Microbiology Chapters 11

Inanimate objects capable of transmitting pathogens

Fomites

The sources of microorganisms that cause infectious diseases are many and varied ________________

reservoirs of infection or simply reservoirs

Name the major steps in water treatment

sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, and chlorination

________ is the number of cases of a disease existing in a given population during a specific time period

Period prevalance

Name the 6 components in the infectious disease process

1. A pathogen 2. A source of the pathogen (a reservoir) 3. A portal of exit 4. A mode of transmission 5. A portal of entry 6. A suscetible host

Whether an infection disease occurs depends on ________

1. Factors pertaining to the pathogen 2. Factors pertaining to the host 3. Factors pertaining to the environment

__________ is the number of cases of a disease existing in a given population at a particular moment in time

Point prevalence

Typhoid fever is caused by a species of ______

Salmonella

_________ can contain spores that cause botulism, gas gangrene, and tetanus.

Soil

When and where was the largest waterborne epidemic in the US?

The 1993 cryptospordiosis epidemic in Milwaukee, Wisconsis

All of the following are major steps in the treatment of a community's drinking water except: a. boiling b. filtration c. flocculation d. sedimentation

a. boiling

Which one of the following organisms is not one of the four most likely potential BW or bioterrorism agents? a. B. anthracis b. Ebola virus c. V. major d. Y. pestis

b. Ebola virus

Which of the following terms best describes chlamydial genital infection in the United States? a. arthropod-borne disease b. epidemic disease c. pandemic disease d. sporadic disease

b. epidemic disease

Examples of fomite transmission

bedding, towels, eating and drinking utensils, hospital equipment, telephones, and computer keyboards

Microbes purposely used to harm others in wartime are called _________

biological warfare (bw) agents

Pathogens used to create fear, chaos, illness, and death in situations other than war are called ________

bioterrorism agents

African sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, and onchocerciasis are transmitted by varioous types of ___________

biting fleas

The causative agent of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) is transmitted by arthropods in a class of insects known as __________

bugs

The largest waterborne epidemic ever to occur in the Untied States occured in which of the following cities? a. Chicago b. Los Angeles c. Milwaukee d. New York City

c. Milwaukee

Typhiod fever

caused by salmonella (bioterrorism agent)

Name the 2 general types of water pollution

chemical pollution and biological pollution

The most common nationally notifiable infectious disease in the United States is _______

chlamydia genital infections

A _________ is an infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another.

communciable diseae

Diseases that are transmissable from person to person are known as _______

communicable diseases

A ________ is a communicable disease that is easily transmitted from person-to-person

contagious disease

Which of the following associations is incorrect? a. ehrlichiosis-tick b. malaria-mosquito c. plague-flea d. Spotted fever rickettsiosis-mite

d. Spotted fever rickettsiosis-mite

Which of the following are considered reservoirs of infection? a. carriers b. contaminated food and drinking water c. rabid animals d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following arthropods is the vector or Lyme disease? a. flea b. mite c. mosquitos d. tick

d. tick

Example of a period prevalence

during the year 2009

An ________ is one that is always present within the population of a particular geographic area.

endemic disease

An _______ is defined as a greater than usual number of cases of a disease in a particular region, usually within a short period of time.

epidemic disease

Disease with unusually high numbers of cases that often occur in one particular geographic location are known as ________

epidemic diseases

Example of biological pollution

fecal material and garbage

The _________ of a particular disease is the number of new cases of that disease in a define population during a specific time period.

incidence

The ________ is the number of new cases of a particular disease that occured during a specific time period per a specifically define population.

morbidity rate

The causative agents of dengue fever, filariasis, malaria, West Nile encephalitis, and yellow fever are all transmitted by ______

mosquitoes

A ________ is a disease that is occuring in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously.

pandemic

Because large numbers of cases of AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis are presently occuring in many different countries, they are known as _________

pandemic diseases

Sewage treatment includes ________

primary, secondary, and tertiary sewage treatments.

