MIDTERM 2 BIO
What are three locations of areolar connective tissue?
1. Subcutaneous layer deep to skin 2. Dermis of the skin 3. Surrounding blood vessels
Match the structure with the labels on the diagram
A. Hair follicle B. Arrector pili muscle C. Sebaceous gland D. Apocrine sweat gland
Match the exocrine gland structure with the labels on the diagram
A. Merocrine sweat gland B. Merocrine sweat duct C. Sebaceous gland D. Apocrine sweat gland
Match the structure with the label in diagram.
A. lunula B. nail fold C. nail plate D. nail bed
Match the structures with the labels in the diagram
A. nail matrix B. Nail root C. eponychium D. lunula E. nail body
Match the letter with the epidermal strata on the right
A. stratum corneum B. stratum lucidum C. stratum granulosum D. stratum spinosum E. stratum basale
Skin is classified as either thick on thin based on two parameters. What are they?
1. The number of epidermal strata in the epidermis 2. The relative thickness of the epidermis, rather than the thickness of the entire integument
Healing of second degree burns take approximately how many weeks? Slight scarring may occur
2-4 weeks
In first degree burns, the healing time averages about how many days? There are typically no scarring results
3-5 days
How many weeks are keratinocytes of the epidermis usually present for?
4 weeks
What is a thin extracellular layer upon which an epithelium rests?
Basement membrane
What structure bind epithelial tissue to connective tissue?
Basement membrane
What are connective tissue designed to do?
Bind, support, and protect organs
In the second step of wound healing, what forms?
Blood clot
The type of connective tissue characterized by osteons with lacunae that is functionally used to support and protect other tissues in the body is what kind of tissue?
Bone
Where do women often accumulate subcutaneous fat in the where?
Breasts, buttocks, hips, and thighs
What are the two categories of connective tissue proper?
Dense and loose
Tendons and ligaments are made up of what kind of connective tissue?
Dense regular
What type of connective tissue have collagen fibers are packed tightly and aligned parallel to an applied force?
Dense regular
Where do nerve fibers in the skin monitor sensory receptors?
Dermis and epidermis
What happens to the merocrine sweat production during the aging process?
Diminishes
Hair is found almost everywhere on the body except the sides and ______ of the hands and fingers, the sides and _____ of feet and toes, the flips, and portions of the external genitalia.
Palms. soles
Mammary glands only become functional in which of the following conditions?
Pregnant and lactating females
What are functions of the basement membrane?
Provide physical support, anchors the epithelium to connective tissue, acts as a barrier
What are the main functions of the subcutaneous layer?
Provides thermal insulation, protects the body, and acts as an energy reservoir
Which type of epithelium is composed of a single layer of cells that are attached to a basement membrane, but not all cells reach apical surface of the epithlium?
Pseudostratified
Damaged tissues are normally repaired in one of two ways which are?
Regeneration and scar formation
What kind of fibers contain the protein collagen and are thinner than collagen fibers?
Reticular fibers
The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands, what are they?
Sebaceous and sudoriferous
The major functions of merocrine sweat glands are what?
Secretieon, protection, and thermoregulation
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
Secretions, Selective Permeability, Sensations, physical protection
Which type of gland produces sweat, milk, tears, or digestive juices?
Serous glands
What are sebaceous glands activated primarily by during puberty in both sexes?
Sex hormones
Which type of epithelium is one cell layer thick?
Simple
Which is found in areas where stress is minimal and where filtration, absorption, or secretion is the primary function?
Simple epithelium
Which epithelial cell tissue is thin and flat?
Squamous
As a result of the aging process, hair follicles can do what to the production of hairs?
Stop
What are some functions of connective tissue?
Storage and transport, binding and support of structures, physical protection
What are functions of bone?
Stores calcium and phosphorus, carries out hemopoiesis, provides levers for movement, and protection of vital organs
Which epithelium is found in areas likely to be subjected in abrasive activities and mechanical stress?
Stratified
In the skin, which layers of epidermis contain dead keratinocytes?
Stratum corneum and stratum lucidum
What are some characteristics of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue?
The cells remain moist, it lines part of the anus, keratin is not present within the cells, the cells remain alive all the way to its apical surface
In the third step of wound healing, what happens to the cut blood vessels?
They regenerate and grow in the wound
Friction ridges assume the shapes of complex arches and whorls in which skin?
Thick
What are some locations of a simple cuboidal epithelium?
Thyroid gland follicles; surface of ovary; kidney tubules, secretory regions and ducts of most glands
What kind of epithelial tissue lines the urinary bladder?
Transitional
True or False: Areolar connective tissue is found nearly everywhere in the body
True
True or False: Epithelium acts as "gatekeepers" to control the movement of substances into the body
True
True or False: Tissues are groups of smilier cells that carry out a common function
True
True or false: Skin cancer can develop in people of any age
True
Drugs are often injected into the subcutaneous layer because its extensive ____ network promotes rapid absorption
Vascular
Drugs are often injected into the subcutaneous layer because which extensive network promotes rapid absorption?
Vascular
Many cells in the epidermis produce what when exposed to UV radiation?
