Microbiology Test 1 Chapter 1,2,3

True

Viruses are not cells and are not made of cells

Sporozoa

have no mechanism for movement

Phycology

study of algae

Bacteriology

study of bacteria

Mycology

study of fungi

Protozoology

study of protozoa

Virology

study of viruses

Amoebas, Flagellates, Ciliates, Sporozoa

4 Major groups of protozoa

Microorganism

A living thing that can only be seen with the aid of a microscope. Also knows as a microbe. Somewhat is a germ - but a germ has a connotation of being harmful so this is not a great synonym

Capsid

A protein coat that surrounds and protects the core, made of protein subunits called capsomeres.

Host Cell

A specific kind of cell that viruses must enter in order to make copies of themselves

True

Algae rarely cause disease in humans

Domain Eukarya

All Eukaryotes are a member of this domain

Domains

All living things are divided into 3 major groups called these

Gram Stain

Bacteria are commonly classified this way, a special laboratory staining process causes some cells to turn bluish/purple (Gram Positive) or red (Gram Negative)

External appendages

Bacterial Cell Structures obtain these

Flagellum, Fimbrae, Pili

External Appendages

Viruses

Extremely small nonliving particles (most are too small to be seen without an electron microscope)

Spirochetes

Flexible spirals that are motile due to contraction of an axial filament embedded in the cell

Home Sapien

Humans are called this

Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class Mammalia, Order Primates, Family Hominidae, Genus Homo, Species Sapiens

Humans are classified as this (Eukarya)

Binomial method

In the Linnaean System we name living things using this method

Cytoplasm

Internal Structures which are 80% water, with proteins (enzymes), carbs, lipids, necleic acids, salts nutrients, has a thick elastic consistency called a cell sap

Eukaryotes

The Domain Eukarya is called this meaning that they DO have true neclei and true organelles

Linnaean System

The current naming system used in Biology

False

Prokaryotes reproduce sexually

The Cell Theory of Life

Proposes that all living things are made of cells

True

Protists can reproduce sexually

Core and Capsid

2 major parts that Viruses always contain

Slime layer and a capsule

2 types of Glycocalyx

Core

Collection of DNA or RNA, usually located in the center fo the virus

Vibrous

Comma shaped bacteria - related to spiral bacteria

Kingdom Protista

Consists of a wide variety of eukaryotic orgaism that are often called protists and/or protozoa

Involution Forms

Distorted bacteria - bacteria that change shape as they age, becoming swollen and distorted

Prokaryotic characteristics

Do not have a neclei (DNA is not protected in a nucleus) Do not have true organelles (internal structures do not have membranes) Unicellular (although they may form simple colonies) Exhibit relatively simple structure (when compared to Eukaryotes) Possess an external cell wall that provides an extra layer of protection Size typically ranges between .5 and 5.0 (micrometers or millionths of a meter) They divide via binary fission (rather than mitosis)

Prokaryotes

Domains Bacteria and Arachea are called these and also means that they are simple cells without a true nuclei or true organelle

Protozoa

Members of the Kingdom Protista, unicellular, nonphotosynthetic that possess complex structural characteristics similar to animal cells, often live in soil or water, and are often referred to as parasites when they infect humans

Koch's Postulates

Modern methods by which we are able to show that a specific pathogen causes a specific disease

Coccobacilli

Resemble elongated cocci

Bacilli

Rod Shaped

Cocci

Round bacteria

Bacterial Chromosome

Single, circular, double stranded DNA molecule that is not enclosed in a membrane, sometimes called nucleoid and acts as the control center of the cell, and contains genes

Plasmid

Small, circular, double stranded piece of Extrachromosonal DNA. Can be transfrd from one cell to another during the process called bacterial conjugation

Enzyme

Some viruses contain this to help them replicate it the host cell

Envelope

Some viruses possess an additional layer found outside the capsid

Spirals

Spiral shaped bacteria

The Theory of Disease

States that microorganisms are often the cause of disease

The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

States that populations of living organisms change over time due to interactions with their environment

Ribosomes

Structures made of protein and RNA that act as the site of protein synthesis

Glycocalyx, Cell Wall, Cell Membrane

Surface Layers

Nomenclature

System of naming

Bacteria (modern prokaryotes), Arachea (primitive prokaryotes), Eukarya (eukaryotes)

The 3 domains that all living things are divided into

Taxonomic Hierarchy

The list of classification categories, from the largest to the smallest category, in a Domain

Domain Bacteria

The modern Bacteria or least primitive form of Prokaryote, found in most environments on Earth today, cell structure is more complex than that of arachea, but simpler than that of the Eukaryote

Domain Archaea

The most ancient type of Prokaryote, tend to have the simplest structure of any known cells, contain rather unusual chemical not found in other prokaryotes, live in VERY EXTREME environments - this is known as extremepholes

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family Genus, Species

The order of the Domains

Glycocalyx

The outermost layer of the cell also known as a capsule and is also a layer of carbohydrates that is secreted by the cell and that adheres to the cell surface

Replication

The process in which a virus makes copies of itself and can be damaging or even deadly to the host cell

Taxonomy

The scientific process of classifying living things

Microbiology

The study of microorganisms and their activities

Viruses

These are not considered to be alive, and are therefore NOT classified among the 3 domains

Genus and Species

These are the only 2 domain names that are used

Eukaryotic Chacteristics

They consist of cells that contain a true nuclei (meaning their genetic material is protected within the nuclei), cells have internal structures called organelles - contain some type of membrane, they are more complex than prokaryotes, may be unicellular OR multicellular, cells are much larger than most prokaryotes, cells divide via some form of mitosis

Cell Wall

a rigid structure found between the glycocalyx and the cell membrane, present in bacteria and some eukaryotes, consists mainly of a molecule called peptidoglycan

Ciliates

move by using cilia

Flagellates

move by using flagella

Amoebas

move by using psuedopods

Spirilla

rigid spirals, corkscrew like cells that are motile due to polar flagella

Staphylococcus aureus

round cell found in clusers and it forms yellow gold colonies in the lab