Microbiology: Water & Food-borne Diseases
-Greater correlation with swimming-associated GI illness -High tolerance for salinity- marine environments
What makes enterococci a better indicator?
bloody diarrhea and kidney failure
verotoxin causes :
C. perfringens
Most commonly reported form of food poisoning
viruses (norovirus)
Most foodborne illness is associated with :
recreational water
Most waterborne disease outbreaks currently originate in:
through the nose and goes straight through the brain
How does Naegleria fowleri get into the body?
True
Microorganisms that produce toxins do not have to be grown in the host or even be alive when eaten to cause disease (T/F)
Cryptosporidium parvum
A protist that causes waterborned illness because of its ability to form oocysts is :
neurotoxin
Botulinum toxin is a _____ , but is destroyed by heat
food-borne
Botulism is a fatal ____ illness.
False
C. botulinum form endospores but not a toxin that cause food illness. (T/F)
unrefrigerated meat products
C. perfringens comes from
intestinal tract
C. perfringens enterotoxin is produced in the
poultry
Camplylobacter jejuni is transmitted to humans via contaminated food, mainly:
all
Campylobacter jejuni is associated with: a. raw shellfish b. poultry c. pork
Listeria monocytogenes
Causative agent for listeriosis
severe diarrheal disease
Cholera causes what symptoms:
Hepatitis A
Common virus associated with the food industry -vaccine is available
b and c
Common waterborne viruses are : select all that apply a. Entamoeba histolytica b. Hepatitis A c. Norovirus
protist
Cryptosporidium parvum is a _____ that causes cryptosporidiosis
chlorine
Cryptosporidium parvum is highly resistant to ____
warm blooded animals
Cryptosporidium parvum lives as a parasite in
2 nuclei and mitosomes (degenerate mitochondria)
Diplomonads have ______
norovirus
Most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans is
waterborne
E. coli mostly comes from undercooked ground meat but may also be a ______ pathogen as well
marine
Enterococci are good indicators in ____ waters.
vertoxin
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli produce _____, similar to Shiga toxin
dinoflagellates (Karenia brevis) cyanobacteria diatoms
Examples of harmful algae include:
False
Food poisoning only results from ingestion of live bacteria. (T/F)
c. Norovirus
From 2005-2006, the pathogen that caused the greatest number of *cases* associated with drinking water was: a. Legionella b. Giardia c. Norovirus
c. cryptosporidium
From 2005-2006, the pathogen that caused the greatest number of outbreaks and cases associated with recreational water was: a. Pseudomonas aeruginosa b. Norovirus c. Cryptosporidium
c. Legionella
From 2005-2006, the pathogen that caused the greatest number of outbreaks associated with drinking water was: a. Cryptosporidium b. Giardia c. Legionella
cyst (resting)
Giardia has a ____ stage that is resistant to dessication
protist
Giardia intestinalis is a _______ that causes giardiasis.
diplomonad
Giardia is a ___ (protozoa)
protist
Giardia is a flagellated ___
fecal-oral
Giardia is transmitted:
gastroenteritis
Giardiasis is an acute _____
Giardia intestinalis
Giardiasis is caused by
a and c
How does cholera cause rice-water stools? select all that apply a. It releases enterotoxins, which cause severe diarrhea. b. It releases endotoxins, which cause severe diarrhea. c. It degrades the natural gut flora via severe dehydration.
Through ingestion of contaminated water
How is cholera transmitted?
Overland flow
Includes agriculture, wild animals, urban runoff, sewage effluent (CSO) that go into rivers, storm drains, or directly into the ocean
Ground water flow
Includes septic tanks, sewage pipes that goes into canals or rivers
raw honey
Infants can get botulism from _____
Diarrhea Chills, headache, weakness Double vision Respiratory irritation
Karenia brevis causes what symptoms?
respiratory
Legionella is a _____ disease
Legionella pneumophilia
Legionellosis is caused by
aerosols
Legionellosis is transmitted via
False
Legionnaires' disease can be spread from person to person (T/F)
it is an intracellular pathogen and will cause fetal death
Listeria monocytogenes is dangerous to a fetus because:
shellfish
Many V. vulnificus infections come from ____; by either consumption or wound infection
toxins
Many harmful algae may carry ____ which can accumulate in shellfish and cause shellfish poisoning
food infection
Microbial infection resulting from the ingestion of pathogen-contaminated food followed by growth or pathogen in the host
they do not require a lot of money or training to use
One reason indicators are useful and widely used is because:
O157:H7
Pathogenic strains of E. coli are:
proteins
Prions are infectious ____.
heat -stable
S. aureus can grow on common foods and some strains produce ______ enterotoxins
unrefrigerated meat products, eggs and meat salads, creamy salad dressings, etc.
S. aureus grow in:
endotoxin
S. typhi produces a _____
enterotoxins
Staph aureus is a common cause of food poisoning. It is the ____ that actually cause the illness.
self-limiting diarrhea
Symptoms of Cryptosporidium parvum:
foul smelling diarrhea sulfurous beltching
Symptoms of beaver fever
Vibro cholerae
The causative agent of cholera is:
superantigen
The enterotoxins of S. aureus are classified as ______ and produce large non-specific T cell and inflammatory responses
viruses -norovirus
The largest number of annual foodborne infections are thought to be cause by _____.
Camplyobacter jejuni
The most common cause of bacterial foodborne infection in the U.S. is
Salmonella enterica typhi
Typhoid fever, is caused by ___ which is easily killed using chlorination.
enterotoxins
V. cholerae attaches to epithelial cells in the small intestine where it grows and releases ________
flesh-eating bacteria
V. vulnificus is also called
is it psychrotolerant
Virtually no food product is safe from listeria monocytogenes because:
False
Viruses are not considered waterborne diseases. (T/F)
You are not able to know exactly what species
What are the cons about water quality indicators?
Fecal coliform bacteria Enterococci bacteria
What can be used as water quality indicators
Virbio cholera
What causes rice-water stool diarrhea?
lipophilic brevetoxin
What is the name of the Karenia brevis toxin
warm, sediment-rich water (hot spring/ lake)
Where does Naegleria fowleri come from?
Common in cooling towers, then can be transformed into aerosol by humidifying in hot tubs or showers
Where is Legionella pneumophilia found and how is it transmitted?
Listeria monocytogenes
Which foodborne illness pathogen is psychrotolerant in its cell form?
a, b, d
Which of the following are foodborne protists? select all that apply a. Cyclospora cayetanensis b. Toxoplasma gondii c. Borrelia burgdorferi d. Trichinella spiralis
Giardia intestinalis
Which of the following causes beaver fever?
All
Which of the following is a route by which pathogens enter our water? wild animals septic tanks sewage effluent sewage pipes agriculture run-off boaters urban run-off
Vibrio vulnificus
Which pathogen can cause diarrhea and/or fatal wound infections?
b.
Which pathogen is higher in virulence (think mortality rate.)? a. Clostridium botulinum b. Eastern Equine Encephalitis c. West Nile Fever Tuberculosis d. Tuberculosis
Naegleria fowleri
Which waterborne pathogen burrows into the brain?
True
You can be an asymptomatic carrier of Salmonella. (T/F)
Salmonella
____ is often associated with undercooked egg products.
Karenia brevis
____ produces a toxin, making it a harmful algae.
humans
_____ are the host for typhoid fever
cholera
______ causes rice-water stools
food poisoning
disease that results from ingestion of foods containing preformed microbial toxins
Entamoeba histolytica
protists that is transmitted by contaminated water (sometimes food) and produces resistant cysts
