Microbiology The Diversity of Prokaryotic Organisms
The presence of an organism such E. coli in food and water is typically an indicator of ___ contamination.
- fecal
Which of the following are characteristics of methane-generating hyperthermophiles?
- grow optimally at 84 degrees C - can grow at temps as high as 97 degrees C - use CO2 as a terminal electron acceptor to generate methane - oxidize H2
Thermophilic extreme acidophiles:
- grow optimally at pH 2 or less - include members of the genera Thermoplasma and Picrophilus
Which of the following describe the photosystems of cyanobacteria?
- have pigments other then chlorophyll that contribute to its blue-green or reddish color
Which of the following are characteristics of the Caulobacter species?
- life cycle serves as a model of cellular differentiation - have a single polar prostheca (stalk) - binary fission results in swarmer cell and a stalked cell
Select the characteristics that describe the Epulopiscium species:
- much larger than most prokaryotes - Gram-postive cigar shaped - live in the intestine of surgeon fish - fo not undergo typical binary fission
Choose all the characteristics of the Sulfolobus species.
- obligate aerobes - oxidize sulfur compounds - use O2 as a terminal electron acceptor - found at the surface of sulfur containing hot springs
Chlamydia are transmitted directly from person-to-person and live within a host cell as a(n) ____ parasite.
- obligate intracellular
Aerobic chemoorganotrophs obtain their energy by:
- oxidizing organic compounds - producing CO2 and H2O - using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor
An anoxic atmosphere lacks _____
- oxygen
Which of the following explains the relationship between plants and their endosymbionts, the rhizobia?
- plants control the level of oxygen by producing leghemoglobin - rhizobia fix nitrogen while residing inside plant cells
Micrococcus species are Gram-____ cocci.
- positive
Which of the following can distinguish members of the genus Staphylococcus from other Gram-positive cocci?
- presence of the enzyme catalase
Bdellovibrio sp.:
- prey on Gram-negative bacteria like E. coli - are highly motile Gram-negative curved rods - bores a hole in the cell wall of its prey
Anaerobic chemoorganotrophs:
- produce ATP via substrate level phosphorylation - can obtain energy via fermentation
Propionibacteria produce ____ acid as their major fermentation end product.
- propionic
The luciferase gene in bioluminescent bacteria is only expressed when the density of organisms is high enough. The phenomenon is an example of ____ ____
- quorum sensing
List the colors purple bacteria can appear due to their light harvesting pigments.
- red - purple - orange
By definition obligate intracellular parasites cannot:
- replicate outside of a host cell
Streptomyces are:
- resemble fungi in their growth - include more than 500 species - gram-positive
Describe some growth conditions or characteristics that enable Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a problem in hospital environments.
- resistant to disinfectants - ability to grow in nutrient-poor environments - resistant to antibiotics
Members of the filamentous bacterial species Anabaena protect the nitogenase enzyme from O2 by:
- restricting the process of nitrogen fixation to heterocyst where O2 is not generated
Rickettsia ____ caused Rocky Moutain Spotted fever which is transmitted through the bite of a _____ (a type of arthropod).
- rickettsii - tick
The Wolbachia pimientos can be found inside parasitic worms that cause:
- river blindness - elephantiasis
Choose all the statements that describe the damaging effects of some types of cyanobacteria.
- some produce geosmin which can influence the taste of drinking water - some aquatic cyanobacteria produce toxins that can harm animals
Aquatic environments tend to possess a(n) ____ supply of nutrients, requiring microbes to evolve a variety of mechanisms the capture those nutrients.
- sparse
Both Treponema and Borrella are characterized by their corkscrew shape and endoflagella, thus placing them in the ________.
- spirochetes
Green sulfur bacteria are:
- strict anaerobes
Purple sulfur bacteria typically use hydrogen ____ to generate reducing power.
- sulfide
Choose the environments that would most likely support the growth of a methanogen.
- swamp - human digestive tract - marine sediment - rice paddies - sewage
Bioluminescent bacteria are characterized by:
- the ability to emit light
The chalky appearance of Streptomycin colonies is due to:
- the branching filament that make up the mycelium called hyphae
Which of the following can be used to distinguish between members of the genus Bacillus and Clostridium?
- their oxygen requirement
Scientist are interested in studying the growth of extreme ____ that grow near volcanic vents and fissures because these conditions are thought to mimic early earth's environment.
- thermophiles
Which of the following describe how Caulobacter sp. divide?
- they divide by binary fission forming a swarmer cell at one end and a stalked cell at the other end
Humans infected with Helicobacter pylori may develop stomach or duodenal _____.
