Microbiology Fundamentals ch 12

Which cell types are produced in the red bone marrow?

- B-lymphocyte precursors - T-lymphocyte precursors - red blood cells

Which of the following are second line defenses? (NOTE: Please change all question marks to checkmarks for correct answers or empty boxes for incorrect answers.)

- Interferon - Inflammation - Fever - Complement

Select all of the characteristics of B lymphocytes, which are involved in adaptive immunity.

- Mature in the bone marrow - Move freely among lymphoid tissues and connective tissue - Form specialized plasma cells that produce antibodies

Select all of the characteristics of T lymphocytes, which are involved in adaptive immunity.

- Mature in the thymus - Move freely among lymphoid tissues and connective tissue - Responsible for cell mediated immunity

Select examples of innate host defense mechanisms in order to test your understanding of host defenses.

- anatomical and physiological barriers - innate cellular and chemical defenses - phagocytosis and inflammation

Which of the following materials are transported by lymphatic fluid?

- cellular debris - white blood cells - infectious agents

Tissue injury leading to inflammation can be due to ________.

- chemical injury - mechanical injury - infection

Unbroken skin is an effective barrier against microbes because ______.

- epithelial cells have been compacted and cemented together - outer layers slough off, taking microbes away

Innate, nonspecific physical barriers of host defenses ________. (ALL answers on back)

- include the ski - include the mucous membranes.

Which of the following materials are NOT transported by lymphatic fluid?

- oxygen and CO2 - normal microbiota - clotting factors

Major functions of the lymphatic system include ______.

- providing a route to return extracellular fluid to the circulatory system - acting as a drain-off system for the inflammatory response - supporting surveillance through lymphocytes, phagocytes and antibodies

Select all of the components of the mononuclear phagocyte system to test your understanding of the components of this system.

- thymus - lymph nodes, spleen, GALT - macrophages

Cytokines are secreted by which cells?

All of these cells can secrete cytokines.

Which of the following is part of the body's third line of defense?

B cells

What is the major mechanism of action for interferon?

Binds to neighboring cells to turn on genes for antimicrobial compounds

________ allow for a close association between the fluid compartments of the body, an important part of effective immune responses.

Blood vessels

What element is essential for microbes and can restrict the growth of pathogens when bound by antimicrobial proteins?

Iron

Choose the statement that best describes the characteristics of lymph.

It is formed by fluid that leaves circulation into the surrounding extracellular spaces

Which role does histamine play during inflammation?

It leads to vasodilation

Examples of PAMPs include ______.

Lipopolysaccharide Peptidoglycan

Which fluid moves in and out of tissues, but does not contain red blood cells?

Lymph

________ are the precursors to macrophages.

Monocytes

Which cell type is capable of phagocytosis?

Neutrophils and macrophages

According to the video, which process enhances the process of phagocytosis?

Opsonization

Which of the following is NOT a lymphoid organ?

Stomach

Fever and inflammation are normal body responses to injury or infection, and it may be best to withhold treatment in some cases.

TRUE

Interferon degrades mRNA and prevents synthesis of viral protein.

TRUE

T or F: Margination occurs when neutrophils stick to the lining of the endothelium.

TRUE

T or F: Phagocytosis is part of the body's innate defenses.

TRUE

T or F: Some hosts are genetically immune to the diseases of other hosts.

TRUE

T or F: Complement factor C3b coats a bacterium and binds to C3b receptors on phagocytes, making the bacterium more susceptible to being phagocytized.

TRUE???

What is the function of selectins?

They promote sticking of neutrophils to the inner vessel wall

Which of the following are considered to be lymphoid organs? (See ALL answers on back)

Thymus Spleen Lymph nodes

Communication between separate fluid compartments of the body is conducted primarily through _____.

capillaries

The ______ lymph nodes are located in the neck region.

cervical

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following EXCEPT ________.

chills

The membrane attack complex is a part of the _______ system.

complement

Phagocytes are attracted by all of the following EXCEPT ________.

enzymes released by lysosomes Correct

In phagocytosis, the digested contents are eliminated by ________.

exocytosis

The normal microbiota is part of the _______ line of defense.

first

The flow of lymph is ______.