A ________ is one that occurs only occasionlly within the population of a particular geographic area.

sporadic disease

Diseases that occur only occasionally in a particular population are known as ________

sporadic diseases

Example of a sporadic disease

tetanus

Bacillus anthracis

the cause of anthrax (bioterrorism agent)

Clostridium botulinum

the cause of botulism (bioterrorism agent)

Yersinia pestis

the cause of plague

Where does lyme disease come from?

ticks

Smallpox virus

variola major (bioterrorism agent)

When arthropods are involved in the transmission of infectious diseases they are referred to as _______

vectors

Examples of factors pertaining to the pathogens

virulence of pathogen, mode of entry, number of organisms

Infectious diseases that humans acquire from animal sources are called _______

zoonotic diseases or zoonoses

Most common modes of transmission of infectious diseases

- skin-to-skin - mucous membrane-to-mucous membrane contact - airborne droplets - via food and water - via arthropod vectors - via fomites - via tranfusion

Name the reservoirs of infection

-Carriers -Contaminated food/water -Rabid animals

Example of point prevalence

Right now

Examples of factors pertaining to the environment

-Physical factors such as climate, season, geographic location -Availability of appropriate reservoirs -Sanitary and housing conditions -Availability of potable water

A federal agency administered by the US department of health and Human Services; located in Atlanta, GA; established in 1946.

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Mission: to collaborate to create the expertise, information, and tools that people and communities need to protect their health

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Diseases that are always present in a population are known as ________

Endemic diseases

_______ also develop ways to prevent, control, or eradicate diseases in populations.

Epidemiologist

__________ study the factors that determne the frequency, distribution, and determinants of diseases in human populations.

Epidemiologist

_______ can be loosely defined as the study of disease.

Epidemiology

True or False The largest waterborne outbreak ever to occur in the United States was caused by Giardia lamblia.

False (It was caused by Cryptosporidium parvum)

True or False The most common zoonotic infection in the United States is spotted fever rickettsiosis.

False (Lyme disease is the most common zoontic disease in the United States.)

True or False The levels of chlorine routinely used for water treatment are sufficient to kill Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium occysts.

False (The levels of chlorine rountinely used for water treatment will not kill Giardia cysts or Cryptosporidium oocysts)

True or False Zoonotic diseases are diseases that humans acquire from zoo animals.

False (Zoonotic diseases can be acquired from many types of animals, not just zoo animals)

Example of a communicable disease

Gonorrhea

Example of an endemic disease

Gonorrhea

Example of a contagious diease

Influenza

Examples of a pandemic

Influenze, HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria

Example of an epidemic disease

Legionnaire's disease, epidemic of 1976 and Chlamydial genital infection in US

________ transmit the causative agents of epidemic typhus and trench fever.

Lice

Humans, pets, farm animals, insects, arachnids

Living reservoirs

Examples of arthropod-borne diseases

Lyme diseae and malaria

The most common zoonotic disease in the United States is _______

Lyme disease

What is the most common zoonosis in the United States?

Lyme disease

________ is the ratio of the number of people who died of a particular disease during a specific time period per a specified population.

Mortality rate

Air, soil, dust, contaminated water and foods, and fomites

Nonliving reservoirs

__________ transmit the causative agents of babesiosis, ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease, relapsing fever, and spotted fever rickettsiosis.

Ticks

True or False Certain infectious disease, known as nationally notifiable diseases must be reported to the CDC.

True

True or False Chlamydia genital infections and gonorrhea are the two most common nationally notifiable infectious diseases in the United States.

True

True or False Gonorrhea is considered to be a communicable disease, but not a contagious disease.

True

True or False Influenza is an example of a contagious disease.

True

True or False Many different types of arthropods serve as reservoirs of infection, including insects and arachnids.

True

True or False Raw sewage consists mainly of water, fecal material, garbage, and bacteria.

True

True or False Soil can contain the spores that cause botulism, gas gangrene, and tetanus.

True

True or False The morbidity rate is usually per 1,000, 10,000, or 100,000 population.

True

True or False Water containing 1 coliform per 100 mL would be considered potable.

True

True or False Water is tested for fecal contamination by checking for the presence of coliform bacteria (coliforms), such as E. coli and other members of the family Enterobactriaceae.

True

True or False Water is the most essential resource necessary for the survival of humanity.

True

True or False Yersinia pestis, the bacterium that causes plague, is one of the pathogens most often discussed as a potential biological weapon.

True

A specialized agency of the United Nations founded in 1948.

World Health Organization (WHO)

Mission: to promote technical cooperation for health among nations; to carry out programs to control and eradicate diseases; to improve the quality of human life

World Health Organization (WHO)

_________ may be acquired by direct contact with an animal inhalation or ingestion of the pathogen, or injection of the pathogen.

Zoonoses

________ are diseaes that humans acquire from animal sources.

Zoonotic