- ulcer
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria are Gram-negative rods/spirals that:
- use sulfur compounds as an energy source and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor
Oxygenic phototrophs use ____ as a source of electrons to form organic matter.
- water
Oxygenic phototrophs use _____ as a source of electrons to form organic matter.
- water
The ability of prokaryotic organisms to thrive and flourish in a wide variety of environments is an example of their wide _____
- diversity
Staphylococcus epidermidi is found as normal microbiota of the ______.
- skin
Match the following genera of organisms of the statement that describe them. a) Lactococcus b) Lactobacillus c) Enterococcus
- a) Lactococcus: - includes species used to make cheese - b) Lactobacillus: - members include microbe in the mouth and in the vagina during childbirth years - c) Enterococcus: - members typically inhabit the intestinal tract
______ use organic compounds to obtain energy.
- Chemoorganotrophs
An an oxygenic phototroph does not produce:
- O2
Which of the following genera of organisms forms a beneficial symbiotic relationship with plants?
- Rhizobium
Humans infected with Campylobacter jejune would typically exhibit ____.
- diarrhea
The purpose of storage granules produced by some bacteria is to store:
- nutrients
Staphylococcus epidermis is part of the the normal microbiota of the _____.
- skin
Anaerobic chemoorganotrophs:
- can obtain energy via fermentation - produce ATP via substrate level phosphorylation
Characteristics of the microscope morphology of the genus Neisseria include:
- cocci - typically in pairs
Characteristics of Micrococcus species include:
- obligate aerobes - are typically pigmented - tolerate dry conditions - facultative halophiles
Examples of structures that aquatic microbes have formed to maximize their ability to acquire nutrients include:
- sheaths - prostecae
An anaerobic chmoorganictroph that uses glucose for energy and pyruvate as its terminal electron acceptor is undergoing:
- fermentation
Facultative anaerobes can use aerobic respiration if O2 is present and _______ as an alternative mechanism.
- fermentation
Which of the following characteristics are common to both Campylobacter and Helicopter?
- microaerophilic - curved, Gram-negative rods
The normal habitat of Bacteroides fragilis in the human include:
- mouth - genital tract - intestine
An organism that cannot reproduce outside of a host cell is termed a(n) ____ ____ parasite.
- obligate intracellular
Characteristics of Pseudomonas species that distinguish them from the family Enterobacteriaceae include:
- oxidase-positive - possess polar flagella
Environments in which methanogens could be found are those that contain both CO2 and H2 and lack _____.
- oxygen
Members of the genus Corynebacterium are Gram-postive rods that exhibit a variety of shapes. This difference in shape is referred to as being _______.
- pleomorphic
Characteristics of the microscopic morphology of the genus Neisseria include:
- typically in pairs - cocci
The two organisms of medical significance in the genus Neisseria are N. ______ and N. ______.
- N. meningitides - N. gonorrhoeae
The Streptomycin resemble _____ in their growth but are ______.
- fungi - prokaryotes
Members of the genus Agrobacterium attach to a wounded plant and transfer a portion of their DNA of the plant cell, which induces the plant to produce growth hormones, resulting in the growth of a ____.
- tumor
Legionella species live in a(n) ____ environment, where they often live within a protozoa.
- aquatic
An organism that requires a minimum of 9% NaCl would be called an extreme ______.
- halophile
Cyanobacteria:
- have diverse morpholiogies
____ _____ can only use respiration, and not fermentation, to obtain energy.
- Obligate aerobes
______ _______ can only use respiration, and not fermentation, to obtain energy.
- Obligate aerobes
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the lactic acid bacteria?
- Possess the enzyme catalase
While ____ species forms a mutually beneficial relationship with certain plants, _____ cause tumor like growth on plants.
- Rhizobium - Agrobacterium
Organisms that form storage granules include:
- Spirillum - sulfur-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing marine bacteria
Antibiotics that interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis are ineffective in the treatment of Mycoplasma infections because these organism lack ____.
- a cell wall
Match the organism with the disease that it causes: a) Chlamydia trachomatis b) Chlamydophila pneumoniae c) Chlamydophila psittaci
- a) Chlamydia trachomatis: - a common sexually transmitted disease - b) Chlamydophila pneumoniae: - atypical pneumonia - c) Chlamydophila psittaci: - psittacosis
Which of the following pairs are matched correctly? a) Lactobacillus: milk and other diary products b) Lactococcus: mouth microbiota c) Enterococcus: intestinal tract
- a) Lactobacillus: milk and other diary products - c) Enterococcus: intestinal tract
A special staining procedure called the ___ is an important test used in the identification of Mycobacterium species.
