Microbiology: Water & Food-borne Diseases

-Greater correlation with swimming-associated GI illness -High tolerance for salinity- marine environments

What makes enterococci a better indicator?

bloody diarrhea and kidney failure

verotoxin causes :

C. perfringens

Most commonly reported form of food poisoning

viruses (norovirus)

Most foodborne illness is associated with :

recreational water

Most waterborne disease outbreaks currently originate in:

through the nose and goes straight through the brain

How does Naegleria fowleri get into the body?

True

Microorganisms that produce toxins do not have to be grown in the host or even be alive when eaten to cause disease (T/F)

Cryptosporidium parvum

A protist that causes waterborned illness because of its ability to form oocysts is :

neurotoxin

Botulinum toxin is a _____ , but is destroyed by heat

food-borne

Botulism is a fatal ____ illness.

False

C. botulinum form endospores but not a toxin that cause food illness. (T/F)

unrefrigerated meat products

C. perfringens comes from

intestinal tract

C. perfringens enterotoxin is produced in the

poultry

Camplylobacter jejuni is transmitted to humans via contaminated food, mainly:

all

Campylobacter jejuni is associated with: a. raw shellfish b. poultry c. pork

Listeria monocytogenes

Causative agent for listeriosis

severe diarrheal disease

Cholera causes what symptoms:

Hepatitis A

Common virus associated with the food industry -vaccine is available

b and c

Common waterborne viruses are : select all that apply a. Entamoeba histolytica b. Hepatitis A c. Norovirus

protist

Cryptosporidium parvum is a _____ that causes cryptosporidiosis

chlorine

Cryptosporidium parvum is highly resistant to ____

warm blooded animals

Cryptosporidium parvum lives as a parasite in

2 nuclei and mitosomes (degenerate mitochondria)

Diplomonads have ______

norovirus

Most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans is

waterborne

E. coli mostly comes from undercooked ground meat but may also be a ______ pathogen as well

marine

Enterococci are good indicators in ____ waters.

vertoxin

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli produce _____, similar to Shiga toxin

dinoflagellates (Karenia brevis) cyanobacteria diatoms

Examples of harmful algae include:

False

Food poisoning only results from ingestion of live bacteria. (T/F)

c. Norovirus

From 2005-2006, the pathogen that caused the greatest number of *cases* associated with drinking water was: a. Legionella b. Giardia c. Norovirus

c. cryptosporidium

From 2005-2006, the pathogen that caused the greatest number of outbreaks and cases associated with recreational water was: a. Pseudomonas aeruginosa b. Norovirus c. Cryptosporidium

c. Legionella

From 2005-2006, the pathogen that caused the greatest number of outbreaks associated with drinking water was: a. Cryptosporidium b. Giardia c. Legionella

cyst (resting)

Giardia has a ____ stage that is resistant to dessication

protist

Giardia intestinalis is a _______ that causes giardiasis.

diplomonad

Giardia is a ___ (protozoa)

protist

Giardia is a flagellated ___

fecal-oral

Giardia is transmitted:

gastroenteritis

Giardiasis is an acute _____

Giardia intestinalis

Giardiasis is caused by

a and c

How does cholera cause rice-water stools? select all that apply a. It releases enterotoxins, which cause severe diarrhea. b. It releases endotoxins, which cause severe diarrhea. c. It degrades the natural gut flora via severe dehydration.

Through ingestion of contaminated water

How is cholera transmitted?

Overland flow

Includes agriculture, wild animals, urban runoff, sewage effluent (CSO) that go into rivers, storm drains, or directly into the ocean

Ground water flow

Includes septic tanks, sewage pipes that goes into canals or rivers

raw honey

Infants can get botulism from _____

Diarrhea Chills, headache, weakness Double vision Respiratory irritation

Karenia brevis causes what symptoms?

respiratory

Legionella is a _____ disease

Legionella pneumophilia

Legionellosis is caused by

aerosols

Legionellosis is transmitted via

False

Legionnaires' disease can be spread from person to person (T/F)

it is an intracellular pathogen and will cause fetal death

Listeria monocytogenes is dangerous to a fetus because:

shellfish

Many V. vulnificus infections come from ____; by either consumption or wound infection

toxins

Many harmful algae may carry ____ which can accumulate in shellfish and cause shellfish poisoning

food infection

Microbial infection resulting from the ingestion of pathogen-contaminated food followed by growth or pathogen in the host

they do not require a lot of money or training to use

One reason indicators are useful and widely used is because:

O157:H7

Pathogenic strains of E. coli are:

proteins

Prions are infectious ____.

heat -stable

S. aureus can grow on common foods and some strains produce ______ enterotoxins

unrefrigerated meat products, eggs and meat salads, creamy salad dressings, etc.

S. aureus grow in:

endotoxin

S. typhi produces a _____

enterotoxins

Staph aureus is a common cause of food poisoning. It is the ____ that actually cause the illness.

self-limiting diarrhea

Symptoms of Cryptosporidium parvum:

foul smelling diarrhea sulfurous beltching

Symptoms of beaver fever

Vibro cholerae

The causative agent of cholera is:

superantigen

The enterotoxins of S. aureus are classified as ______ and produce large non-specific T cell and inflammatory responses

viruses -norovirus

The largest number of annual foodborne infections are thought to be cause by _____.

Camplyobacter jejuni

The most common cause of bacterial foodborne infection in the U.S. is

Salmonella enterica typhi

Typhoid fever, is caused by ___ which is easily killed using chlorination.

enterotoxins

V. cholerae attaches to epithelial cells in the small intestine where it grows and releases ________

flesh-eating bacteria

V. vulnificus is also called

is it psychrotolerant

Virtually no food product is safe from listeria monocytogenes because:

False

Viruses are not considered waterborne diseases. (T/F)

You are not able to know exactly what species

What are the cons about water quality indicators?

Fecal coliform bacteria Enterococci bacteria

What can be used as water quality indicators

Virbio cholera

What causes rice-water stool diarrhea?

lipophilic brevetoxin

What is the name of the Karenia brevis toxin

warm, sediment-rich water (hot spring/ lake)

Where does Naegleria fowleri come from?

Common in cooling towers, then can be transformed into aerosol by humidifying in hot tubs or showers

Where is Legionella pneumophilia found and how is it transmitted?

Listeria monocytogenes

Which foodborne illness pathogen is psychrotolerant in its cell form?

a, b, d

Which of the following are foodborne protists? select all that apply a. Cyclospora cayetanensis b. Toxoplasma gondii c. Borrelia burgdorferi d. Trichinella spiralis

Giardia intestinalis

Which of the following causes beaver fever?

All

Which of the following is a route by which pathogens enter our water? wild animals septic tanks sewage effluent sewage pipes agriculture run-off boaters urban run-off

Vibrio vulnificus

Which pathogen can cause diarrhea and/or fatal wound infections?

b.

Which pathogen is higher in virulence (think mortality rate.)? a. Clostridium botulinum b. Eastern Equine Encephalitis c. West Nile Fever Tuberculosis d. Tuberculosis

Naegleria fowleri

Which waterborne pathogen burrows into the brain?

True

You can be an asymptomatic carrier of Salmonella. (T/F)

Salmonella

____ is often associated with undercooked egg products.

Karenia brevis

____ produces a toxin, making it a harmful algae.

humans

_____ are the host for typhoid fever

cholera

______ causes rice-water stools

food poisoning

disease that results from ingestion of foods containing preformed microbial toxins

Entamoeba histolytica

protists that is transmitted by contaminated water (sometimes food) and produces resistant cysts