic ever to occur in the Untied States occured in which of the following cities? a. Chicago b. Los Angeles c. Milwaukee d. New York City
c. Milwaukee
Typhiod fever
caused by salmonella (bioterrorism agent)
Name the 2 general types of water pollution
chemical pollution and biological pollution
The most common nationally notifiable infectious disease in the United States is _______
chlamydia genital infections
A _________ is an infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another.
communciable diseae
Diseases that are transmissable from person to person are known as _______
communicable diseases
A ________ is a communicable disease that is easily transmitted from person-to-person
contagious disease
Which of the following associations is incorrect? a. ehrlichiosis-tick b. malaria-mosquito c. plague-flea d. Spotted fever rickettsiosis-mite
d. Spotted fever rickettsiosis-mite
Which of the following are considered reservoirs of infection? a. carriers b. contaminated food and drinking water c. rabid animals d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which of the following arthropods is the vector or Lyme disease? a. flea b. mite c. mosquitos d. tick
d. tick
Example of a period prevalence
during the year 2009
An ________ is one that is always present within the population of a particular geographic area.
endemic disease
An _______ is defined as a greater than usual number of cases of a disease in a particular region, usually within a short period of time.
epidemic disease
Disease with unusually high numbers of cases that often occur in one particular geographic location are known as ________
epidemic diseases
Example of biological pollution
fecal material and garbage
The _________ of a particular disease is the number of new cases of that disease in a define population during a specific time period.
incidence
The ________ is the number of new cases of a particular disease that occured during a specific time period per a specifically define population.
morbidity rate
The causative agents of dengue fever, filariasis, malaria, West Nile encephalitis, and yellow fever are all transmitted by ______
mosquitoes
A ________ is a disease that is occuring in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously.
pandemic
Because large numbers of cases of AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis are presently occuring in many different countries, they are known as _________
pandemic diseases
Sewage treatment includes ________
primary, secondary, and tertiary sewage treatments.
A ________ is one that occurs only occasionlly within the population of a particular geographic area.
sporadic disease
Diseases that occur only occasionally in a particular population are known as ________
sporadic diseases
Example of a sporadic disease
tetanus
Bacillus anthracis
the cause of anthrax (bioterrorism agent)
Clostridium botulinum
the cause of botulism (bioterrorism agent)
Yersinia pestis
the cause of plague
Where does lyme disease come from?
ticks
Smallpox virus
variola major (bioterrorism agent)
When arthropods are involved in the transmission of infectious diseases they are referred to as _______
vectors
Examples of factors pertaining to the pathogens
virulence of pathogen, mode of entry, number of organisms
Infectious diseases that humans acquire from animal sources are called _______
zoonotic diseases or zoonoses
Most common modes of transmission of infectious diseases
- skin-to-skin - mucous membrane-to-mucous membrane contact - airborne droplets - via food and water - via arthropod vectors - via fomites - via tranfusion
Name the reservoirs of infection
-Carriers -Contaminated food/water -Rabid animals
Example of point prevalence
Right now
Examples of factors pertaining to the environment
-Physical factors such as climate, season, geographic location -Availability of appropriate reservoirs -Sanitary and housing conditions -Availability of potable water
A federal agency administered by the US department of health and Human Services; located in Atlanta, GA; established in 1946.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Mission: to collaborate to create the expertise, information, and tools that people and communities need to protect their health
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Diseases that are always present in a population are known as ________
Endemic diseases
_______ also develop ways to prevent, control, or eradicate diseases in populations.
Epidemiologist
__________ study the factors that determne the frequency, distribution, and determinants of diseases in human populations.
Epidemiologist
_______ can be loosely defined as the study of disease.
Epidemiology
True or False The largest waterborne outbreak ever to occur in the United States was caused by Giardia lamblia.
False (It was caused by Cryptosporidium parvum)
True or False The most common zoonotic infection in the United States is spotted fever rickettsiosis.
False (Lyme disease is the most common zoontic disease in the United States.)
True or False The levels of chlorine routinely used for water treatment are sufficient to kill Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium occysts.
False (The levels of chlorine rountinely used for water treatment will not kill Giardia cysts or Cryptosporidium oocysts)
True or False Zoonotic diseases are diseases that humans acquire from zoo animals.
False (Zoonotic diseases can be acquired from many types of animals, not just zoo animals)
Example of a communicable disease
Gonorrhea
Example of an endemic disease
Gonorrhea
Example of a contagious diease
Influenza
Examples of a pandemic
Influenze, HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria
Example of an epidemic disease
Legionnaire's disease, epidemic of 1976 and Chlamydial genital infection in US
________ transmit the causative agents of epidemic typhus and trench fever.
Lice
Humans, pets, farm animals, insects, arachnids
Living reservoirs
Examples of arthropod-borne diseases
Lyme diseae and malaria
The most common zoonotic disease in the United States is _______
Lyme disease
What is the most common zoonosis in the United States?
Lyme disease
________ is the ratio of the number of people who died of a particular disease during a specific time period per a specified population.
Mortality rate
Air, soil, dust, contaminated water and foods, and fomites
Nonliving reservoirs
__________ transmit the causative agents of babesiosis, ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease, relapsing fever, and spotted fever rickettsiosis.
Ticks
True or False Certain infectious disease, known as nationally notifiable diseases must be reported to the CDC.
True
True or False Chlamydia genital infections and gonorrhea are the two most common nationally notifiable infectious diseases in the United States.
True
True or False Gonorrhea is considered to be a communicable disease, but not a contagious disease.
True
True or False Influenza is an example of a contagious disease.
True
True or False Many different types of arthropods serve as reservoirs of infection, including insects and arachnids.
True
True or False Raw sewage consists mainly of water, fecal material, garbage, and bacteria.
True
True or False Soil can contain the spores that cause botulism, gas gangrene, and tetanus.
True
True or False The morbidity rate is usually per 1,000, 10,000, or 100,000 population.
True
True or False Water containing 1 coliform per 100 mL would be considered potable.
True
True or False Water is tested for fecal contamination by checking for the presence of coliform bacteria (coliforms), such as E. coli and other members of the family Enterobactriaceae.
True
True or False Water is the most essential resource necessary for the survival of humanity.
True
True or False Yersinia pestis, the bacterium that causes plague, is one of the pathogens most often discussed as a potential biological weapon.
True
A specialized agency of the United Nations founded in 1948.
World Health Organization (WHO)
Mission: to promote technical cooperation for health among nations; to carry out programs to control and eradicate diseases; to improve the quality of human life
World Health Organization (WHO)
_________ may be acquired by direct contact with an animal inhalation or ingestion of the pathogen, or injection of the pathogen.
Zoonoses
________ are diseaes that humans acquire from animal sources.
Zoonotic