- acid-fast stain
Members of the genus Vibrio:
- include pathogens such as V. vulnifcus
Anoxygenic phototrophs typically live in which of the following environments?
- lakes - upper layers of mud -bogs
Beneficial characteristics of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria include:
- limiting atmospheric CO2 buildup - provide an important source of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in nutrient poor soil - responsible for maintaining the structure of soil
The _____ of a spore within a cell can be used to aid in the identification of the organism.
- location
The _______ of a spore within a cell can be used to aid in the identification of the organism.
- location
Which of the following explain why terrestrial microbes evolved mechanisms to tolerate various conditions?
- nutrient availability can vary - water availability can change from wet to dry - soil temperature can change daily and seasonally
Characteristics of Micrococcus pieces include:
- obligate aerobes - facultative halophiles - are typically pigmented - tolerate dry conditions
Methanogens are organisms that:
- obtain energy by oxidizing gas - use CO2 as a terminal electron acceptor - generate methane
Beneficial characteristics of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria include:
- responsible for maintaining the structure of soil - limiting atmospheric CO2 build up - provide an important source of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in nutrient poor soil
An anaerobic organism the makes up about a third of the bacteria in fecal matter in humans and is associated with abscesses and bloodstream infections is:
- Bacteroides fragilis
____ species are Gram-negative curved rods the are highly motile and prey on other Gram-negative rods.
- Bdellovibrio
Which of the following characteristics are common to both Campylobacter and Helicobacter?
- curved, Gram-negative rods - microaerophilic
The earliest oxygenic phototroph probably belonged to a group of bacteria called the _____.
- cyanobacteria
Azotobacter species produce a resting cell called a ___, which allows the organism to withstand drying and ultraviolet radiation.
- cyst
Mycobacteria fulfill an important role in nature. They have the ability to:
- degrade complex organic substances - digest bacteria - digest some fungi and algae
The role that rhizobia performs while living in the plant cell is called ___ because the plant receives a benefit of the relationship.
- endosymbiont
Rhizobia exist in symbiotic relationships with plants in which they provide a benefit to the plant in which they reside. Therefore, the rhizobia are examples of ______.
- endosymbionts
As a group, chemolithotrophs oxidize reduced inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen gas to to obtain ____ which necessary for cellular metabolism.
- energy
A purpose of the projections, which are extensions of the cytoplasm and cell wall found in prosthecate bacteria is to ______.
- facilitate absorption of nutrients
Because most Pseudomonas species are strict aerobes, they do not _____ carbohydrates to obtain energy.
- ferment
An anaerobic chmeoorganotroph that uses glucose for energy and pyruvate as its terminal electron acceptor is undergoing:
- fermentation
The process of converting N2 to ammonia, which can then be incorporated into cell material, is called nitrogen ______.
- fixation
Deinococcus species have the ability to withstand ______.
- high doses of radiation
Enterobacteriaceae get their name because they reside in the ______ tract of humans and animals.
- intestinal
Which is not an environment in which the purple non-sulfur bacteria are found?
- Arid environments
____ and _____ are the most common Gram-positive bacilli that form spores.
- Bacillus - Clostridium
Characteristics of the genus Propionibacterium include:
- Gram-positive - found on the skin - ferment lactic acid
Bifidobacterium species:
- Gram-positive, irregular rod-shaped anaerobes - part of the intestinal microbiota
Aside from green and purple bacteria, members of the genus ____ are also example an an oxygenic phototrophs.
- Heliobacterium
______ bacteria have a string of magnetic particles inside them in order to align themselves to Earth's magnetic field.
- Magnetotactic
An important group of Gram-negative organisms that serve as important models in the study of developmental biology are the _____.
- Myxobacteria
The member of the lactic acid group is a Gram-postive coccus that grows in the oral cavity and can cause pharyngitis.
- Streptococcus pyogenes
The plasmid of Agrobacterium tumifaciens that allows the bacterium to induce plants to form tumors is called the ____ plasmid.
- Ti
True or False: It is thought that Nanoarchaeum equitans parasitize a sulfur reducing hyperthermophile Ignicoccus by growing as shares on its surface.
- True
Some unicellular oxidizers have been used to prevent ____ ____ , a problem caused by burning of sulfur containing coal.
- acid rain
Which of the following statements describes Bordatella species?
- aerobic Gram-negative coccobacilli - the most significant medical species cause whooping cough
Haemophilus species:
- are Gram-negative coccobacilli that require matin and / or NAD for growth
Which of the following are characteristics of the Spiriullum species?