from the extremities to the heart

Where are inguinal lymph nodes located?

groin

The production of blood cells is called ______.

hematopoiesis

The lymph nodes are located in the groin are called the _______ nodes.

inguinal

Interferon ________.

is produced by one cell and used to warn nearby cells of the same type

Red bone marrow is found in the internal matrix of _____.

long bones

The fluid that is carried by the lymphatic circulation is called ______.

lymph

Bean-shaped organs in clusters situated along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels are _______ _______.

lymph nodes

Small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs located along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels of the thoracic and abdominal cavities are called ______.

lymph nodes

A compartmentalized network of vessels, cells, and specialized accessory organs that renders surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials is the ______ system.

lymphatic

The spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and GALT are all components of the _______ system.

lymphatic

The type of fluid that is very similar in composition to that of blood, but differs in that it does not contain erythrocytes is called _______ fluid.

lymphatic

B cells and T cells belong to a group of leukocytes called ______.

lymphocytes

Which term refers to a group of leukocytes that include B cells, NK cells, and T cells?

lymphocytes

A ________ contains hydrolytic enzymes to digest foreign bacteria.

lysosome

A large, phagocytic white blood cell, derived from a monocyte, that leaves the circulation and has a high capacity for killing microbes is called a(n) ______.

macrophage

A network of fibers and macrophages that permeates the tissues of the body is called the _______ _______ system.

mononuclear phagocyte

All organs and tissues contain a network of fibers and macrophages called the ________ system.

mononuclear phagocyte

Because it provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs, the _______ _______ system is intrinsic to the functions of the immune system.

mononuclear phagocyte

Where are cervical lymph nodes located?

neck

Extravasation, also known as diapedesis or transmigration, occurs when ________.

neutrophils squeeze through the vessel wall

The first and second lines of host defense are ________ protections.

nonspecific

Both the first and second lines of defense represent innate or _______ immunity, while the third line of defense represents acquired or _______ immunity.

nonspecific; specific

The mononuclear phagocyte system functions as a passageway within and between ______.

organs tissues

Nonspecific host defense mechanisms include chemical barriers and _______ barriers.

physical

The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are ________.

pyrogens

Inflammation is characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, and pain. In Latin, the term ________ means redness.

rubor

When interferon from one cell attaches to a second cell, ________.

the recipient cell makes enzymes that degrade mRNA and prevent viral protein synthesis

Naive T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow and migrate to the _______ to complete their maturation.

thymus

Under the influence of hormones, cells from the _____ develop specificity and are released into circulation as mature T cells.

thymus

Which of the following is NOT a major function of the lymphatic system?

transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide to tissues throughout the body

The flow of lymph in lymphatic vessels is ________.

unidirectional

The symptoms of inflammation are mostly due to ________.

vasodilation

When interferon attaches to a cell, ________.

virus can enter the cell but cannot replicate

Leukocytes are _______ blood cells.

white

Leukocytes are ______.

white blood cells

A liquid connective tissue consisting of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended in plasma is called _______ _______.

whole blood

The liquid substance that moves through the arteries, veins, and capillaries is called ______.

whole blood

Innate chemical defenses of the human host include all of the following EXCEPT ________.

antibodies

Lymph nodes located in the loose connective tissue of the armpit are called ______ nodes.

axillary

Hematopoiesis is the process by which all _______ cells are formed in bone marrow.

blood

How does lymphatic fluid differ from blood?

Does not contain red blood cells

Interferon is produced by an animal cell that is infected by a bacterium.

FALSE

T or F: Interferon only works against viral infections.

FALSE

T or F: Mitochondria contain hydrolytic enzymes.

FALSE

T or F: Phagocytosis exhibits a memory response similar to adaptive immunity.

FALSE

T or F: The cell that produces interferon is protected from the infectious agent.

FALSE

T or F: The complement system is part of the adaptive immune response.

FALSE

Select the nonspecific host defenses.

First line Second line

Which describes the third line host defense?

Specific immunity

Which event occurs in the early stages of inflammation?

Chemical mediators and cytokines are released

Which of the following is part of the body's second line of defense?

Phagocytosis