Vitamin D3 and cholecalciferol
What kind of blood cells are leukocytes are commonly called?
White blood cells
In the first step of wound healing, the blood brings which of the following?
White blood cells, antibodies, and clotting proteins
In the first step of wound healing, what does the blood bring?
White blood cells, antibodies, and clotting proteins
Fill in the blanks: In the second step of wound healing, a blood clot temporarily patches the _____ of the wound together and acts as a barrier to prevent the entry of _____ into the body.
edges/pathogens
In the third step of wound healing, what produce new collagen in the region?
fibroblasts
Many areas of spongy bone contain what kind of cells? They are responsible for producing new blood cells
hematopoietic
The most numerous cells of the epidermis are _____ and the protein they produce is called _____.
keratinocytes, keratin
Tactile cells are described best by what characteristics
- Can be stimulated by light touch - Also called Merkel Cells - Can be stimulated by light pressure - Large epithelial cells
What is the function of: - scalp hair covering the scalp shields it from sunburn and injury - blanket of thick hair on scalp = hair root plexuses = color and density of hairs of scalp
- protection - heat retention - sensory reception - visual identification
What are three functions of adipose tissue?
1. Cushions shock 2. Provides padding 3. Acts as an insulator to slow heat loss
Which are a description of the skin's form and function? - Barrier - Produces Vitamin C - Self-renewing - Indicator of health
Barrier, self-renewing, and indicator of health
If the secretory portion of a gland forms an expanded sac, what is the gland called?
Acinar
A multicellular exocrine gland consists of what?
Acini and at least one duct
Which is an example of connective tissue proper? - Bone - Hyaline cartilage - Blood - Adipose tissue
Adipose tissue
What are some locations of Simple Squamous Epithelium>
Air sacs in lungs (alveoli); lining of lumen of lymph vessels and blood vessels (endothelium); serous membranes of body cavities (mesothelium)
What is an example of a supporting connective tissue? -Blood - Dense connective tissue - Cartilage - Adipose tissue
Cartilage
Which is an example of a supporting connective tissue? - Dense connective tissue - Blood - Adipose tissue - Cartilage
Cartilage
Connective tissue, although diverse, share the following basic components ________, __________, and __________.
Cells, ground substance, and protein fibers
What are the three basic components of connective tissue?
Cells, protein fibers, ground substance
What are some characteristics of epithelial tissue?
Cellularity, polarity, avascularity, extensive innervation, high regeneration capacity
Which epithelium is known for its ability to move structures like the oocyte in a uterine tube or small particles in the bronchioles of the lung?
Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
In the first step of wound healing, blood brings _____ proteins, numerous white blood cells, and antibodies to the site.
Clotting
The epidermis lacks which of the following? - Collagen fibers - Blood vessels - Adipose tissue - Epithelial tissue
Collagen fibers, blood vessels, and adipose tissue
Loose connective tissues is best categorized as what kind of tissue type?
Connective tissue proper
Loose connective tissues is best categorized as which of the following tissue types?
Connective tissue proper
What two distinct layers are the skin made up of?
Epidermis and dermis
Majority of glands are composed of what kind of tissue?
Epithelial Tissue
Where are sebaceous glands most abundant on?
Face and scalp
True or False: Collagen fibers form a structural connective tissue framework which help them to support organs and resist external forces
False
True or False: Differences in skin pigmentation are due to varying number of melanocytes within each individual
False
What is the vascular connective tissue that initially forms in a healing wound?
Granulation tissue
In the thick and thin skin, what stratum layers contain living cells?
Granulosum, spinsosum, and basale
Fill in the blanks: some integumentary system components are not repaired following damage; these include _______ hair follicles, _____ glands, _____ cells, and muscle fibers.
Hair, exocrine, and nerve
What best explains the ability of epithelial tissues to repair themselves?
High Regenerative Capacity
What is the study of tissues and their relationships within organs?
Histology
What is the most common type of cartilage in the body and also the weakest?
Hyaline
What are some locations of hyaline cartilage?
In the nose, in the fetal skeleton, in costal cartilages, at the ends of long bones
Because an entire portion of skin has been lost, and water cannot be retained in the area, what is the major concern with third degree burn?
Infection
What are some characteristics of ground substance of connective tissue?
It can be fluid, semisolid or semi solid. Consists of proteins, carbohydrates, and water. It is part of the extracellular matrix.
________ stratified squamous epithelial tissue forms the epidermis of skin.
Keratinized
When the stratum granulosum begins a process called _____ by which the keratinocytes fill up with the protein _____.
Keratinzation, keratin
What is a location of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue?
Lining of the oral cavity
What is the whitish semilunar area of the proximal end of the nail body?
Lunula
Which connective tissue cells are derived from monocytes in the blood and reside in the extracellular matrix after leaving the blood?
Macrophages
What are tiny, cytoplasmic projections on the apical surface of a cell that increases the surface area for secretion and absorption?
Microvilli
Criteria used to classify multicellular exocrine glands include what?
Morphology and method of secretion
An extracellular matrix is virtually nonexistent in which tissue types?
Nervous, epithelial, and muscle