- can form phosphate storage granules - microaerophilic - Gram-negative spiral-shaped
Obligate aerobes:
- can only respire
Thiomargartia namibiensis:
- can store sulfur in goblets and has a large storage vacuole for nitrate in its cytoplasm - are very large and pearly white in color
Coxiella brunettI:
- causes Q fever - can from spore-like small cell variants (SCVs) that survive well in the environment
Mycobacterium fulfill an important role in nature. They have the ability to:
- degrade organic substances - digest some fungi and algae - digest bacteria
Adverse commercial implications of the bacteria in the group called nitrifies include:
- disposal of wastes that have high ammonia concentration consumes O2 quickly - nitrogen is rapidly leached from the soil
Which of the following are characteristics of Hyphomicrobium sp.?
- divide by buying - single polar prostheca
Because the skin is ____, growth of many organisms is prevented.
- dry and salty
The study of the various adaptations prokaryotes use to survive terrestrial and aquatic environments is called ____.
- ecophysiology
Movement of the spirochetes is via ____ or axial filaments, which are flagella contained within the periplasm.
- endoflagella
Put the following events in the life cycle of Bdeliovibrio sp. n the correct order: bacteria strikes and attaches to its prey it elongates in the periplasm it rotates and releases digestive enzymes to bore a hole into the cell wall it divides into several motile daughter cells which are released when the host cell lysis
- 1. bacteria strikes and attaches to its prey - 2. it rotates and releases digestives enzymes to bore a hole into the cell wall - 3. it elongates in the periplasm - 4. it divides into several motile daughter cells which are released when the host cell lyses
_____ chemoorganotrophs obtain their energy by oxidizing organic compounds to obtain energy, using O2, as a terminal electron acceptor.
- Aerobic
Anoxygenic phototrophs typically live in which of the following environments?
- Blogs - Upper layers of mud - Lakes
Cyanobacteria have photosystems that function similarly to which organelle?
- Chloroplasts
Which of the following describe characteristics of members of the genus Vibrio?
- Gram-negative straight or curved rods - typically found in marine environments
An important group of Gram-negative organisms that serve as important models in the study of development biology are the _______.
- Myxobacteria
To differentiate the genera in the family Enterobateriaceae, a microbiologist will use which of the following methods?
- Biochemical tests - Serological tests - (most often biochemical tests are used, but serological tests can also be used) - Gram stain
Aerobic chemolithotophs obtain energy by oxidizing reduced inorganic chemicals, using ______ as a terminal electron acceptor.
- O2
Which of the following describes the morphology of cyanobacteria? a) cocci rods or spiral shaped b) can unicellular c) Gram-positive rods that can form endospores d) can form filamentous multicellular associations
- a) cocci rods or spiral shaped - b) can unicellular - d) can form filamentous multicellular associations
Early chemotrophs may have used all of the following pathways to harvest energy EXCEPT:
- aerobic respiration
Which of the following types of metabolism is used by chemoorganotrophs that grow anaerobically and use sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor?
- anaerobic respiration
All of the following are characteristics shared by Helicobacter and Campylobacter except:
- can cause disease in humans
Which of the following are characteristics of cyanobacteria that live in aquatic environments?
- can form blooms when a large number of them accumulate - can move vertically through a water column using gas vesicles
Anaerobic chmoorganotrophs:
- can obtain energy via fermentation - produce ATP substrate level phosphorylation
Presence of the enzyme ______ is a key characteristic of Staphylococcus species that is used to distinguish them from Gram-positive cocci that do not respire aerobically, such as Streptococcus species.
- catalase
A key characteristic of the genus Mycoplasma is that they lack a ____ _____. This quality allows them to easily pass through the pores of filters that retain other bacteria.
- cell wall
Streptomycin are:
- gram-positive - include more than 500 species - resemble fungi in their growth
Streptococcus progenies produce B-_______ , a characteristic used to differentiate these organisms from the normal oral microbiota.
- hemolysis
Most of the anaerobic chemolithotrophs that have been discovered are members of the domain:
- Archaea
Characterized members of the domain ____ typically thrive in extreme environments, such as high heat, acidity, alkalinity, and salinity.
- Archea
The process of converting N2 to ammonia, which can them be incorporated into cell material, is called nitrogen ____.
- fixing
Thermophilic organisms, such as Aquifer species, typically grow in _____.
- hot springs
Choose the environments that would most likely support the growth of a methanogen.
- human digestion - marine environment - rice paddies - swamp- sewage
