Microbiology Test 1 Chapter 1,2,3
True
Viruses are not cells and are not made of cells
Sporozoa
have no mechanism for movement
Phycology
study of algae
Bacteriology
study of bacteria
Mycology
study of fungi
Protozoology
study of protozoa
Virology
study of viruses
Amoebas, Flagellates, Ciliates, Sporozoa
4 Major groups of protozoa
Microorganism
A living thing that can only be seen with the aid of a microscope. Also knows as a microbe. Somewhat is a germ - but a germ has a connotation of being harmful so this is not a great synonym
Capsid
A protein coat that surrounds and protects the core, made of protein subunits called capsomeres.
Host Cell
A specific kind of cell that viruses must enter in order to make copies of themselves
True
Algae rarely cause disease in humans
Domain Eukarya
All Eukaryotes are a member of this domain
Domains
All living things are divided into 3 major groups called these
Gram Stain
Bacteria are commonly classified this way, a special laboratory staining process causes some cells to turn bluish/purple (Gram Positive) or red (Gram Negative)
External appendages
Bacterial Cell Structures obtain these
Flagellum, Fimbrae, Pili
External Appendages
Viruses
Extremely small nonliving particles (most are too small to be seen without an electron microscope)
Spirochetes
Flexible spirals that are motile due to contraction of an axial filament embedded in the cell
Home Sapien
Humans are called this
Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class Mammalia, Order Primates, Family Hominidae, Genus Homo, Species Sapiens
Humans are classified as this (Eukarya)
Binomial method
In the Linnaean System we name living things using this method
Cytoplasm
Internal Structures which are 80% water, with proteins (enzymes), carbs, lipids, necleic acids, salts nutrients, has a thick elastic consistency called a cell sap
Eukaryotes
The Domain Eukarya is called this meaning that they DO have true neclei and true organelles
Linnaean System
The current naming system used in Biology
False
Prokaryotes reproduce sexually
The Cell Theory of Life
Proposes that all living things are made of cells
True
Protists can reproduce sexually
Core and Capsid
2 major parts that Viruses always contain
Slime layer and a capsule
2 types of Glycocalyx
Core
Collection of DNA or RNA, usually located in the center fo the virus
Vibrous
Comma shaped bacteria - related to spiral bacteria
Kingdom Protista
Consists of a wide variety of eukaryotic orgaism that are often called protists and/or protozoa
Involution Forms
Distorted bacteria - bacteria that change shape as they age, becoming swollen and distorted
Prokaryotic characteristics
Do not have a neclei (DNA is not protected in a nucleus) Do not have true organelles (internal structures do not have membranes) Unicellular (although they may form simple colonies) Exhibit relatively simple structure (when compared to Eukaryotes) Possess an external cell wall that provides an extra layer of protection Size typically ranges between .5 and 5.0 (micrometers or millionths of a meter) They divide via binary fission (rather than mitosis)
Prokaryotes
Domains Bacteria and Arachea are called these and also means that they are simple cells without a true nuclei or true organelle
Protozoa
Members of the Kingdom Protista, unicellular, nonphotosynthetic that possess complex structural characteristics similar to animal cells, often live in soil or water, and are often referred to as parasites when they infect humans
Koch's Postulates
Modern methods by which we are able to show that a specific pathogen causes a specific disease
Coccobacilli
Resemble elongated cocci
Bacilli
Rod Shaped
Cocci
Round bacteria
Bacterial Chromosome
Single, circular, double stranded DNA molecule that is not enclosed in a membrane, sometimes called nucleoid and acts as the control center of the cell, and contains genes
Plasmid
Small, circular, double stranded piece of Extrachromosonal DNA. Can be transfrd from one cell to another during the process called bacterial conjugation
Enzyme
Some viruses contain this to help them replicate it the host cell
Envelope
Some viruses possess an additional layer found outside the capsid
Spirals
Spiral shaped bacteria
The Theory of Disease
States that microorganisms are often the cause of disease
The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
States that populations of living organisms change over time due to interactions with their environment
Ribosomes
Structures made of protein and RNA that act as the site of protein synthesis
Glycocalyx, Cell Wall, Cell Membrane
Surface Layers
Nomenclature
System of naming
Bacteria (modern prokaryotes), Arachea (primitive prokaryotes), Eukarya (eukaryotes)
The 3 domains that all living things are divided into
Taxonomic Hierarchy
The list of classification categories, from the largest to the smallest category, in a Domain
Domain Bacteria
The modern Bacteria or least primitive form of Prokaryote, found in most environments on Earth today, cell structure is more complex than that of arachea, but simpler than that of the Eukaryote
Domain Archaea
The most ancient type of Prokaryote, tend to have the simplest structure of any known cells, contain rather unusual chemical not found in other prokaryotes, live in VERY EXTREME environments - this is known as extremepholes
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family Genus, Species
The order of the Domains
Glycocalyx
The outermost layer of the cell also known as a capsule and is also a layer of carbohydrates that is secreted by the cell and that adheres to the cell surface
Replication
The process in which a virus makes copies of itself and can be damaging or even deadly to the host cell
Taxonomy
The scientific process of classifying living things
Microbiology
The study of microorganisms and their activities
Viruses
These are not considered to be alive, and are therefore NOT classified among the 3 domains
Genus and Species
These are the only 2 domain names that are used
Eukaryotic Chacteristics
They consist of cells that contain a true nuclei (meaning their genetic material is protected within the nuclei), cells have internal structures called organelles - contain some type of membrane, they are more complex than prokaryotes, may be unicellular OR multicellular, cells are much larger than most prokaryotes, cells divide via some form of mitosis
Cell Wall
a rigid structure found between the glycocalyx and the cell membrane, present in bacteria and some eukaryotes, consists mainly of a molecule called peptidoglycan
Ciliates
move by using cilia
Flagellates
move by using flagella
Amoebas
move by using psuedopods
Spirilla
rigid spirals, corkscrew like cells that are motile due to polar flagella
Staphylococcus aureus
round cell found in clusers and it forms yellow gold colonies in the lab